油菜离体培养与芥酸微量测定相结合的育种新技术 Ⅱ.芥菜型油菜花粉胚状体芥酸含量的变化

本文首次报道了芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea)花粉胚状体群体规模的芥酸变化的研究结果,并与种子的芥酸变化进行了对比研究。在单个测定的91个花粉胚状体中发现,单个花粉胚状体之间芥酸含量的变化很大,约在30—52％之间;在单粒测定的68粒同一品种的种子中,芥酸含量的变化也不小,其变化范围为28—56％。测定由花粉胚状体衍生的次级胚状体及其经加倍后获得的纯合二倍体种子芥酸含量的变化,结果表明这种变化的主要原因是由基因型的差异所引起的。     

玉米幼穗离体培养体细胞胚高频发生的研究

以玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）幼穗为材料,ＭＳ主基本培养基,诱导体细胞且状体。筛选出了胚状体高频发生的品种;同时实验结果表明：玉米遗传型与胚状体形成有一定的相关性;诱导期２,４－Ｄ浓度对且状体产生十分重要,ＫＴ和６－ＢＡ影响且状体的发生。组织切片观察表明：多数胚状体起源于愈伤组织表层,少数产生于里层;愈伤组织产生且状体是不同步的。     

黄瓜成熟胚离体培养中的胚状体诱导和植株再生（简报）

以10个黄瓜品种为材料,取成熟胚外植体先经MS 2,4—D 1.0mg/L(单位下同) KT0.5诱导后转入MS IAA 0.1 KT0.5上分化,胚状体发生频率高并有植株再生。材料的基因型差异显著,“农大春光”分化率最高(40％)。双层培养有效地促进畸形胚状体的正常发育,5％蔗糖和1.0mg/L ABA促进胚性愈伤组织的继代增殖和胚性保持。     

蓝莓离体叶片胚状体高效发生及其组织学观察

以高灌蓝莓试管苗叶片为外植体、以改良WPM为基本培养基,研究了外源激素TDZ、ZT及其组合对离体叶片胚状体发生的影响,同时也探讨了蔗糖浓度、水解酪蛋白、椰汁等对胚状体发生、丛芽形成的影响.结果表明:不同浓度的外源激素TDZ、ZT及其组合对胚状体的发生频率、丛芽的形成和生长起重要作用;蔗糖浓度对胚状体的发生及丛芽的生长影响较大,而添加有机质则对胚状体的发生及丛芽的生长没有明显影响.适合高灌蓝莓叶片胚状体发生及成苗的培养基为WPM TDZ 0.04 mg/L ZT 0.25～2.0 mg/L 蔗糖20～40 g/L,而培养基WPM ZT 0.5～1.0 mg/L 蔗糖20 g/L适合于丛芽继代生长.组织学观察表明,蓝莓叶片胚状体发生主要起源于叶上表皮细胞和部分叶肉细胞,可能为多细胞起源,历经多细胞原胚、原球胚、梨形胚、心形胚、子叶胚等发育阶段,并能直接发育成苗.     

金花茶子叶在离体培养中胚状体的发生和小植株的形成

研究了金花茶(Camellia chrysantha(Hu)Tuyama)子叶在离体培养中体细胞胚状体发生的条件。在MS基本培养基中附加苄基嘌呤(BA)或苄基嘌呤与萘乙酸(NAA)组合,诱导了胚状体发生。组织学观察表明,胚状体起源于子叶的表皮细胞。在增添细胞分裂素和生长素的MS或改良B_5液体培养基里振荡培养,明显地促进了胚状体根的生长和茎的发育。胚状体在继代培养中能保持旺盛的再生能力。已得到两个繁殖率较高的胚状体无性系。在合适的条件下,胚状体能长成正常的小植株。     

莴苣通过胚状体途径的快速繁殖

诱导莴苣子叶产生愈伤组织和胚状体效果最好的培养基是MS NAA2.0 KT0.5mg/L(单位下同)和 MS NAA0.2 BA2.0。两种培养基上胚状体发生频率分别为79.0％和76.0％.最适碳源是3％的蔗糖。     

