西藏林芝地区森林碳储量、碳密度及其分布

利用林芝地区第六次二类森林资源清查数据,运用材积源生物量法和平均生物量法,结合不同树种的分子式含碳率,估算了林芝地区森林及其组分的碳储量、碳密度,并分析其分布特征.结果表明: 2004年,林芝地区森林碳储量为2.43×10⁸ t,森林平均碳密度为76.01 t·hm^-2,其中,林分碳储量>灌木林碳储量>疏林碳储量>散生木碳储量>竹林碳储量>四旁树碳储量,各林分类型碳储量在2.51×10⁵～1.27×10⁸ t,共计占总森林碳储量的92.0%,各林分类型的平均碳密度为103.16 t·hm^-2,其中冷杉林的碳储量和碳密度均最高.在区域分布上,森林碳储量由西北向东南递增,森林平均碳密度由西南向东北递增.林分碳储量以成、过熟林碳储量为主,而过熟林的碳密度在各龄级中最高.随着过熟林的增加,林芝地区森林碳储量将增加;但随着过熟林的死亡和分解,林芝地区森林碳储量将有减小趋势.     

西藏昌都地区森林植被碳储量及空间分布格局

基于昌都地区第6次二类森林资源清查数据资料,运用生物量转换因子法进行生物量估算,以藏东南实测含碳率与国内含碳率的相关研究相结合,确定不同树种的含碳率,在此基础上,估算了昌都地区的森林碳储量和碳密度,并探讨其空间分布格局。结果表明:昌都地区的森林总碳储量约为1.058×10~8t,平均碳密度为67.31 t·hm~(-2),均低于林芝地区;各森林类型碳储量在4.5×10~2~8.21×10~7t,以云杉林的碳储量占绝对优势,为昌都地区的77.82%,碳密度则在19.88~81.16 t·hm~(-2);从龄组来看,以成、过熟林碳储量为主,占总森林碳储量的77.91%,各龄组碳密度随年龄增加呈近直线增加趋势;从森林碳储量和碳密度的分布格局来看,森林碳储量呈以左贡县最高,丁青县最低,"三江"南部区为高森林碳储量区,"三江"中游区为低森林碳储量区,"三江"上游区为中等森林碳储量区的总体分布格局;总体上,森林碳密度则呈以东北部江达县为最高,东南部的芒康县为最低,"三江"上游区平均碳密度最高,"三江"南部区次之,"三江"中游区最低,但空间分布差异相对较小(60.55~74.41 t·hm~(-2))。     

西藏森林乔木层植被碳储量与碳密度估算

利用第八次森林资源连续清查数据和不同树种的树干密度、含碳率等参数,运用生物量清单法,估算了西藏自治区森林乔木层植被碳储量和碳密度。结果表明:西藏森林生态系统乔木层植被总碳储量为1.067×109 t,平均碳密度为72.49 t·hm-2。不同林分乔木层碳储量依次为:乔木林散生木疏林四旁树。不同林种乔木层碳储量大小依次为:防护林特殊用途林用材林薪炭林,其中前两者所占比例为88.5%;不同林种乔木层平均碳密度为88.09 t·hm-2。不同林组乔木层碳储量与其分布面积排序一致,依次为:成熟林过熟林近熟林中龄林幼龄林。其中,成熟林乔木层碳储量占不同林组乔木层总碳储量的50%,并且不同林组乔木层碳储量随着林龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

长白落叶松人工林乔木层生物量分布特征及其固碳能力研究

基于8~56 a长白落叶松人工林样地生物量调查数据,建立了长白落叶松林各器官生物量模型,探讨了不同林龄长白落叶松人工林干材、树皮、树枝、树叶、树根的生物量分布与变化规律及单木与林分乔木层的固碳能力。结果表明:随着林龄的增大,长白落叶松人工林林木及各器官生物量均呈现不同程度的增加趋势,单株木生物量由8 a时的0.174 kg增加至56 a时的328.196 kg,林分乔木层生物量由8 a时的0.519 t·hm-2增加至56 a时的251.39 t·hm-2,其中树干所占比例最大,且增幅最大。长白落叶松人工林单木平均碳储量为74.822 kg,56 a林分乔木层碳密度为130.455 t·hm-2,平均碳密度达63.113 t·hm-2,各器官碳储量变化规律明显。长白落叶松人工林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林林分乔木层的年平均固碳量分别为0.087、1.193、1.703、2.124 t·hm-2,固碳量年平均增长率排序为中龄林幼龄林成熟林近熟林。研究认为,长白落叶松人工林单株木及林分各器官生物量随林龄增加具有明显的变化规律,成熟林分固碳水平最高,中龄林分后期固碳潜力最大。     

