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1.
Cheng-Jian Zheng Li-Li Xu Yuan-Yuan Li Ting Han Qiao-Yan Zhang Qian-Liang Ming Khalid Rahman Lu-Ping Qin 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2013,97(17):7617-7625
Two strains of endophytic fungi, Penicillium melinii Yuan-25 and Penicillium janthinellum Yuan-27, with strong anti-Pyricularia oryzae activity, were obtained from the roots of Panax ginseng. Based on bioactivity-oriented isolation, a new benzaldehyde derivative, ginsenocin (1), together with six known compounds, methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,5,6-trimethylbenzoate (2), 3,4,5-trimethyl-1,2-benzenediol (3), penicillic acid (4), mannitol (5), ergosterol (6), and ergosterol peroxide (7), were separated from the EtOAc extract of Yuan-25 culture, while brefeldin A (8) was isolated as the major constituent from the EtOAc extract of Yuan-27 culture. The chemical structures were determined based on spectroscopic methods. All the isolated compounds 1–8 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against six human cancer cell lines. Brefeldin A (8) was the most cytotoxic constituent against all the tested cell lines with IC50 values <0.12 μg/ml, while ginsenocin (1) and penicillic acid (4) also exhibited potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 0.49 to 7.46 μg/ml. Our results suggest that endophytic fungi isolated from P. ginseng are a promising natural source of potential anticancer agents. 相似文献
2.
Jiaying Wang Guoping Wang Yalei Zhang Biqiang Zheng Chulong Zhang Liwei Wang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2014,30(10):2639-2644
In a survey of endophytic fungal biodiversity, an antimicrobial endophytic isolate zjwcf069 was obtained from twigs of Forsythia viridissima, Zhejiang Province, Southeast China. Zjwcf069 was then identified as Pezicula sp. through combination of morphological and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-rDNA. Zjwcf069 here represented the first endophytic fungus in Pezicula isolated from host F. viridissima. From the fermentation broth, four compounds were obtained through silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 under the guide of bioassay. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis as mellein (1), ramulosin (2), butanedioic acid (3), and 4-methoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (4). Compound 4 here stood for the very first time as natural product from microbes. In vitro antifungal assay showed that compound 1 displayed growth inhibition against 9 plant pathogenic fungi, especially Botrytis cinerea and Fulvia fulva with EC50 values below 50 μg/mL. Endophytic fungi in medicinal plants were good resources for bioactive secondary metabolites. 相似文献
3.
Ziling Mao Ruiya Luo Haiyu Luo Jin Tian Hongwei Liu Yang Yue Mingan Wang Youliang Peng Ligang Zhou 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2014,30(9):2533-2542
Two dibenzo-α-pyrones, botrallin (1) and TMC-264 (2) were preparatively separated from crude ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12, which was isolated from the hybrid ‘Neva’ of Populus deltoides Marsh × P. nigra L. using a combination of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and semi-preparative HPLC. Botrallin (1) with 74.73 % of purity and TMC-264 (2) with 82.29 % of purity were obtained through HSCCC by employing a solvent system containing n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water at a volume ratio of 1.2:1.0:0.9:1.0. It was the first time for TMC-264 (2) to be isolated from this fungus. TMC-264 (2) showed strong antimicrobial and antinematodal activity, and botrallin (1) exhibited moderate inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase. 相似文献
4.
Ling-Shang Wu Chang-Ling Hu Ting Han Cheng-Jian Zheng Xue-Qin Ma Khalid Rahman Lu-Ping Qin 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2013,97(1):305-315
Based on bioactivity-oriented isolation, the EtOAc extract of a culture broth of the endophytic fungus Perenniporia tephropora Z41 from Taxus chinensis var. mairei, with strong anti-Pyricularia oryzae activity, afforded a new sesquiterpenoid, perenniporin A (1), together with three known compounds, ergosterol (2), rel-(+)-(2aR,5R,5aR,8S,8aS,8bR)-decahydro-2,2,5,8-tetramethyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-bc]genfuran-5-ol (3), and albicanol (4). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods. All the isolated compounds and the EtOAc extract of P. tephropora Z41 (EPT) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, SMMC-7721, and PANC-1). EPT demonstrated significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 2 to 15 μg/mL. Compound 2 was the most cytotoxic constituent against the tested cell lines with IC50 values of 1.16, 11.63, and 11.80 μg/mL, respectively, while compounds 1, 3, and 4 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 6 to 58 μg/mL. We conclude that the endophytic fungus P. tephropora is a promising source of novel and cytotoxic metabolites. 相似文献
5.
