Erection of Ibirhynchus gen. nov. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), based on molecular and morphological data

The genus Southwellina is composed of 3 described species, i.e., S. hispida (the type species), S. dimorpha, and S. macracanthus. All 3 are endoparasites of fish-eating birds that have worldwide distributions. Morphologically, the genus is characterized by possessing a short and compact trunk, 2 fields of spines in the anterior region of the trunk (in at least 1 sex), a short cylindrical proboscis (sometimes with a swollen region armed with numerous longitudinal rows of hooks), a double-walled proboscis receptacle, and 4 tubular cement glands in males. In the current study, specimens identified as S. dimorpha were collected from Eudocimus albus (white ibis), the type host from the Gulf of Mexico. Sequences of 2 nuclear genes (small subunit [SSU] and long subunit [LSU] ribosomal DNA) and 1 mitochondrial gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [cox 1]) of S. dimorpha and S. hispida were obtained and used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of both species with respect to published sequences of 11 species representing 6 genera of Polymorphidae. Maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of the concatenated data set (SSU + LSU + cox 1) were identical in depicting Southwellina as paraphyletic, indicating that the genus should be revised. The MP and ML trees identified S. hispida as a sister to Polymorphus brevis, whereas S. dimorpha was a sister to Hexaglandula corynosoma. Morphologically, S. dimorpha is distinct from H. corynosoma, which is characterized by a short trunk with 1 field of spines in the anterior part of the trunk in both genders, and males with 6 tubular cement glands. The genetic divergence estimated from a concatenated data set between 2 isolates of S. hispida and S. dimorpha ranged from 10.7 to 11.0%. This range of genetic divergence is similar to that found among other genera of Polymorphidae, which extends from 6.0 to 12.0%. Southwellina dimorpha differs from S. hispida in the shape of the proboscis and the presence of 1 field of spines (S. dimorpha) versus 2 fields (S. hispida) on the anterior region of the trunk in females. Based on the phylogenetic position of S. dimorpha within Polymorphidae, coupled with levels of genetic divergence and, more importantly, the morphological and ecological (host specificity) differences, we propose the erection of a new genus to accommodate S. dimorpha.     

对叶榕榕果内生细菌分离鉴定及抑菌活性的研究

【目的】为植物-内生细菌的生态关系研究, 以及植物内生细菌资源的利用提供一定的依据。【方法】采用微生物学传统分离培养的方法从对叶榕果实中分离到内生细菌54株, 通过限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)共有16个操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units, OTUs), 对16株代表菌株16S rDNA序列系统发育分析。【结果】16个菌株都找到了与其相似性最高的菌株, 相似性达到95%?100%。其中6株为芽孢杆菌Bacillus属, 为对叶榕果实内生细菌优势菌属; 3株为Staphylococcus属, 2株为Pseudomonas属, 1株为Serrata属, 1株为非培养细菌的同源菌, 1株为Kocuria属, 1株为Delftia属, 还有1株为Acinetobacter属。【结论】这16株内生菌在系统发育树中明显聚为两大支; 在参与抑菌试验的14株内生菌中, 有13株对受试菌有不同程度的拮抗作用。尤其是其中的芽孢菌属的Swx15和不动杆菌属的Swx25菌株, 抑菌作用较强, 且有较广的抑菌谱性。     

The biology and systematics of the genus Coincya Porta & Rigo ex Rouy (Cruciferae)

In this treatment, the genera Coincya (synonym: Hutera ) and Rhynchosinapis are regarded as one genus under the name Coincya which has nomenclatural priority. This study is based on data from morphology, population studies, cytology, ecology and reproductive biology reinforced by breeding experiments. Coincya is a west European genus comprising 14 taxa (including six species, five subspecies and three varieties).Eight new combinations are proposed and two species are excluded; R.nivalis is referable to the genus Brassica and R. Leplocarpa is probably referable to Erucastrum.
The chromosome number is either 2 n = 24 or 2 n = 48, which confirmed previous counts; C. Transtagana has not been counted. Breeding experiments were carried out with C. Longirostra, C.rupestris, C.monensis subsp. monensis , diploid and tetraploid races of subsp. recurvata var. recurvata , var. johnslonii , var. setigera , var. granatensis , subsp. hispida and subsp. puberula.
All taxa tested are outbreeding with a genetic self-incompatibility mechanism and are cross-compatible, suggesting that there has been no cytological differentiation between the diploid species in this study. The tetraploids formed semi-sterile triploids when crossed with diploids and although the chromosomes only formed bivalents and trivalents at meiosis it was postulated that the tetraploid was an autotetraploid of polytopic origin.
The evolution and differentiation of the genus and species are discussed.     

