小单孢菌属特异寡核苷酸探针的设计及杂交条件优化

小单孢菌在生态环境中占有重要地位,也是寻找新的抗生素的重要来源.为了探索小单孢菌的生态分布和在未培养情况下的生态位,在分离和鉴定一定数量的小单孢菌的情况下利用小单孢菌属的16S rDNA基因同源性,采用ClustalX软件进行序列分析,设计了小单孢菌属的16S rRNA特异寡核苷酸探针Mn1和Mn3两个序列,将这两个序列与GenBank中小单孢和非小单孢菌属的16S rRNA序列进行Blastn比对分析,先在理论上确认Mn1和Mn3对小单孢菌属是特异的.收集小单孢和非小单孢菌株19株,通过原位杂交试验的方法对设计的探针进行特异性验证,结果证明,Mn1能和试验用到的所有小单孢菌属的标准菌株杂交和非小单孢菌均不能杂交;Mn3能和所有小单孢菌属的标准菌株杂交,但也能与链霉菌CGMCC4.891(Streptomyces microflavus)杂交.初步证明Mn1可作为小单孢菌属的特异性探针.并通过杂交条件试验优化了Mn1荧光原位杂交的条件:甲酰胺浓度为30%,溶菌酶处理时间为37℃ 40 min,HCl处理时间为60 min,杂交时间为3 h.     

小单孢菌及其产生抗菌素的研究进展

产生抗菌素的微生物种类繁多,除霉菌、细菌、链霉菌外,小单孢菌近年来也被人们所重视。1905年Foulerton从空气中分离到青铜色小单孢菌(Micromonospora chalcea),1923年φrskov建立了小单孢菌属。但是,小单孢菌的拮抗作用直到1942年才为Welsch发现。     

小单孢菌属的分类及应用研究*

小单孢菌在自然界分布广泛,但由于分离、分类方法所限,绝大多数还没有被人们所认识。在小单孢菌的分类学研究中,最初主要依据的是形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征,随着“多相分类”的广泛应用,分子分类在小单孢菌的分类学研究中起到了越来越重要的作用。小单孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生抗生素,如庆大霉素、利福霉素、新霉素等;某些种能降解天然橡胶和纤维素。近年来的研究表明,小单孢菌能产生具有独特化学结构的生物活性物质,对肿瘤细胞有靶向和识别作用,并能有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。     

小单孢菌属的分类及应用研究

小单孢菌在自然界分布广泛,但由于分离、分类方法所限,绝大多数还没有被人们所认识。在小单孢菌的分类学研究中,最初主要依据的是形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征,随着“多相分类”的广泛应用,分子分类在小单孢菌的分类学研究中起到了越来越重要的作用。小单孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生抗生素,如庆大霉素、利福霉素、新霉素等;某些种能降解天然橡胶和纤维素。近年来的研究表明,小单孢菌能产生具有独特化学结构的生物活性物质,对肿瘤细胞有靶向和识别作用,并能有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。     

链霉菌质粒pSET152电转化稀有放线菌小单孢菌的研究

利用链霉菌(Streptomyces)噬菌体ΦC31所构建的整合型载体pSET152作为供体质粒,分别以小单孢菌(Micromonospora)40027菌株的萌发孢子和新鲜菌丝体作为受体菌,在不同的电场强度下进行电转化实验,结果表明:以小单孢菌40027菌株萌发孢子为受体菌,未获得电转化子;以小单孢菌40027菌株新鲜菌丝体为受体菌,获得了电转化子。电场强度为13kV/cm时可获得最高转化效率。Southern杂交结果表明:质粒pSET152可通过菌丝体电转化法导入小单孢菌40027菌株,并整合到小单孢菌40027菌株的染色体上,暗示链霉菌噬菌体ΦC31的整合酶基因和整合位点在异源宿主小单孢菌40027菌株中仍具有相同的功能。质粒稳定性检测实验表明:质粒pSET152可稳定地存在于小单孢菌40027菌株中。     

