An allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the differentiation of members of the<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles culicifacies</Emphasis> complex

Anopheles culicifacies, the principal vector of malaria in India, is a complex of five cryptic species which are morphologically indistinguishable at any stage of life. In view of the practical difficulties associated with classical cytotaxonomic method for the identification of members of the complex, an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) assay targeted to the D3 domain of 28S ribosomal DNA was developed. The assay discriminatesAn. culicifacies species A and D from species B, C and E. The assay was validated using chromosomally-identified specimens ofAn. culicifacies from different geographical regions of India representing different sympatric associations. The assay correctly differentiates species A and D from species B, C and E. The possible use of this diagnostic assay in disease vector control programmes is discussed.     

Cloning and expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis cry</Emphasis>11 crystal protein gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

The six most toxic Pakistani isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (SBS Bt-23, 29, 34, 37, 45 and 47), which were previously characterized for their toxicity against larvae of mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, and the presence of cry4 gene, were used for cry11 (cry4D) gene amplification. A 1.9-kb DNA fragment of cry11 gene was PCR-amplified, cloned in expression vector pT7-7, and then used for transformation of E. coli BL21C. The optimum expression was obtained with 1 mM IPTG at 37°C for 3 h. This gene showed different percentage homologies at protein level with scattered mutations in the toxic region. Biotoxicity assay of recombinant protein showed that Cry11 of SBS Bt 45 (DAB Bt 5) was the most toxic protein against third instar larvae of mosquito, A. stephensi, and has potentiality of a bioinsecticide against mosquitoes.     

Transcriptional analysis of an immune-responsive serine protease from Indian malarial vector, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles culicifacies</Emphasis>

Background  

The main vector for transmission of malaria in India is the Anopheles culicifacies mosquito species, a naturally selected subgroup of which is completely refractory (R) to transmission of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium vivax;     

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caenorhabditis</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">briggsae</Emphasis> genome contains active <Emphasis Type="Italic">CbmaT1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tcb1</Emphasis> transposons

The maT clade of transposons is a group of transposable elements intermediate in sequence and predicted protein structure to mariner and Tc transposons, with a distribution thus far limited to a few invertebrate species. We present evidence, based on searches of publicly available databases, that the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae has several maT-like transposons, which we have designated as CbmaT elements, dispersed throughout its genome. We also describe two additional transposon sequences that probably share their evolutionary history with the CbmaT transposons. One resembles a fold back variant of a CbmaT element, with long (380-bp) inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that show a high degree (71%) of identity to CbmaT1. The other, which shares only the 26-bp ITR sequences with one of the CbmaT variants, is present in eight nearly identical copies, but does not have a transposase gene and may therefore be cross mobilised by a CbmaT transposase. Using PCR-based mobility assays, we show that CbmaT1 transposons are capable of excising from the C. briggsae genome. CbmaT1 excised approximately 500 times less frequently than Tcb1 in the reference strain AF16, but both CbmaT1 and Tcb1 excised at extremely high frequencies in the HK105 strain. The HK105 strain also exhibited a high frequency of spontaneous induction of unc-22 mutants, suggesting that it may be a mutator strain of C. briggsae.     

Genetic Divergence in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">cacophony</Emphasis> IVS6 Intron Among Five BrazilianPopulations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lutzomyia longipalpis</Emphasis>

Genes involved in the reproductive isolation are particularly useful as molecular markers in speciation studies. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), a putative species complex, is a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America. We isolated from this species a fragment homologous to cacophony, a Drosophila gene that encodes features of the lovesong, an acoustic signal that is important in the sexual isolation of closely related species and known to vary considerably among L. longipalpis putative siblings species. Using an intron of the sandfly cacophony as a marker, we analyzed the molecular variation and sequence divergence among five populations of L. longipalpis from Brazil, three allopatric (Jacobina, Lapinha and Natal) and two putative sympatric sibling species from the locality of Sobral. A high level of polymorphism was found and analysis of the data indicates that very little gene flow is occurring among the populations of Jacobina, Lapinha, and Natal. A high level of differentiation was also observed between the two putative sympatric species of Sobral, one of which seems to be the same sibling species found in Natal, while the other is somewhat more related to Jacobina and Lapinha. However, the amount of estimated gene flow among the Sobral siblings is about seven times higher than the previously estimated for period, another lovesong gene, perhaps indicating that introgression might be affecting cacophony more than period. The results suggest that L. longipalpis is not a single species in Brazil, but it is yet not clear whether the different populations studied deserve species status rather than representing an incipient speciation process.     