油菜小孢子胚发生的超微结构和胚状体形态

应用透射电镜和扫描电镜分别研究油菜游离小了包子培养后细胞的超微结构和胚状体的形态。单核晚期小孢子经培养后,具有胚状体发生能力的细胞中央液泡消失,积累淀粉,含丰富细胞器。     

玉米花粉胚状体发育过程中DNA,RNA蛋白质含量及合成动态变化

继代培养的玉米花粉胚状体的发育过程可划分为6个时期:胚性细胞团时期、球形胚时期、心形胚时期、梨形胚时期、子叶形胚时期以及分化期。我们应用微量生化分析技术以及放射性同位素液体闪烁计数技术研究了玉米花粉胚状体发育过程的DNA、RNA、蛋白质含量及合成动态,发现DNA、RNA和蛋白质含量在胚性细胞团期较高,然后下降,但到了分化期时又有所升高。DNA合成速度在胚性细胞团时期较高,在以后的各时期降低并保持平稳。RNA和蛋白质的合成动态呈相似的变化规律。这个结果说明DNA、RNA和蛋白质在胚状体发育早期的活跃代谢,可能与胚性细胞的快速分裂以及胚性结构的形成有关,而后期的活跃代谢可能与胚状体的分化有关。     

苜蓿胚状体的分离及其发育过程中三种同工酶酶谱分析(简报)

目前,对胚状体发生过程中的生理生化研究表明,这一过程伴随有核酸、蛋白质等大分子物质合成速度的增加及与胚胎发生有关的特异性蛋白的合成;一些同工酶,如过氧化物酶、脂酶、细胞色素氧化酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶     

小鼠胚胎干细胞分化形成拟胚体过程中的细胞程序性死亡

为了检测小鼠胚胎干细胞 (embryonicstemcell ,ES细胞 )体外分化的拟胚体 (embryoidbodies ,EBs)形成过程中细胞程序性死亡 (programmedcelldeath ,PCD)的发生 ,通过悬滴、悬浮培养技术定向诱导未分化的ES细胞分化为拟胚体 ,并用RT PCR检测原始内胚层、原始外胚层、中胚层、内脏内胚层 4种分子标记物在EBs中的表达 .通过TUNEL染色、电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜及Western印迹以确定凋亡发生 .结果表明 :ES细胞体外分化为拟胚体并且表达各胚层相应的分子标记物 ;在拟胚体的发育过程中出现明显的空腔化过程 ,TUNEL染色及电镜观察到凋亡生成 ,同时线粒体膜电位 (ΔΨm)在拟胚体发育过程中降低 ,通过Western印迹检测到caspase3、caspase8的激活 .表明小鼠ES细胞所分化的拟胚体可以作为研究早期胚胎发育的实验模型 ,线粒体在拟胚体的细胞程序性死亡过程中发挥重要的作用 .为进一步利用拟胚体研究细胞程序性死亡及相关信号分子在小鼠胚胎发育早期的作用奠定了基础     

人的重组促黄体生成素对小鼠卵母细胞体外受精的影响

目的探讨人的重组促黄体生成素(r-hLH)对性成熟前的小鼠卵母细胞体外受精(invitrofertilization,IVF)后的分裂、以及IVF胚的体外培养(invitroculture,IVC)过程中发育状况的影响.方法选用性成熟前的清洁级昆明小鼠,分别用r-hFSH(人的重组促卵泡素20IU),r-hFSH+r-hLH(各20IU)或20IUr-hLH对其进行超排处理,通过对从各处理组小鼠卵巢中手工器械分离出来的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(cumulusenclosedoocyte,CEO)进行体外受精之后,进一步观察这些CEO经IVF后的受精分裂状况,以及IVC后的发育情况.结果r-hFSH+r-hLH处理组小鼠卵母细胞IVF率(72.2%)极显著高于r-hFSH单独处理组(39.9%)或r-hLH单独处理组(37.2%)的相应指标;r-hFSH+r-hLH处理组和r-hFSH单独处理组的IVF胚,发育至8～16细胞阶段的比例(8～16细胞率)趋于一致(25.15%∶27.18%),但是都极显著高于r-hLH处理组的8～16细胞率(17.24%);r-hFSH处理组IVF胚发育至16～32细胞阶段的总比例(16～32细胞率∶33.01%),极显著高于r-hFSH+r-hLH处理组及r-hLH单独处理组的指标(1.75%和0).结论在IVF条件下,r-hLH对小鼠卵母细胞的受精有明显的促进作用,同时却对相应IVF胚的进一步发育产生明显的抑制作用.     