小单孢菌科放线菌的研究进展

小单孢菌科（Micromonosporaceae）菌株是一类具有气生菌丝和基内菌丝分化的经典放线菌,于二十世纪中期被发现,目前包含29属246种的成员。这类菌株不仅广泛分布于普通的陆地生态系统中,在淡水生态系统、海洋生态系统以及一些被认为对生命极具挑战的极端环境中也常能探测到这些微生物的踪迹。小单孢菌产生的抗生素和其他生物活性物质被广泛应用于医疗和农业的多个领域,一直以来受到研究人员的广泛关注。本文就小单孢菌科放线菌的分类学特征、生态分布、基因组特征及其在医药和农业领域的应用情况进行了综述,以期为推进小单孢菌科放线菌资源的高质量发掘奠定基础。     

炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1基因打靶载体的构建

小单孢菌属放线菌是许多生物活性物质的重要来源,但自然条件下小单孢菌的活性产物产率普遍偏低,基因编辑与改造对提高小单孢菌属放线菌活性产物的产率具有重要意义。然而,有效的遗传转化体系成为小单孢菌属放线菌基因编辑改造的瓶颈。炭样小单孢菌JXUN-1是实验室从南昌瑶湖农田土壤样品中分离到的一株具有广谱抗菌活性的放线菌,其基因组具有GC含量高的特点。本研究以敲除炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1中抗生素合成相关基因P450为例,以温敏型质粒pKC1139为模板,构建了炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1 P450基因打靶载体p FD306,然后通过电转化将pFD306导入炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1新鲜菌丝体内,通过双交换获得基因缺失株炭样小单孢菌JXNU-ΔP450,最后通过PCR验证了菌株P450基因的缺失,表明炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1基因打靶载体pFD306构建成功。本研究确证了质粒pKC1139可以用于炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1基因组的编辑,为炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1抗生素合成相关基因的筛选及其功能研究提供有效帮助。     

红树林放线菌分离鉴定及活性代谢产物研究

以采集自四个红树林地点的16份混合土壤为研究材料,选用7种选择性培养基,共分离获得330株放线菌。其中217株菌经16SrRNA基因序列分析,发现近75%菌株属于小单孢菌属(Micromonospora),其他还包括多形态孢菌属(Polymorphospora),疣孢菌属(Verrucosispora)等小单孢菌科的2个属和非小单孢菌科的9个属。采用美蓝酶标仪法对所分离到的放线菌进行抗菌活性检测,共50株菌表现出对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans ATCC 10231)有不同程度抗性。然后利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液质联用技术(LC-MS)对有生物活性的菌株进行化学筛选,最后确定了5株可能产新颖化合物的小单孢菌。     

液氮超低温保存放线菌条件研究

用6种保护剂对28株放线菌和小单孢菌进行液氮超低温保存。保存3年4个月其存活率均达100％。拮抗性检查结果表明,肉汤和龙眼蜜保护剂对小单孢菌,牛奶保护剂对放线菌保护效果显著,保存前后其拮抗性无明显变化。     

一种观察小单孢菌的制片方法

一种观察小单孢菌的制片方法薛景珍,沈音（沈阳农业大学微生物教研室,沈阳１１０１６１）小单孢菌在放线菌中是菌丝纤细、大部分无气生菌丝,菌落湿润的一群。用一般印片法制片,往往印不上或印上很少的孢子和菌丝片断;用涂抹法,虽然可以涂上较多量的孢子和菌丝,但菌...     

Formation of broad-spectrum antibiotics by cultures of the genus Micromonospora]

Data on the study of antibiotic production by the representatives of Micromonospora and the use of ion exchange resins for intensification of screening antibiotic-producing organisms among Micromonospora are presented. It was found that out of 172 strains of Micromonospora tested 92 (53.5 per cent) cultures produced antibiotics, 18 of which were active against gramnegative bacteria. The use of carboxylic ion exchange resins at early microbiological stages of the screening provided an increase in the frequency of finding broad spectrum antibiotics from 10.4 to 19.7 per cent.     