三峡库区森林生态系统有机碳密度及碳储量

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在减缓全球气候变化过程中发挥重要作用.基于104块样地调查和森林资源二类清查数据,运用GIS平台,对三峡库区森林生态系统有机碳密度及储量进行研究,结果表明:(1)三峡库区森林优势树种各器官的含碳率为44.59%～54.45%,森林凋落物含碳率为30.61%～42.73%,平均为36.38%;(2)三峡库区森林生态系统平均碳密度为117.68t · hm-2,低于我国森林平均水平;植被层碳密度平均为24.15 t · hm-2,其中常绿阔叶林植被层碳密度最高,达42.80 t · hm-2;枯落物层平均碳密度为2.74 t · hm-2,土壤有机碳密度平均为9.09 kg · m-2;(3)三峡库区森林生态系统总有机碳储量为286.14×106t,其中植被层碳储量为58.72×106t,凋落物碳储量为6.67×106t,土壤碳储量为220.74×106t;(4)三峡库区马尾松林分布面积最大,其总有机碳储量为77.24×106t,占三峡库区森林有机碳总储量的26.99%;在各森林类型中,马尾松林植被层、凋落物层和土壤层有机碳储量均最高,分别达到20.70 × 106t、2.66×106t和53.89×106t;(5)三峡库区森林有机碳密度呈现"东高西低"分布格局,巴东-秭归、巫山-巫溪、石柱-武隆及江津南部有机碳密度较高.在三峡库区提高森林质量、扩大森林面积是增强森林生态系统碳汇功能的有效途径.     

辽东山区典型森林生态系统碳密度

以辽东山区典型森林生态系统为研究对象,通过系统的样地调查并结合辽宁省2009年森林资源二类调查资料,利用异速生长方程和植被类型法对典型森林生态系统不同组分碳密度及碳储量进行估算.结果显示,辽东山区森林生态系统碳密度为300.050Mg· hm-2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为:土壤层(232.452 Mg·hm-2)＞乔木层( 63.237Mg · hm-2)＞凋落物层(3.529 Mg·hm-2)＞灌木层(0.558 Mg · hm-2)＞草本层(0.274Mg·hm-2).乔木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而增大,灌木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而减小,土壤、草本和凋落物层碳密度在不同龄组间的变化没有明显的规律性.辽东山区305.852×104 hm2的生态系统碳储量为917.709 Tg C,其中生物量碳储量为206.751Tg C,土壤碳储量为710.959 Tg C,土壤碳储量是生物量碳储量的3.44倍.通过比较本次调查结果与以往研究结果发现,利用森林清查资料,由于低估了幼龄林的乔木碳密度,导致辽东山区的乔木碳储量低估,且以往研究中用简单的换算系数高估了林下植被碳密度,但远低估了土壤碳密度.     

西藏森林植被乔木层碳储量与碳密度估算

利用第八次森林资源连续清查数据和不同树种的树干密度、含碳率等参数,运用生物量清单法,估算了西藏自治区森林乔木层植被碳储量和碳密度.结果表明: 西藏森林生态系统乔木层植被总碳储量为1.067×10⁹ t,平均碳密度为72.49 t·hm^-2.不同林分乔木层碳储量依次为:乔木林>散生木>疏林>四旁树.不同林种乔木层碳储量大小依次为:防护林>特殊用途林>用材林>薪炭林,其中前两者所占比例为88.5%;不同林种乔木层平均碳密度为88.09 t·hm^-2.不同林组乔木层碳储量与其分布面积排序一致,依次为:成熟林>过熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林.其中,成熟林乔木层碳储量占不同林组乔木层总碳储量的50%,并且不同林组乔木层碳储量随着林龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势.     