Yutthapong Sangnoi Anuchit Plubrukarn Vullapa Arunpairojana Akkharawit Kanjana-Opas 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2014,30(3):1135-1139
A recently described marine gliding bacterium Rapidithrix thailandica strain TISTR 1741 was isolated from biofilm specimen collected from the Andaman Sea in Thailand. Four liters fermentation broth of R. thailandica TISTR 1741 cultivated in VY/2 medium were extracted with methanol to yield a novel amino phenyl pyrrolidone derivative compound (1) with antibacterial activities. The chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of 1 were investigated by spectrometry techniques. Compound 1 exhibited selective inhibition against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) with the MIC of 5.97 mM. 相似文献
6.
Riming Yan Zhibin Zhang Ya Wang Huilin Yang Qinggui Zeng Du Zhu 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2014,41(7):1175-1179
Huperzine A (HupA), a naturally occurring lycopodium alkaloid, is a potent, highly specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and is a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. However, isolating HupA from Huperziaceae plants is inefficient; thus, extracting this compound from endophytic fungi may be more controllable and sustainable. However, the large-scale production of this chemical from endophytes is limited by the innate instability of endophytic fungi. In this study, we maintained the stability and viability of the HupA-producing endophytic fungus Shiraia sp. Slf14 and enhanced the HupA titers during fermentation by adding Huperzia serrata extracts (HSE), l-lysine, and acetic acid into the culture as inducers. Adding trace amounts of HupA clearly improved the HupA production of Shiraia sp. Slf14, reaching a maximum content of approximately 40 μg g?1. Moreover, the addition of HSE and l-lysine promoted HupA production in the flask fermentation. The aforementioned bioprocessing strategy may be potentially applied to other endophytic fungal culture systems for the efficient production of plant secondary metabolites. 相似文献
7.
Jinkai Zheng Yi Wang Junfeng Wang Peipei Liu Jing Li Weiming Zhu 《Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions》2013,17(6):963-971
In order to obtain more structurally novel and bioactive lead compounds for subsequent drug discovery, we have shifted the focus of our study from traditional microbial resources to ‘extremophiles’. In this study, a halotolerant fungus Aspergillus flocculosus PT05-1 was isolated from the sediment of Putian saltern of Fujian Province of China in a hypersaline medium. Two new compounds, (22R,23S)-epoxy-3β,11α,14β,16β-tetrahydroxyergosta-5,7-dien-12-one (1) and 6-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (5) (existed as a pair of epimers with the configuration of 1E,3Z,5E and 1E,3E,5E separately), along with nine known compounds were isolated and identified from the fermentation broth of A. flocculosus PT05-1 grown at a 10 % saline medium. New ergosteroid 1 together with 7-nor-ergosterolide (2) and 3β-hydroxyergosta-8,24(28)-dien-7-one (3) showed cytotoxicity against HL-60 and BEL-7402 cells with IC50 values of 12–18 μM, and antimicrobial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans with MIC values of 1.6–15 μM, respectively. New compound 5 exhibited antibacterial effect on E. aerogenes with MIC value of 3.7 μM. This study also showed great prospects in developing medicinal resources from extremophiles. 相似文献
8.
Kerry Barringer 《Brittonia》1985,37(3):286-290
Elleanthus stolonifer andE. tillandsioides are new species in theE. poiformis complex of sectionChloidelyna.Elleanthus lentii is a new species in sectionStachydelyna. Elleanthus stolonifer is widespread in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama;E. tillandsioides is found only in the lowland forests of southeastern Costa Rica;E. lentii is limited to the Cordillera de Guanacaste of Costa Rica. 相似文献
9.
Four azaphilones, named phomoeuphorbins A-D (1-4) were isolated from cultures of Phomopsis euphorbiae, an endophytic fungus isolated from Trewia nudiflora. Structures of 1-4 were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including application of 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. Phomoeuphorbins A and C exhibited very weak inhibitory activities against HIV replication in C8166 cells in vitro. 相似文献
10.