Changes of Glucosinolate Content and Myrosinase Activity from Embryoid to Plantlet of Pollen Haploid of Brassica juncea

The content of glucosinolates during anther culture of Brassica junces has been investigated. Experiment results expressed that the content of glucosinolates in pollen embyoids was high, then decreased with the growth and development of the embryoids, A ralative stability of the content was maintained from 30 to 50 days cultured. When the secondary embryoids came into being, the content increased rapidly. The myrosinase activity of every sample was determined at the same time. The results of determination showed that the pattern of the change of myrosinase activity was similar to the glucosinolate content.This indicates that there is a correlation between glycosinolate content and myrosinase activity.     

Production of sodium-chloride-tolerant Brassica juncea plants by in vitro selection at the somatic embryo level

Summary Somatic embryos, developed from hypocotyl segments of light-grown seedlings of Brassica juncea cv RLM198, were subjected to selection at varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl). Plants were developed from proliferated somatic embryos selected on NaCl-containing medium. The selections were characterized for salt tolerance, esterase isozyme pattern, and proline accumulation. It has been found that: (i) selected tolerant lines showed better root growth, shoot growth, and fresh weight accumulation on salt-containing medium when compared to the control; (ii) salt tolerance was transmitted to the next generation in seed progeny of tolerant plants grown in the absence of exposure to salt; (iii) both the starting material and the tolerant selections accumulated proline, even when grown in salt-free medium. On salt-containing medium, however, the differences in accumulated proline between the control and tolerant lines became more pronounced, and (iv) the patterns of esterase isozymes of two tolerant selections were similar but distinctly different from that of the parental control.     

大鼠肝线粒体中的脂肪酸分析

用双 2 乙基己基酚酞酸酯 (DEHP)诱导大鼠肝过氧化物酶体增殖 ,然后用蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离大鼠肝线粒体 ,用毛细管气相色谱法测定肝线粒体中的脂肪酸含量。测定结果 :所测 1 4种脂肪酸的总量 ,青年正常组大于青年诱导组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,青年正常组大于老年正常组 (P <0 .0 5 )。不饱和脂肪酸与脂肪酸总量的比例 ,老年诱导组大于老年正常组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,青年正常组大于老年正常组 (P <0 .0 5 )。长链脂肪酸与脂肪酸总量的比例 ,老年正常组小于老年诱导组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,用DEHP诱导大鼠肝过氧化物酶体增值 ,影响肝线粒体脂肪酸正常代谢 ,使线粒体膜结构发生变化 ,这种变化 ,青年鼠与老年鼠不同     

Effect of Randomly Interesterified Triacylglycerol Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation after a Single Administration to Rats

MLCTs, which are randomly interesterified triacylglycerol containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids in the same glycerol molecule, showed significantly higher acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity when measured by using butyryl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates than long-chain triacylglycerol one hour after a single administration to rats. These results suggest that not only medium-chain fatty acid oxidation, but also long-chain fatty acid oxidation were increased in the liver of rats administered with MLCT.     