Chemotaxonomic study of seed glucosinolate composition in Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae)

A total of 68 populations belonging to the genus Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula was examined for seed glucosinolate composition. The presence of progoitrin, epiprogoitrin, glucosinalbin and gluconapin was recorded plus a fifth glucosinolate that could not be identified. A geographical clinal variation between progoitrin and epiprogoitrin was observed in the more widespread taxa, C. monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadiay & Murioz Garm. and C. moncnsis subsp. cheiranthos var. recurvata (All.) Leadiay. The fewest types of glucosinatc were observed in taxa with morphological characters considered more primitive, viz. subsp. hispida and var. recurvata. On the other hand, more complex and diverse composition was observed in the taxon with more advanced characters, viz. C. rupestris subsp. rupestris Porta & Rigo.     

刚毛柽柳ThPP2C基因的克隆和表达分析

蛋白磷酸酶2C（PP2C）是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶,在体内以单体形式存在,由它催化的可逆磷酸化反应是细胞信号转导的重要组成部分,这一过程几乎参与所有的生理和病理过程。本研究从柽柳中克隆获得一条PP2C基因,命名为ThPP2C。该基因开放读码框（ORF）长849 bp,编码282氨基酸,推测蛋白质分子量为30.54 kDa,理论等电点为7.13。qRT-PCR结果显示,0.4 mol·L^-1 NaCl、20%（w/v） PEG₆₀₀₀、150 μmol·L^-1 ABA和100 μmol·L^-1 JA胁迫处理后,ThPP2C基因在刚毛柽柳根和叶中的表达均发生了明显改变,但时空表达模式不完全相同。NaCl、ABA和JA处理后ThPP2C基因在叶中都表现为下调表达。而根中,NaCl和JA胁迫后主要表现为上调表达。ABA处理早期表达下调,随后表达量逐渐增加。与其他3种胁迫不同的是,PEG₆₀₀₀处理后ThPP2C基因在根中明显下调,而在叶中胁迫早期表现不明显,48 h后被高度诱导。表明ThPP2C基因可能参与了刚毛柽柳高盐、干旱以及激素处理的适应过程,但其功能还有待进一步验证。     

A comparative morphological observations of Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis and A. chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang

A comparative observations of the morphology on the stem, winter bud, fruit, pollen grains of A. chinensis Planch. var. chinensis and A. chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang have been made and the obvious differences in these aspects are obvious. In stem tissue culture, the frequency of calli induced and plantlets produced of A. chinensis Planch. var. hispida is also higher than that of A. chinensis Planch. chinensis. For this reason we suggest to raise A. chinensis Planch. var. hispida as a newspecies.     

Phylogenomic analyses reveal intractable evolutionary history of a temperate bamboo genus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

Shibataea is a genus of temperate bamboos(Poaceae:Bambusoideae)endemic to China,but little is known about its phylogenetic position and interspecific relationships.To elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of the bamboo genus Shibataea,we performed genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of all seven species and one variety of the genus using double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing(dd RAD-seq)and whole plastid genomes generated using genome skimming.Our phylogenomic analyses based on dd RAD-seq and plastome data congruently recovered Shibataea as monophyletic.The nuclear data resolved S.hispida as the earliest diverged species,followed by S.chinensis,while the rest of Shibataea can be further divided into two clades.However,the plastid and nuclear topologies conflict significantly.By comparing the results of network analysis and topologies reconstructed from different datasets,we identify S.kumasasa as the most admixed species,which may be caused by incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)or interspecific gene flow with four sympatric species.This study highlights the power of dd RAD and plastome data in resolving complex relationships in the intractable bamboo genus.     