Manon M. S. Richard Stéphanie Pflieger Mireille Sévignac Vincent Thareau Sophie Blanchet Yupeng Li Scott A. Jackson Valérie Geffroy 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2014,127(7):1653-1666
Key message
The Co - x anthracnose R gene of common bean was fine-mapped into a 58 kb region at one end of chromosome 1, where no canonical NB-LRR-encoding genes are present in G19833 genome sequence.Abstract
Anthracnose, caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is one of the most damaging diseases of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Various resistance (R) genes, named Co-, conferring race-specific resistance to different strains of C. lindemuthianum have been identified. The Andean cultivar JaloEEP558 was reported to carry Co-x on chromosome 1, conferring resistance to the highly virulent strain 100. To fine map Co-x, 181 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between JaloEEP558 and BAT93 were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers developed using the genome sequence of the Andean genotype G19833. Analysis of RILs carrying key recombination events positioned Co-x at one end of chromosome 1 to a 58 kb region of the G19833 genome sequence. Annotation of this target region revealed eight genes: three phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLC), one zinc finger protein and four kinases, suggesting that Co-x is not a classical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich encoding gene. In addition, we identified and characterized the seven members of common bean PI-PLC gene family distributed into two clusters located at the ends of chromosomes 1 and 8. Co-x is not a member of Co-1 allelic series since these two genes are separated by at least 190 kb. Comparative analysis between soybean and common bean revealed that the Co-x syntenic region, located at one end of Glycine max chromosome 18, carries Rhg1, a major QTL contributing to soybean cyst nematode resistance. The PCR-based markers generated in this study should be useful in marker-assisted selection for pyramiding Co-x with other R genes. 相似文献11.
Samane Mohammadi Hossein Aroiee Ali Tehranifar Vahid Jahanbakhsh 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(13):1603-1610
The development of natural crop protection products as alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides is currently popular. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antifungal effects of several essential oils against the fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, under in vitro condition. Four essential oils (fennel, black caraway, peppermint and thyme) were each tested at five concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 or 800 μl l?1). In vitro results showed that the essential oil of black caraway and fennel had the highest fungicidal effect against B. cinerea and R. stolonifer, respectively. The growth of B. cinerea was completely inhibited by the essential oil of black caraway at 400 μl l?1. Fennel oil perfectly inhibited growth of R. stolonifer fungus colonies at concentration higher than 600 μl L?1 in potato dextrose agar medium. Percentage of spores germination was the lowest in medium of Fennel and black caraway essential oils, and was the highest in Thyme ones. These results show that plant essential oils can have a strong effect on reducing post-harvest decay. These plant essential oils could provide an alternative to synthetic chemicals to control post-harvest phytopathogenic fungi on fruit. 相似文献
12.
Julieta Rangel de Oliveira Mirna Helena Regali Seleghim André Luiz Meleiro Porto 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2014,16(2):156-160
This study reports the biotransformation of methylphenylacetonitriles by Brazilian marine filamentous fungus Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934 under eco-friendly reaction conditions. The phenylacetonitrile 1, 2-methylphenylacetonitrile 2, 3-methylphenylacetonitrile 3, and 4-methylphenylacetonitrile 4 were quantitatively biotransformed into 2-hydroxyphenylacetic 1a, 2-methylphenylacetic acid 2a, 3-methylphenylacetic acid 3a, and 4-methylphenylacetic acid 4a by enzymatic processes using whole cell as biocatalyst. The marine fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 934 is thus a promising biocatalyst for the preparation of important carboxylic acids under mild conditions (pH 7.5 and 32 °C) from nitrile compounds. 相似文献
13.
Luiz H. Rosa Sonia C. N. Queiroz Rita M. Moraes Xiaoning Wang Natascha Techen Zhiqiang Pan Charles L. Cantrell David E. Wedge 《Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)》2013,60(3):133-142
Few studies have addressed the presence and bioactivity of endophytic fungi living in plantlets growing under in vitro conditions. After unfruitful attempts to grow axenic shoot cultures of the medicinal plant Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) were made, healthy shoots grew on half strength Murashigue and Skoog media supplemented with 2.2 μM benzylaminopurine without sucrose. We isolated a fungus UM109 from these autotrophic tissue cultures and it was identified as Coniochaeta ligniaria using molecular, physiological and morphological methods. Dichloromethane extracts from C. ligniaria and its host S. sonchifolius exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides. Both extracts of C. ligniaria and S. sonchifolius were subjected to antifungal bioassay-directed fractionation using NMR spectroscopy and GC-FID analysis. Twelve antifungal fatty acids were identified and 8 out of the total were produced by the fungus and the plant including caproic, caprylic, myristic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. Additionally, caproic, caprylic and palmitic acids were produced at high concentrations by the endophytic fungus and its host. The detection of these antifungal fatty acids produced by both C. ligniaria and S. sonchifolius suggests that these bioactive compounds may be partially responsible for the high resistance of S. sonchifolius to phytopathogenic fungal attacks. This finding also indicates the existence of an interesting chemical symbiosis between an endophytic fungus and its host. Furthermore, the isolation of C. ligniaria from tissue culture of S. sonchifolius demonstrates that plantlets growing in vitro as autotrophic cultures can shelter specific endophytic fungal communities. The use of autotrophic tissue cultures may become an important tool for studies on the taxonomy, ecology, evolution and biotechnological application of endophytes. 相似文献
14.