陕北黄芥芥酸含量的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以吴旗黄芥×长安芥菜组合的6个世代P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2群体为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因模型的多世代联合分析方法研究了该组合芥酸含量的遗传特征.结果表明:吴旗黄芥×长安芥菜组合芥酸含量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制.主基因效应中,加性效应大于显性效应,第一对主基因加性效应(da)和显性效应(ha)分别为-4.718 0和4.419 5;第二对主基因的加性效应(db)和显性效应(hb)分别-4.005 8和2.023 7;2对主基因对芥酸含量的贡献差异较大,第二对主基因加性和显性效应之和占第一对主基因加性和显性效应之和的65.98%;2对主基因间存在一定的互作效应(绝对值在0.338 7～3.694 1),其中第一对主基因显性×第二对主基因加性效应(jba)较大,为3.694 1.B1、B2和F2群体芥酸含量主基因遗传率分别为68.83%、44.76%和87.99%;多基因遗传率分别为20.29%、41.21%和0,F2代表现出较高的遗传力,可在早期世代对芥酸含量进行选择.     

心钠肽在小鼠卵巢中的表达及其对受精的影响

目的探讨心钠肽（ANP）在小鼠卵泡发育过程中的表达定位以及其对体外受精的影响。方法应用免疫组织化学对小鼠卵巢切片进行染色,检测ANP在卵泡不同发育阶段的表达情况。利用ANP受体A的拮抗剂anantin检测ANP在小鼠体外受精中的作用。结果在卵泡生长和分化期,ANP广泛地存在于间质细胞、内膜细胞、颗粒细胞、卵丘细胞、卵母细胞以及黄体细胞的胞质中,特别是在排卵前卵泡中的卵丘细胞上其表达最强;经ANP受体A的拮抗剂anantin孵育后的小鼠精子,其体外受精的卵裂率与对照组相比显著下降（58.7±4.3 vs.92.3±2.1,P〈0.01）,但是对胚胎后来的发育没有影响。结论卵丘细胞中表达的ANP可能通过受体A参与了小鼠的受精过程。     

芝麻蜂花粉脂肪酸的GC—MS分析

以石油醚为溶剂,索氏提取法提取芝麻蜂花粉粗脂肪,甲酯化处理后,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行分离鉴定,共鉴定出8种脂肪酸,并测定相对含量。结果表明,芝麻蜂花粉多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,其中亚麻酸相对含量为66．71％。     

Changes in Unsaturated Levels of Fatty Acids in Thylakoid PSII Membrane Lipids During Chilling-induced Resistance in Rice

Temperature is one of the abiotic factors limiting growth and productivity of plants. In the present work, the effect of low non‐freezing temperature, as an inducer of “chilling resistance”, was studied in three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.), japonica cv. 9516 (j‐9516), the two parental lines of superhigh‐yield hybrid rice between subspecies, Peiai/E32 (ji‐PE), and the traditional indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (i‐SY63). Leaves of chill‐treated rice showed chilling‐induced resistance, as an increase of their low‐temperature tolerance was measured using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, revealing a change in photosystem II (PSII) efficiency. After 5 d of exposure to 11°C under low light (100 μmol m^‐2 s^‐1), levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids decreased during the initial 1‐2 d, then increased slowly and reached 99.2%, 95.3% and 90.1% of the initial value (0 d) in j‐9516, ji‐PE and i‐SY63, respectively, on the fifth day. However, under medium light (600 μmol m^‐2 s^‐1), all cultivars experienced similar substantial photoinhibition, which approached steady state levels after a decline in levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids to about 57.1%, 53.8% and 44.5% of the initial values (0 d) in j‐9516, ji‐PE and I‐SY63 on the fifth day. Under either chilling‐induced resistance (the former) or low temperature photoinhibition (the latter) conditions, the changes of other physiological parameters such as D1 protein contents, electron transport activities of PSII (ETA), F_v/F_m, xanthophyl cycle activities expressed by DES (deepoxide state) were consistent with that of levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids. So there were negative correlations between saturated levels of fatty acids (16:1(3t), 16:0, 18:0), especially the 16:1(3t) fatty acid on thylakoid membrane and other physiological parameters, such as D1 protein contents, ETA and (A+Z)/(A+V+Z). A specific role of desaturation of fatty acids and the photoprotective pigments of the xanthophyl cycle, leading to an acclimation response in thylakoid membrane lipids may be involved. We conclude that chilling‐induced resistance is accelerated by the unsaturation of thylakoid membranes, and the ability of rice plants to cold‐harden can be enhanced by genetic engineering.