中国大陆瘤颚蚁属分类研究(膜翅目,蚁科)

记述中国大陆瘤颚蚁属Strumigenys 8种,其中1新种,江西瘤颚蚁S．jiangxiensis sp．nov．,粗瘤颚蚁S．stry—gax Bolton为中国新纪录种。提出《广西蚂蚁》和《西双版纳自然保护区蚁科昆虫生物多样性研究》中记载的4个误订种,即刘氏瘤颚蚁S．lewisi Cameron误订为粗糙瘤颚蚁S．hispida Lin et Wu,薄帘瘤颚蚁S．rallarhina Bolton误订为异形瘤颚蚁S．leptorhina Bolton,粗瘤颚蚁S．strygax Bolton误定为琴状瘤颚蚁S．1yroessa(Roger),长瘤颚蚁S．exilirhi-na误定为费氏瘤颚蚁S．feae Emery。编制了中国大陆瘤颚蚁属已知种工蚁的分类检索表。     

硬毛猕猴桃（猕猴桃科）名称后选模式的指定

根据对保存于中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）合模式标本的研究,对硬毛猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang)的名称作后选模式指定。     

瓜实蝇不同寄主种群对4种杀虫剂的敏感性

为探索瓜实蝇Zeugodacus cucurbitae不同寄主种群对杀虫剂的敏感性,本研究在室内通过药膜法测定了瓜实蝇节瓜、黄瓜、丝瓜和苦瓜种群4日龄成虫对4种杀虫剂的敏感性,随后将瓜实蝇不同寄主种群致死中浓度LC50进行比较,计算抗性倍数。结果表明,4个寄主种群对甲维盐的敏感性为节瓜 > 苦瓜 > 丝瓜 > 黄瓜,其中节瓜、苦瓜种群对甲维盐最敏感,其次是丝瓜、黄瓜,LC50值分别为0.250、0.391、0.809和1.035 mg/L。4个寄主种群对灭多威的敏感性表现为节瓜 > 黄瓜 > 苦瓜 > 丝瓜,LC50值分别为0.302、0.318、0.652和0.804 mg/L。对多杀菌素的敏感性大小依次为黄瓜、节瓜、丝瓜、苦瓜,LC50值分别为1.157、1.198、1.232和2.029 mg/L。对啶虫脒的敏感性为苦瓜 > 节瓜 > 黄瓜 > 丝瓜,LC50值分别为17.946、20.166、20.190和21.986 mg/L,其中对甲维盐的敏感性差异幅度最大,为4.140倍,其次是灭多威,为2.654倍,对啶虫脒的敏感性差异幅度最小,为1.225倍。表明寄主植物可引起瓜实蝇对杀虫剂的敏感性变化。     

节瓜Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶序列的克隆及比对

对8个节瓜（Benincasa hispida var.chieh-qua How）品系基因组DNA中的Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶核苷酸序列进行扩增,并对品系A39FA的29个克隆产物的核苷酸序列及翻译的氨基酸序列的系统进化和同源性进行了分析,还对29条氨基酸序列进行了比对。扩增结果表明：8个节瓜品系的基因组DNA中均包含长度约260 bp的逆转录酶核苷酸片段;从品系A39FA中获得的29条Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶核苷酸序列（CqRt1至CqRt29）的长度为247~267 bp,同源率为46.2%~98.1%,而它们的氨基酸序列同源率为26.7%~98.8%。序列分析结果表明：节瓜Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶核苷酸序列中碱基A、T、G和C的数量分别为65~96、47~92、45~74和32~49,所有序列均富含碱基A和T,AT/GC比为1.35~2.33;缺失突变是造成节瓜Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶核苷酸序列长度差异的主要因素,在序列长度和碱基组成方面的明显差异表明节瓜Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶核苷酸序列具有高度异质性。翻译后的氨基酸序列中有21条序列存在终止密码子突变、12条序列存在移框突变,表明Ty1-copia类逆转座子是节瓜基因组内序列重组的热点。通过聚类分析可将29个逆转录酶核苷酸序列分为5个家族（Family）,分别包括16、4、4、4和1条序列,其中Family 1可能是具有转座活性的逆转座子家族,但存在转录活性的逆转录酶序列仅占全部序列数量的20.69%。将每一家族中的1~2条序列与其他15种植物的Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶的氨基酸序列进行比对,显示出较高的同源性。研究结果表明：节瓜与其他植物的Ty1-copia类逆转座子可能有相同起源,而且Ty1-copia类逆转座子可在不同类群间横向传递。     