Fuhang Song Biao Ren Caixia Chen Ke Yu Xinru Liu Yuhan Zhang Na Yang Hongtao He Xueting Liu Huanqin Dai Lixin Zhang 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2014,98(8):3753-3758
During the systematic screening of active compounds from marine-derived fungi, the extract of a strain of Aspergillus versicolor MF359 isolated from a marine sponge of Hymeniacidon perleve was identified for detailed chemical investigation. Three new secondary metabolites, named hemiacetal sterigmatocystin (1), acyl-hemiacetal sterigmatocystin (2), and 5-methoxydihydrosterigmatocystin (3), together with a known compound, aversin (4), were characterized. 1 represents a first structure of sterigmatocystin hemiacetal from nature. The antibacterial activities of these identified compounds were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 3 showed activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis with MIC values of 12.5 and 3.125 μg/mL, respectively. 相似文献
15.
E. D. Schulze D. Nicolle A. Boerner M. Lauerer G. Aas I. Schulze 《Trees - Structure and Function》2014,28(4):1125-1135
Key message
Eucalyptus and Acacia species were surprisingly similar with respect to variations in δ 13 C, δ 15 N. Both genera respond with speciation and associated changes in leaf structure to drought.Abstract
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in leaves of eucalypts (Corymbia and Eucalyptus) and Acacia (and some additional Fabaceae) species were investigated together with specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen (N) and leaf phosphorous (P) concentration along a north–south transect through Western Australia covering winter- and summer-dominated rainfall between 100 and 1,200 mm annually. We investigated 62 eucalypts and 78 woody Fabaceae species, mainly of the genus Acacia. Leaf δ13C values of Eucalyptus and Acacia species generally increased linearly with latitude from ?29.5 ± 1.3 ‰ in the summer-dominated rainfall zone (15°S–18°S) to about ?25.7 ± 1.1 ‰ in the winter-dominated rainfall zone (29°S–31°S). δ15N increased initially with southern latitudes (0.5 ± 1.6 ‰ at 15°S; 5.8 ± 3.3 ‰ at 24–29°S) but decreased again further South (4.6 ± 3.5 ‰ at 31°S). The variation in δ13C and δ15N was probably due to speciation of Eucalyptus and Acacia into very local populations. There were no species that were distributed over the whole sampling area. The variation in leaf traits was larger between species than within species. Average nitrogen concentrations were 11.9 ± 1.05 mg g?1 in Eucalyptus, and were 18.7 ± 4.1 mg g?1 in Acacia. Even though the average nitrogen concentration was higher in Acacia than Eucalyptus, δ15N gave no clear indication for N2 fixation in Acacia. In a multiple regression, latitude (as a surrogate for rainfall seasonality), mean rainfall, leaf nitrogen concentration, specific leaf area and nitrogen fixation were significant and explained 69 % of the variation of δ13C, but only 36 % of the variation of δ15N. Higher nitrogen and phosphorus concentration could give Acacia an advantage over Eucalyptus in arid regions of undefined rainfall seasonality. 相似文献16.
Porntep Chomcheon Suthep Wiyakrutta Nattaya Ngamrojanavanich Chulabhorn Mahidol Somsak Ruchirawat Prasat Kittakoop 《Phytochemistry》2009,70(1):121-127
The endophytic mitosporic Dothideomycete sp. LRUB20 was found to produce pyrone derivatives, dothideopyrones A-D (1, 3, 4, and 5), together with seven known compounds, including questin (9), asterric acid (10), methyl asterrate (11), sulochrin (12), and eugenitin (13), 6-hydroxymethyleugenitin (14), and cis, trans-muconic acid (15). Dothideopyrone D (5) and its acetate derivative 6 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity. This is the first report on a naturally occurring muconic acid, which is commonly known as a biomarker in environments after exposure to benzene and phenol (or derivatives). Interestingly, the LRUB20 fungus could produce muconic acid in relatively high yield (47.8 mg/L). The utility of endophytic fungi in the field of white biotechnology is discussed. 相似文献
17.