Grouping of Micromonospora based on their cultural-morphologic features, antibiotic-sensitivity and formation of antibiotics

500 Micromonospora cultures were subdivided into nine groups on the basis of their cultural-morphological properties, the ability to produce antibiotics of certain chemical classes, and the sensitivity to 18 different antibiotics: aurantiaca (I), cinnamomea (II), cinnamomea-vinacea (III), cinnamomea-olivacea (IV), nigra (V), nigra-violacea (VI), lilacinescens (VII), coerulea (VIII) and brunnea (IX). Cultures belonging to groups I, II, III, V and VI are moderately sensitive to most of the antibiotics and often occur in natural substrates. Black Micromonospora cultures (groups V and VI) mostly produce aminoglycoside antibiotics while brown cultures (groups II and III) form macrolide antibiotics. Cultures belonging to groups IV, VII, VIII and IX have a higher sensitivity to most of the antibiotics and are rarely isolated from natural substrates. These cultures have a weak ability to produce antibiotics.     

Methodological procedures for detecting antibiotic producers among cultures of the family Micromonosporaceae]

Data on intensification of the search for active cultures among Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that the frequency of detecting the antibiotic-producing cultures among Micromonospora under conditions of fermentation on the corn-glucose medium inoculated with agar blocks amounted to 35 per cent. The use of nutrient media of different composition for growing submerged inoculum of Micromonospora demonstrated that the rate of its growth reached maximum on the peastarch medium. The use of this medium for growing submerged seed material for fermentation in the corn-glucose medium increased the frequency of detecting active cultures from 35 to 43.1 per cent. The assay of Micromonospora antibiotic activity twice, i.e. in 96 and 240 hours of the fermentation process increased the frequency of detecting active cultures up to 57.1 per cent and revealing greater variety of antibiotics. Fermentation of Micromonospora cultures simultaneously on 6 different nutrient media inoculated with submerged seed mycelium and assay of the activity for 2 times, i. e. in 96 and 240 hours allowed a detection of up to 76.2 per cent of active strains out of the total number of the isolates.     

Isolation of antibiotic-producing Actinomycetes from soil samples exposed to UV light

The use of nonroutine means in isolation of microorganisms from natural substrates extended the possibilities of detecting new cultures which often appear to be producers of previously unknown antibiotics. A new procedure for isolating actinomyces of definite groups was developed. It implies preliminary exposure of soil suspensions to UV light. With the use of the procedure, 2539 strains of actinomycetes belonging to different genera were isolated. There was a marked decrease after the irradiation in isolation of cultures belonging to Streptomyces, a genus most widely distributed in nature and studied in detail while isolation of cultures belonging to other genera, promising as sources of novel antibiotics, increased. Micromonospora, Amycolatopsis and Nocardia proved to be the most stable to the effect of UV light. With the use of the procedure it is possible to increase 2-3-fold isolation of cultures belonging to Micromonospora, a genus known as a producer of many antibiotics including those used clinically.     

Chemistry of Antibiotics from Micromonospora: III. Isolation and Characterization of Everninomicin D and Everninomicin B

The isolation of everninomicin D and everninomicin B, two closely related antibiotics produced by Micromonospora carbonacea, is described. The structures of everninomicin D and B are shown to parallel closely that of curamycin, a polysaccharidic antibiotic with a low molecular weight and a dichloroisoeverninic acid end group.     