Phylogeny of the Neotropical Alibertia group (Rubiaceae), with emphasis on the genus Alibertia, inferred from ITS and 5S ribosomal DNA sequences

Phylogenetic relationships of 38 species of the Alibertia group (Rubiaceae) and two outgroup species were investigated using the nuclear ribosomal 5S nontranscribed spacer (5S-NTS) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Analysis of the data sets separately and in combination resulted in several well-supported and congruent groupings. However, the three analyses yielded different results as to the branching order of the basal clades. With the exception of Alibertia hispida, the species in the genus Alibertia appear in one weakly to moderately supported clade. This clade is in turn composed of two strongly supported subclades. One comprises several Alibertia species, including the type (A. edulis), three Borojoa species, and Randia tessmannii. The other subclade consists of Alibertia species only. This division is also generally supported morphologically by fruit size, corolla size, number of corolla lobes, and pollen aperture (porate vs. colporate). The sister group to the Alibertia clade comprises Duroia with Amaioua species internested. The close relationship of Ibetralia and Kutchubaea is corroborated. In addition, Alibertia hispida is a member of this strongly supported clade. Likewise, the two "Genipa" species are supported as a monophyletic group in 100% of the bootstrap replicates. It is concluded that the 5S spacer is superior to the commonly used ITS region in terms of resolution and robustness among closely related taxa.     

Analysis of morphological characters of Chara baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis from Europe

Morphological characters of Chara baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis from different localities in Central Europe and Scandinavia were analyzed. The plants were preliminarily classified using specific qualitative features into four species: C. baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis. Of the 14 characters, all were used in principal-component and cluster analyses, and 12 were applied in a discriminant analysis. In the discriminant analysis, the most useful characters for distinguishing particular species were selected. The methods (canonical discriminant and canonical analyses) used herein offered good differentiation between brackish water species C. horrida and C. baltica and fresh water species C. hispida and C. rudis. The analysis showed that the two morphologically very similar species C. hispida and C. rudis are only partially distinguished.     

中国的红索藻属植物

记述了中国产红索藻属Thtorea Bory emend．Necchi的2种2变种,即棘刺红索藻T．hispida(Thorea)Desvaux emend,Sheath,Vis et Cole,棘刺红索藻小孢变种T．hispida var,microspora S．L．Xie et Z．X．Shi,蓝色红索藻T．vio—lacea Bory emend．Sheath,Vis et Cole和蓝色红索藻长毛变种T．violacea var．longipilosa S．L．Xie et Z．X．Shi．其中,蓝色红索藻T．violacea Bor yemend．Sheath,Vis et Cole为中国新记录,棘刺红索藻小孢变种T．hispida var．microspora S．L．Xie et Z．X．Shi和蓝色红索藻长毛变种T．violacea var,longipilosa S．L Xie et Z．X．Shi为新变种。     

Hyphal interference by Trametes hispida

The antagonistic activity of Trametes hispida Bagl. in dual culture with Hirschioporus species and other non-basidiomycetous fungi is interpreted as hyphal interference. Hyphae of T. hispida grow into and over colonies of sensitive fungi. Contact with hyphae of T. hispida results in cessation of growth and rapid necrosis of affected cells. Ultrastructural studies of the affected hyphae of Hirschioporus pargamenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. showed an early formation of extraplasmalemmal wall deposits, disruption of membrane systems, coagulation of cytoplasm, localized dissolution of walls, and loss of cell contents without penetration by the antagonist.     

Quantitative tests of interaction between pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps on dioecious Ficus hispida