Coffee cherry husk (CH) is one of the major by-products obtained from coffee processing industry and accounts to 43 ± 5.9 % of cellulose. Screening of fungal organism for cellulase production was carried out and the potential organism was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer by internal transcribed spacer’s (ITS)—5.8S rDNA analysis. A systematic study with response surface methodology (RSM) based on CCRD was used to study the interactions among the variables such as pH (3–7), moisture (40–80 %) and progression duration (72–168 h) of the fermentation process to maximize the enzyme production. Under the optimized cultivation condition, R. stolonifer synthesized 22,109 U/gds. Model validations at optimum operating conditions showed excellent agreement between the experimental results and the predicted responses with a confidence level of 95 %. Endoglucanase thus produced was utilized for ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and maximum of 65.5 g/L of ethanol was obtained. This fungal cellulase has also reported to be efficient detergent additives and promising for commercial use. The present study demonstrates coffee husk as a significant bioprocess substrate. Statistical optimization with major parameters for cellulase production can be highly applicable for industrial scale. Furthermore, value addition to coffee husk with sustainable waste management leading to environment conservation can be achieved. 相似文献
18.
P. Smyda H. Jakuczun K. Dębski J. Śliwka R. Thieme M. Nachtigall I. Wasilewicz-Flis E. Zimnoch-Guzowska 《Plant cell reports》2013,32(8):1231-1241
Key message
Phytophthora infestans resistant somatic hybrids of S. × michoacanum (+) S. tuberosum and autofused 4 x S. × michoacanum were obtained. Our material is promising to introgress resistance from S. × michoacanum into cultivated potato background.Abstract
Solanum × michoacanum (Bitter.) Rydb. (mch) is a wild diploid (2n = 2x = 24) potato species derived from spontaneous cross of S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum. This hybrid is a 1 EBN (endosperm balance number) species and can cross effectively only with other 1 EBN species. Plants of mch are resistant to Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary. To introgress late blight resistance genes from mch into S. tuberosum (tbr), genepool somatic hybridization between mch and susceptible diploid potato clones (2n = 2x = 24) or potato cultivar Rywal (2n = 4x = 48) was performed. In total 18,775 calli were obtained from postfusion products from which 1,482 formed shoots. The Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses confirmed hybrid nature of 228 plants and 116 autofused 4x mch. After evaluation of morphological features, flowering, pollen stainability, tuberization and ploidy level, 118 somatic hybrids and 116 autofused 4x mch were tested for late blight resistance using the detached leaf assay. After two seasons of testing three somatic hybrids and 109 4x mch were resistant. Resistant forms have adequate pollen stainability for use in crossing programme and are a promising material useful for introgression resistance from mch into the cultivated potato background. 相似文献19.
Ahmed Galal Shiveta Sharma Salah Fatouh Abou-Elwafa Shailendra Sharma Friedrich Kopisch-Obuch Eberhard Laubach Dragan Perovic Frank Ordon Christian Jung 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2014,127(6):1399-1407
Key message
This study demonstrates for the first time that resistance to different root lesion nematodes ( P. neglectus and P. penetrans ) is controlled by a common QTL. A major resistance QTL ( Rlnnp6H ) has been mapped to chromosome 6H using two independent barley populations.Abstract
Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) are important pests in cereal production worldwide. We selected two doubled haploid populations of barley (Igri × Franka and Uschi × HHOR 3073) and infected them with Pratylenchus penetrans and Pratylenchus neglectus. Nematode multiplication rates were measured 7 or 10 weeks after infection. In both populations, continuous phenotypic variations for nematode multiplication rates were detected indicating a quantitative inheritance of resistance. In the Igri × Franka population, four P. penetrans resistance QTLs were mapped with 857 molecular markers on four linkage groups (2H, 5H, 6H and 7H). In the Uschi × HHOR 3073 population, eleven resistance QTLs (P. penetrans and P. neglectus) were mapped with 646 molecular markers on linkage groups 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H. A major resistance QTL named Rlnnp6H (LOD score 6.42–11.19) with a large phenotypic effect (27.5–36.6 %) for both pests was mapped in both populations to chromosome 6H. Another resistance QTL for both pests was mapped on linkage group 5H (Igri × Franka population). These data provide first evidence for common resistance mechanisms against different root lesion nematode species. The molecular markers are a powerful tool for the selection of resistant barley lines among segregating populations because resistance tests are time consuming and laborious. 相似文献20.
Hongyan Sheng Deven R. See Timothy D. Murray 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2014,127(10):2085-2093