永春县柑橘林生态系统的碳储量及其动态变化

通过野外实地调查对永春县天马山柑橘林生态系统碳储量及分布特点进行研究。结果表明:柑橘的树高和基径的相关系数为0.8933。柑橘各器官生物量回归模型显示,柑橘各器官的生物量与其树高和基径的相关性较好,其中树干、树叶、果实器官的相关系数均大于0.90。柑橘林生态系统有机碳密度为222.796t.hm-2,其中土壤(0-100cm)碳密度为200.214t.hm-2,占总有机碳密度的89.864%,果树碳密度为22.582t.hm-2,占10.136%。1952-2007年,永春县柑橘林生态系统碳储量从445.592t增加到2.205×106t,表现为碳汇。     

四川省森林植被碳储量的空间分异特征

森林植被碳储量的空间分异特征研究可为以减排增汇为目标的森林生态系统碳库管理提供重要的基础数据.根据实测的林分含碳量和区域生物量-蓄积量回归模型计算了四川省森林植被碳储量,使用ArcGIS软件绘制和分析了四川森林植被碳储量的空间分异特征.结果表明,四川省森林植被的平均碳密度为38.04 MgC·hm-2(12.15～59.51 MgC·hm-2).受青藏高原隆升和人类活动干扰及其叠加效应的影响,四川森林植被碳密度空间分异明显,总体上表现出随纬度、海拔高度和坡度的增加而增加,随经度的增加而减小,高海拔地区和陡坡地带具有较高的碳密度.减少人类活动对森林的破坏及采取森林分区经营管理是稳定和增强四川森林碳汇功能的有效途径.     

基于InVEST模型估算富阳市森林生态系统碳储量

基于森林资源遥感影像数据资料和ArcGIS10.0软件,以属于典型亚热带气候的富阳市为案例,运用InVEST-Carbon模型对其森林生态系统碳储量进行估算,可视化定量富阳市森林生态系统碳储量并明确其空间分布规律。结果表明：富阳市森林生态系统碳储量分布具有明显的区域差异性,由东向西呈现高－低－高－低的分布带规律。富阳市森林生态系统总的碳储量为26.7437×106 t,其价值量为39.9042亿元;得出富阳市各类森林类型平均碳密度的高低分布为常绿阔叶林碳密度>针阔混交林碳密度>竹林碳密度>马尾松林碳密度>杉木林碳密度,这与浙江省生态公益林各主要林型的碳密度分布规律基本一致,得到其森林生态系统总的碳密度约为180.75 t.hm-2,高于浙江省生态公益林平均碳密度和全国森林平均碳密度。与基于森林二类清查资料,由生物量与蓄积量的关系式估算出的碳储量(28.3780×106 t)相差不大,InVEST模型可适用于森林生态系统碳储量的总体估算。通过研究可以得出,InVEST模型评估结果简明直观,导入较少的数据,将量化的森林碳储量以地图的形式表现出来。 InVEST模型还可用于对未来或多种模拟场景情况下的预测估算等,可为政府、非盈利组织和公司企业等自然资源的管理提供决策信息,其多功能和模块化的设计为权衡评估得失提供了有效的工具。     

Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate,carbon inputs,soil properties and soil carbon fractions

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are regulated by the complex interplay of climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions. However, the interrelation of SOC and these drivers and their potential connection networks are rarely assessed quantitatively. Using observations of SOC dynamics with detailed soil properties from 90 field trials at 28 sites under different agroecosystems across the Australian cropping regions, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of climate, soil properties, carbon (C) inputs and soil C pools (a total of 17 variables) on SOC change rate (r_C, Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1). Among these variables, we found that the most influential variables on r_C were the average C input amount and annual precipitation, and the total SOC stock at the beginning of the trials. Overall, C inputs (including C input amount and pasture frequency in the crop rotation system) accounted for 27% of the relative influence on r_C, followed by climate 25% (including precipitation and temperature), soil C pools 24% (including pool size and composition) and soil properties (such as cation exchange capacity, clay content, bulk density) 24%. Path analysis identified a network of intercorrelations of climate, soil properties, C inputs and soil C pools in determining r_C. The direct correlation of r_C with climate was significantly weakened if removing the effects of soil properties and C pools, and vice versa. These results reveal the relative importance of climate, soil properties, C inputs and C pools and their complex interconnections in regulating SOC dynamics. Ignorance of the impact of changes in soil properties, C pool composition and C input (quantity and quality) on SOC dynamics is likely one of the main sources of uncertainty in SOC predictions from the process‐based SOC models.     