Fecundity and feeding of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Galerucella calmariensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. pusilla</Emphasis> on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lythrum salicaria</Emphasis>

Fecundity and feeding of two introduced sibling biological control species, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) were compared at constant temperatures of 12.5, 15, 20, 25, and 27.5 °C. Larval feeding was also carried out at 30 °C, but at this temperature, larvae developed only to the L2 stage and none pupated. Thus, data for this temperature were not used in the analysis. There were significant species × temperature interactions in fecundity. Of the two species, Galerucella pusilla laid more eggs. Although egg production of both species was lowest at 12.5 °C and increased to 20 °C, at higher temperatures, the two species reacted differently. From 25 to 27.5 °C, egg production decreased for G. pusilla, but G. calmariensis fecundity peaked at 27.5 °C. Significant temperature × species × life-stage interactions were also observed in feeding. For each species, the amount of feeding varied with temperature and stage of development. Galerucella pusilla adults consumed more foliage at 15, 20, and 27.5 °C. However, at 12.5 °C G. calmariensis adults fed more than G. pusilla. G. pusilla larvae consumed an average of 25% less foliage than G. calmariensis. The lower larval consumption of G. pusilla suggests that when food is limited, G. pusilla larvae may have a higher survival rate because of its ability to complete larval development with less food and produce more progeny due to its greater fecundity. When food is not limited neither species would have a competitive advantage and both species could coexist temporally and spatially. However, since G. calmariensis larvae consumed more leaf material, the larval stage of this species would have a greater impact on purple loosestrife than G. pusilla.     

Immunostaining for allatotropin and allatostatin-A and -C in the mosquitoes <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aedes aegypti</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles albimanus</Emphasis>

Confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used to carry out a comparative study of the immunostaining for three families of neuropeptides, viz., allatostatin-A (AS-A), allatostatin-C (AS-C) and allatotropin (AT), in adult female mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus. The specific patterns of immunostaining for each of the three peptides were similar in both species. The antisera raised against AT, AS-A, and AS-C revealed intense immunoreactivity in the cells of each protocerebral lobe of the brain and stained cells in each of the ventral ganglia and neuronal projections innervating various thoracic and abdominal tissues. Only the AS-A antiserum labeled immunoreactive endocrine cells in the midgut. The distribution of the peptides supports the concept that they play multiple regulatory roles in both species.This work was supported by NIH grant AI 45545 to F.G.N. and CONACyT G-37186-M to M.H.R.     

Behavioural and Electrophysiological Responses of Mosquito Vectors <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aedes aegypti,Anopheles stephensi</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Culex quinquefasciatus</Emphasis> to an Ethyl Ester: Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate

Mosquito control using different methods remains an integral component of intervention programmes which aim to protect humans from various mosquito-borne diseases. The host seeking behaviour of mosquitoes is essentially guided by odorant receptor neurons housed in the antenna, maxillary palps and proboscis. The odorant receptor neurons are responsible for detecting chemical cues from hosts and also useful for developing sustainable mosquito-control strategies that exploit host-seeking behaviours. The present investigation evaluates host seeking behavioural responses of a novel, non-toxic and environment friendly repellent, ethyl 2-aminobenzoate against three known vector species of mosquitoes viz. Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus maintained in laboratory. The flight orientation of the test mosquitoes was studied using Y-tube olfactometer, whereas the antennae of adult female mosquitoes were used to investigate the effect of ethyl 2-aminobenzoate on the peripheral olfactory system using electroantennogram (EAG). The findings demonstrate that ethyl 2-aminobenzoate exhibited significant response in Y-tube olfactometer against all the three known vector species of mosquitoes. However, only Anopheles stephensi significantly elicited responses in EAG experiments, while the responses obtained for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were not statistically significant. The results conclude that currently evaluated chemical ethyl 2-aminobenzoate has potential against some well established mosquito vector species and could be exploited to develop new and comparatively more effective anti-mosquito formulations.     

Interspecific and intraspecific comparisons of ejaculates in the cotton bollworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> and the tobacco budworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">H. assulta</Emphasis>

The evolution of reproductive isolation is a prerequisite in the formation of new species. Although there are numerous studies on ejaculates in lepidopteran insects, ejaculate comparisons among sibling species have not been adequately addressed to understand possible reproductive barriers to hybridization. Here, we examined the interspecific and intraspecific variations of ejaculates in the sibling noctuid moths Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta. We found that there were considerable variations in the number of apyrene and eupyrene sperm and the length of eupyrene sperm. Male pupal mass explained not only a significant proportion of the variation in apyrene sperm number in both H. armigera and H. assulta, but also a significant proportion of the variation in eupyrene sperm number in H. assulta. There was a significant positive relationship between the number of eupyrene sperm and the number of apyrene sperm in both species. No difference in the length of eupyrene sperm was found between them; however, ejaculates of H. armigera had many more eupyrene sperm than H. assulta had. In H. armigera, large males generally mated with large females. The evolutionary consequences of these differences are discussed in this paper.     