Abstract.  1. The interaction between Ficus species and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) represents a striking example of a mutualism. Figs also shelter numerous non-pollinating chalcids that exploit the fig–pollinator mutualism.
2. Previous studies showed a weak negative correlation between numbers of pollinating and non-pollinating adults emerging from the same fruit. Little is known about the patterns and intensities of interactions between fig wasps. In the Xishuangbanna tropical rainforests of China, the dioecious Ficus hispida L. is pollinated by Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr and is also exploited by the non-pollinators Philotrypesis pilosa Mayr, Philotrypesis sp., and Apocrypta bakeri Joseph. Here, the interaction of pollinator and non-pollinators on F. hispida is studied quantitatively.
3. The exact time of oviposition was determined for each species of fig wasp. Based on observational and experimental work it is suggested that (i) the relationship between pollinator and non-pollinators is a positive one, and that the genus Philotrypesis appears to have no significant impact on the pollinator population, whereas Apocrypta has a significant effect on both Philotrypesis and Ceratosolen ; (ii) gall numbers do not always increase with increasing number of foundresses, but developmental mortality of larvae correlates positively with the number of foundresses; and (iii) there is a positive correlation between non-pollinator numbers and their rates of parasitism, but the three species of non-pollinators differed in their rates of parasitism and show different effects on pollinator production.
4. The rates of parasitism when combined with the coexistent percentage and developmental mortality, underpin the way non-pollinating fig wasps successfully exploit and coexist stably in a fig–pollinator mutualism.     

New taxa and combinations in Calceolaria (Scrophulariaceae) from Peru and Bolivia

As a result of field work in Peru and Bolivia 1982–83, and herbarium studies, 21 new taxa are described and two new combinations are made in Calceolaria. The following species are described as new: C. sclerophylla, C. arbuscula , and C. crassa of sect. Sa–licifoliae; C. rupestris of sect. Revolutae; C. micans, C. laevis, C. rariflora , and C. concava of sect. Teucriifoliae; C. bullata and C. neglecta of sect. Parvifoliae; C. amoena and C. ramosa of sect. Polyclada; C. pilosa, C. incana, C. hirsuta , and C. cordifolia of sect. Urticopsis; C. cumbemayensis of sect. Lobatae; and C. caespitosa of sect. Scapiflorae. Three new subspecies are described: C. deflexa R. & P. ssp. cuneata and C. salicifolia R. & P. ssp. nigricans of sect. Salicifoliae , and C. hispida Benth. ssp. acaulis of sect. Lobatae. Two new combinations are proposed: C. melissifolia Benth. ssp. pseudoscabra (Edwin) Molau of sect. Teucriifoliae , and C. llamaensis (Edwin) Molau of sect. Anacyrta. The taxon Revolutae is raised to the sectional level, and the sections Polyclada and Parvifoliae are emendated. Chromosome numbers are reported for C. sclerophylla (2n = 36), C. micans (2n = 72), C. laevis (2n = 72), C. melissifolia ssp. pseudoscabra (2n = 36), C. neglecta (2n = 36), C. cumbemayensis (2n = 36), and C. hispida ssp. acaulis (2n = 36).     

Brucellosis in ringed seals and harp seals from Canada. lforbes@em.agr.ca

A novel Brucella sp. was isolated from lymph nodes of four ringed seals (Phoca hispida) collected near Pangnirtung (Baffin Island, Canada) in January and February 1995 and in one harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) collected near the Magdalen Islands (Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) in March 1996. Bacteriological characteristics were the same for all five isolates. The colonies were typical of Brucella spp., but took 2 to 5 days longer than the traditional species to appear on primary isolation media. Biotyping results did not match any of the known biovars of Brucella, but were similar to isolates of the genus Brucella previously reported from marine mammals inhabiting other areas of the northern hemisphere. This is the first confirmed report of brucellosis in marine mammals from Canada, and the first report of this organism in ringed and harp seals.     

Chromosomes of four species in three genera of Commelinaceae from China and their systematic implications

Chromosomes of four species in three genera of Commelinaceae from China were examined. Spatholirion longifolium had 2 n  = 20. This small genus is considered to be of a possible polyploid origin based on x  = 5, a basic number shared by its closest ally, the monospecific genus Streptolirion , with its only species having 2 n  = 10. The two genera were found to be very different from each other in their karyotypic constitution. The differences in both chromosome number (2 n  = 20 vs. 10) and karyotypic constitution support their separation as two independent genera. The remaining three species, Amischotolype hispida , Porandra ramosa and P. scandens , all had 2 n  = 36. In view of the occasional occurrence of 2 n  = 18 in the African Coleotrype , a genus very close to Amischotolype and Porandra in gross morphology, these three species are all very probably polyploid based on x  = 9. The high degree of karyotypic similarity of the three genera also strongly indicates their close affinity and supports their placement in the subtribe Coleotrypinae. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 152 , 399–403.