Activity and stability comparison of immobilized NADH oxidase on multi-walled carbon nanotubes,carbon nanospheres,and single-walled carbon nanotubes

Nanomaterials have been studied widely as the supporting materials for enzyme immobilization because in theory, they can provide low diffusion resistance and high surface/volume ratio. Common immobilization methods, such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, crosslinking, and encapsulation, often cause problems in enzyme leaching, 3D structure change and strong mass transfer resistance. We have previously demonstrated a site-specific enzyme immobilization method, which is based on the specific interaction between a His-tagged enzyme and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), that can overcome the foresaid constraints. In this work, we broadened the use of this immobilization approach by applying it on other nanomaterials, including multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanospheres. Both supporting materials were modified with N_α,N_α-bis(carboxymethyl)-l-lysine hydrate prior to enzyme immobilization. The resulting nanomaterial–enzyme conjugates could maintain 78–87% of the native enzyme activity and showed significantly better stability than the free enzyme. When compared with the SWCNT–enzyme conjugate, we found that the size variance among these supporting nanomaterials may affect factors such as surface curvature, surface coverage and particle mobility, which in turn results in differences in the activity and stability among these immobilized biocatalysts.     

Net carbon flux from agriculture: Carbon emissions, carbon sequestration, crop yield, and land-use change

There is a potential to sequester carbon in soil by changing agricultural management practices. These changes in agricultural management can also result in changes in fossil-fuel use, agricultural inputs, and the carbon emissions associated with fossil fuels and other inputs. Management practices that alter crop yields and land productivity can affect the amount of land used for crop production with further significant implications for both emissions and sequestration potential. Data from a 20-year agricultural experiment were used to analyze carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, crop yield, and land-use change and to estimate the impact that carbon sequestration strategies might have on the net flux of carbon to the atmosphere. Results indicate that if changes in management result in decreased crop yields, the net carbon flux can be greater under the new system, assuming that crop demand remains the same and additional lands are brought into production. Conversely, if increasing crop yields lead to land abandonment, the overall carbon savings from changes in management will be greater than when soil carbon sequestration alone is considered.     

Grazing enhances belowground carbon allocation,microbial biomass,and soil carbon in a subtropical grassland

Despite the large contribution of rangeland and pasture to global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, there is considerable uncertainty about the impact of large herbivore grazing on SOC, especially for understudied subtropical grazing lands. It is well known that root system inputs are the source of most grassland SOC, but the impact of grazing on partitioning of carbon allocation to root tissue production compared to fine root exudation is unclear. Given that different forms of root C have differing implications for SOC synthesis and decomposition, this represents a significant gap in knowledge. Root exudates should contribute to SOC primarily after microbial assimilation, and thus promote microbial contributions to SOC based on stabilization of microbial necromass, whereas root litter deposition contributes directly as plant‐derived SOC following microbial decomposition. Here, we used in situ isotope pulse‐chase methodology paired with plant and soil sampling to link plant carbon allocation patterns with SOC pools in replicated long‐term grazing exclosures in subtropical pasture in Florida, USA. We quantified allocation of carbon to root tissue and measured root exudation across grazed and ungrazed plots and quantified lignin phenols to assess the relative contribution of microbial vs. plant products to total SOC. We found that grazing exclusion was associated with dramatically less overall belowground allocation, with lower root biomass, fine root exudates, and microbial biomass. Concurrently, grazed pasture contained greater total SOC, and a larger fraction of SOC that originated from plant tissue deposition, suggesting that higher root litter deposition under grazing promotes greater SOC. We conclude that grazing effects on SOC depend on root system biomass, a pattern that may generalize to other C4‐dominated grasslands, especially in the subtropics. Improved understanding of ecological factors underlying root system biomass may be the key to forecasting SOC and optimizing grazing management to enhance SOC accumulation.     

Oxidation of carbon tetrachloride,bromotrichloromethane, and carbon tetrabromide by rat liver microsomes to electrophilic halogens

In order to determine whether CCl₄, CBrCl₃, CBr₄ or CHCl₃ undergo oxidative metabolism to electrophilic halogens by liver microsomes, they were incubated with liver microsomes from phenobartital pretreated rats in the presence of NADPH and 2,6-dimethylphenol. The analysis of the reaction mixtures by capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry revealed that 4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol was a metabolite of CCl₄ and CBrCl₃ whereas 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol was a metabolite of CBr₄. The formation of the metabolites was significantly decreased when the reactions were conducted with heat denatured microsomes, in the absence of NADPH or under an atmosphere of N₂. These results indicate that the chlorines of CBrCl₃ and CCl₄ and the bromines of CBr₄ are oxidatively metabolized by rat liver microsomes to electrophilic and potentially toxic metabolites.     