Endophytic fungi from rhizomes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paris polyphylla</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">yunnanensis</Emphasis>

About 63 fungal endophytic isolates were separated from rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which is a traditional medicinal plant mainly distributed in China. The isolates were characterized and grouped based on the culture characteristics and the morphology of colony growth and conidia. Eleven representative ones were selected for further taxonomical identification. Five genera namely Fusarium, Gliocladiopsis, Gliomastix, Aspergillus and Cylindrocarpon were identified on the basis of their morphological characterizations. Of them, the most frequent genus was Fusarium (i.e. Ppf1, Ppf3 and Ppf14). Their ITS-rDNA sequences were compared with those available in the GeneBank databases to obtain the closest related species by BLAST analysis as well as to analyze their phylogenetic affiliation. The isolates were identified as Gliocladiopsis irregularis (Ppf2), Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Ppf4), Padospora sp. (Ppf6), Gliomastix murorum var. murorum (Ppf7), Aspergillus fumigatus (Ppf9), Pichia guilliermondii (Ppf10), Neonectria radicicola (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon) (Ppf12) and one uncultured mycorrhizal ascomycete (Ppf13) separately based on their morphological and molecular features. The molecular characters of the endophytic fungi were basically coincident with their morphology. The broad diversity and taxonomic spectrum were exhibited by the endophytic fungi from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis> transposons of the urochordata <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ciona intestinalis</Emphasis>

P transposons belong to the eukaryotic DNA transposons, which are transposed by a cut and paste mechanism using a P-element-coded transposase. They have been detected in Drosophila, and reside as single copies and stable homologous sequences in many vertebrate species. We present the P elements Pcin1, Pcin2 and Pcin3 from Ciona intestinalis, a species of the most primitive chordates, and compare them with those from Ciona savignyi. They showed typical DNA transposon structures, namely terminal inverted repeats and target site duplications. The coding region of Pcin1 consisted of 13 small exons that could be translated into a P-transposon-homologous protein. C. intestinalis and C. savignyi displayed nearly the same phenotype. However, their P elements were highly divergent and the assumed P transposase from C. intestinalis was more closely related to the transposase from Drosophila melanogaster than to the transposase of C. savignyi. The present study showed that P elements with typical features of transposable DNA elements may be found already at the base of the chordate lineage. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Analysis of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">LEA</Emphasis> gene promoter via <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of the desiccation tolerant plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lindernia brevidens</Emphasis>

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based transformation procedure was developed for the desiccation tolerant species Lindernia brevidens. Leaf explants were infected with A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 harbouring a binary vector that carried the hygromycin resistance gene and an eGFP reporter gene under the control of a native dehydration responsive LEA promoter (Lb2745pro). PCR analysis of the selected hygromycin-resistant plants revealed that the transformation rates were high (14/14) and seeds were obtained from 13/14 of the transgenic lines. A combination of RNA gel blot and microscopic analyses demonstrated that eGFP expression was induced upon dehydration and ABA treatment. Comparison with existing procedures used to transform the well studied resurrection plant and close relative, Craterostigma plantagineum, revealed that the transformation process is both rapid and leads to the production of viable seed thus making L. brevidens a candidate species for functional genomics approaches to determine the genetic basis of desiccation tolerance.     

Electrofusion of protoplasts from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. bulbocastanum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. pinnatisectum</Emphasis>

This paper discusses a number of experiments performed, involving the fusion by an electric field of mesophyll protoplasts from Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje, S. tuberosum dihaploid clones 243, 299 and the wild tuberous disease-resistant species S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum. Three fusion experiments (S. bulbocastanum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 243, S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum cv. Bintje and S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 299) yielded 542 calli, the 52 ones of which produced shoots. Obtained regenerants were estimated by the flow-cytometry (FC) and RAPD analysis to determine hybrid plants.The utilisation of the FC as a useful method for detecting somatic hybrids is also discussed in this paper. The combination S. bulbocastanum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 243 led to the creation of eight somatic hybrids, the combination S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum cv. Bintje yielded four somatic hybrids and the combination S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 299 resulted in no hybrid regenerants. Morphology in vitro, growth vigour and production of tuber-like structures were evaluated in hybrid plants. Plants were transferred in vivo for further estimation (acclimatization, habitus evaluation and tuberization ability).     