Temporally regulated tandem promoters in Micromonospora echinospora

A collection of promoters from the Micromonospora echinospora strain that produces the calichemicin antitumor antibiotics was identified by the use of the promoter-probe vector pIJ486 in Streptomyces lividans. A 0.4-kilobase-pair Micromonospora DNA fragment was found to contain multiple tandem promoters which were characterized by S1 nuclease protection, Northern blotting, and DNA sequence determination. Analysis of RNA isolated from timed Micromonospora cultures revealed two classes of promoters within the 0.4-kilobase-pair fragment. The P2 promoter was maximally active during the exponential phase. In contrast, the P1 promoter cluster, consisting of three closely spaced start sites located 80 base pairs upstream of P2, was maximally active during the stationary phase. Because P1 was strongly induced in synchrony with calichemicin drug production, P1 is of potential utility in expressing cloned genes specifically during the stationary phase.     

Effect of intercalating dyes on the production of antibiotics by Micromonospora rosaria and Micromonospora purpurea.

The effect of treatment with various intercalating dyes on the ability to produce antibiotics in Micromonospora rosaria and Micromonospora purpurea was studied. Treatment with acriflavine resulted in a high frequency loss of antibiotic productivity in both species. In M. rosaria, the loss of antibiotic-producing ability appeared to be strain-dependent. In M. purpurea, up to 90% of colonies were found to have lost gentamicin-producing ability when protoplasts were used in the test. These antibiotic-nonproducing strains were further studied. The following observations were made: (1) Unlike the producing ability, the resistance to the antibiotics is a very stable character in both species. (2) Protoplast fusion analysis indicates that rosamicin-nonproducing characteristics of MR 217-AF2 and MR 217-AF3 strains induced by the acriflavine treatment is due to chromosomal mutation or rearrangement but not to loss of a plasmid. (3) Gentamicin-nonproducing strains of M. purpurea responded differently to the supplementation of streptamine or DOS in the culture medium. When supplemented with streptamine or DOS, some of these strains regained the ability to produce antibiotic, showing that the biosynthesis of intermediate was affected in these strains.     

Cryptoendolithic actinomycetes from antarctic sandstone rock samples: Micromonospora endolithica sp. nov. and two isolates related to Micromonospora coerulea Jensen 1932

Three cryptoendolithic, aerobic actinomycetes (AA-459T, AA-319 and AA-321) from antarctic sandstone were characterised phenotypically and by molecular taxonomic methods. The isolates had single spores on substrate mycelium, meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) and glycine (cell wall type II), a whole cell sugar pattern D (galactose, xylose, arabinose, glucose or rhamnose) and phospholipids of type PII (diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol). Their predominant fatty acids were iso-16:0 and iso-15:0 or 17:1omega8c, the menaquinone profile was complex with mainly MK10 (H4) and MK10 (H6). A wide variety of sugars and several acids were utilised for growth. The isolates were sensitive to a few antibiotics, but formation and excretion of antibiotics was not observed. Phenotypically, isolates AA-319 and AA-321 were similar. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed close relationship of strains AA-319 and AA-321 with each other (99.5%) and clustering (98.5%) with Micromonospora coerulea DSM 43143T. DNA-DNA hybridisation showed both strains to be genomically highly similar to strain DSM 43143T. Phenotypically they could be viewed as separate taxa, but presently they will be considered as strains of Micromonospora coerulea. Strain AA-459T was phylogenetically close to Micromonospora chersina DSM 44151T (99.1%) and to Micromonospora rosaria DSM 803T, but DNA-DNA similarity with M. chersina DSM 44151T was low with 28.9/33.5 %, indicating the presence of a different and new species. Consequently, isolate AA-459T (DSM 44398T NRRL B-24248T) is described as the type strain of Micromonospora endolithica sp. nov.     

Conditions for protoplasting, regenerating, and transforming the calicheamicin producer, Micromonospora echinospora.

We report methods to generate protoplasts, to regenerate mycelia, and to transform Micromonospora echinospora. This actinomycete produces the unusual antitumor antibiotics, the calicheamicins. These protocols may be applied to other actinomycetes that have been difficult to transform. These methods also may facilitate the cloning of calicheamicin biosynthetic genes by genetic complementation.