Current forest carbon stocks and carbon sequestration potential in Anhui Province,China

Aims
This study was conducted to investigate carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of different stand ages in Anhui Province, and to identify the carbon sequestration potential of climax forests controlled by the natural environment conditions.
Methods
Data were collected based on field investigations and simulations were made with the BIOME4 carbon cycle model.
Important findings
Currently, the total forest carbon stocks in Anhui Province amounts to 714.5 Tg C: 402.1 Tg C in vegetation and 312.4 Tg C in soil. Generally, both the total and vegetation carbon density exhibit an increasing trend with the natural growth of forest stands. Soil carbon density increases from young to near mature forests, and then gradually decreases thereafter. Young and middle-aged forests account for 75% of the total forest area in Anhui Province, with potentially an additional 125.4 Tg C to be gained after the young and middle-aged forests reach near mature stage. Results of BIOME4 simulations show that potentially an additional 245.7 Tg C, including 153.7 Tg C in vegetation and 92 Tg C in soil, could be gained if the current forests are transformed into climax forest ecosystems in Anhui Province.     

安徽省森林碳储量现状及固碳潜力

为阐明安徽省不同林龄的森林生态系统的碳储量现状, 以及现有自然环境条件下顶极森林生态系统的固碳潜力, 采用野外样地调查和BIOME4模型方法对此进行研究。安徽省森林生态系统的现状总碳储量为714.5 Tg C, 其中植被碳402.1 Tg C、土壤碳312.4 Tg C。从幼龄林至过熟林的生长过程中, 森林生态系统的总碳密度和植被碳密度都呈现增长趋势。但土壤碳密度从幼龄林至近熟林阶段呈增加趋势, 近熟林以后出现减少趋势。安徽省幼龄林和中龄林占森林总面积的75%, 若幼、中龄林发展到近熟林阶段, 将增加125.4 Tg C。BIOME4模拟显示: 当森林发展到气候顶极森林时, 安徽省森林生态系统将增加245.7 Tg C, 即总固碳潜力包括植被固碳153.7 Tg C, 土壤固碳92.0 Tg C。     

Non‐native mangroves support carbon storage,sediment carbon burial,and accretion of coastal ecosystems

Mangrove forests play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation by maintaining coastline elevations relative to sea level rise, protecting coastal infrastructure from storm damage, and storing substantial quantities of carbon (C) in live and detrital pools. Determining the efficacy of mangroves in achieving climate goals can be complicated by difficulty in quantifying C inputs (i.e., differentiating newer inputs from younger trees from older residual C pools), and mitigation assessments rarely consider potential offsets to CO₂ storage by methane (CH₄) production in mangrove sediments. The establishment of non‐native Rhizophora mangle along Hawaiian coastlines over the last century offers an opportunity to examine the role mangroves play in climate mitigation and adaptation both globally and locally as novel ecosystems. We quantified total ecosystem C storage, sedimentation, accretion, sediment organic C burial and CH₄ emissions from ~70 year old R. mangle stands and adjacent uninvaded mudflats. Ecosystem C stocks of mangrove stands exceeded mudflats by 434 ± 33 Mg C/ha, and mangrove establishment increased average coastal accretion by 460%. Sediment organic C burial increased 10‐fold (to 4.5 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1), double the global mean for old growth mangrove forests, suggesting that C accumulation from younger trees may occur faster than previously thought, with implications for mangrove restoration. Simulations indicate that increased CH₄ emissions from sediments offset ecosystem CO₂ storage by only 2%–4%, equivalent to 30–60 Mg CO₂‐eq/ha over mangrove lifetime (100 year sustained global warming potential). Results highlight the importance of mangroves as novel systems that can rapidly accumulate C, have a net positive atmospheric greenhouse gas removal effect, and support shoreline accretion rates that outpace current sea level rise. Sequestration potential of novel mangrove forests should be taken into account when considering their removal or management, especially in the context of climate mitigation goals.