Monoclonal antibodies AC-43 and AC-29 disrupt <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plasmodium vivax</Emphasis> development in the Indian malaria vector <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles culicifacies</Emphasis> (Diptera: culicidae)

A repertoire of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated against the midgut proteins of Anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes. The mAbs AC-43 and AC-29 significantly inhibited Plasmodium vivax development inside the mosquito midgut. The number of oocysts that developed was reduced by 78.6% when mosquitoes ingested a combination of these two mAbs along with the blood meal. AC-43 mAb binds to the epitope common in 97, 80 and 43 kDa polypeptides from the midgut protein extract, as indicated by western blot analysis. Similarly, the mAb AC-29 recognized 52, 44, 40 and 29 kDa polypeptides. These female midgut-specific polypeptides are shared between An. culicifacies and An. stephensi, two major vectors of malaria in India. Deglycosylation assays revealed that O-linked carbohydrates are the major components in epitopes corresponding to AC-43 and AC-29. Gold particle labelling revealed that both these mAbs preferentially bind to glycoproteins at the apical microvilli and the microvillus-associated network present inside transverse sections of the gut epithelium. These regions are particularly known to have receptors for ookinetes, which enable them to cross this epithelial barrier and provide them with certain necessary chemicals or components for further development into oocysts. Therefore, these glycoproteins appear to be potential candidates for a vector-directed transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV).     

The Madagascan genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vaughania</Emphasis> is reduced to synonymy under <Emphasis Type="Italic">Indigofera</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Indigofereae</Emphasis>)

Summary  Eleven species comprising the Madagascan genus Vaughania are subsumed within the large pantropical genus Indigofera. Six new combinations are made; the remaining species were originally described in Indigofera.     

Quantitative trait loci in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles gambiae</Emphasis> controlling the encapsulation response against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plasmodium cynomolgi</Emphasis> Ceylon

Background  

Anopheles gambiae females are the world's most successful vectors of human malaria. However, a fraction of these mosquitoes is refractory to Plasmodium development. L3-5, a laboratory selected refractory strain, encapsulates transforming ookinetes/early oocysts of a wide variety of Plasmodium species. Previous studies on these mosquitoes showed that one major (Pen1) and two minor (Pen2, Pen3) autosomal dominant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) control the melanotic encapsulation response against P. cynomolgi B, a simian malaria originating in Malaysia.     

Four novel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida</Emphasis> species in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida albicans</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lodderomyces elongisporus</Emphasis> clade isolated from the gut of flower beetles

Flower-visiting beetles belonging to three species of Cetoniidae were collected on three mountains near Beijing, China, and yeasts were isolated from the gut of the insects collected. Based on the 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence analysis and phenotypic characterization, four novel anamorphic yeast species located in the Candida albicans/Lodderomyces elongisporus clade were identified from 18 of the strains isolated. The new species and type strains are designated as Candida blackwellae AS 2.3639^T (=CBS 10843^T), Candida jiufengensis AS 2.3688^T (=CBS 10846^T), Candida oxycetoniae AS 2.3656^T (=CBS 10844^T), and Candida pseudojiufengensis AS 2.3693^T (=CBS 10847^T). C. blackwellae sp. nov. was basal to the branch formed by C. albicans and C. dubliniensis with moderately strong bootstrap support. The closest relative of C. oxycetoniae was L. elongisporus. C. jiufengensis sp. nov. and C. pseudojiufengensis sp. nov. were closely related with each other and formed a branch in a subclade represented by C. parapsilosis and L. elongisporus.     

Detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">dubliniensis</Emphasis> in Venezuela

Over the past decades there has been a significant increase in fungal infections caused by Candida species, and continues to be common in immunocompromised individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although Candida albicans remains the fungal species most frequently isolated as an opportunistic oral pathogen, other non-albicans are often identified in this cohort of patients, including C. dubliniensis. This yeast is closely related to and shares many phenotypic characteristics with C. albicans. Colonies of these two species appear morphologically identical when not grown on special media. The shared phenotypic characteristics of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans suggest that many C. dubliniensis isolates may have been misidentified as C. albicans in the past. The present studies aim is to recover and identify C. dubliniensis, and presumptive clinical C. albicans, from the oral cavities of HIV-seropositive individuals, comparing conventional media to obtain a simple, low-cost and reliable identification system for C. dubliniensis. A total of 16 isolates (3,98%) had been obtained from 402 HIV infected individuals with recurrent oropharyngitis and were identified as C. dubliniensis. Out of these C. dubliniensis isolates 19% were resistant, with MICs above 64 μg/ml to fluconazole. This constitutes, to the authors knowledge the first recovery of this organism in Venezuela.