旱盐互作对冬小麦幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响

采用水培方法,以不同浓度的PEG-6000（0、8.3%、12.6%（W/V））和NaCl（0、25、50 mmol·L^-1）溶液模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫及盐胁迫,研究了盐分对干旱胁迫条件下冬小麦沧-6001幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响.结果表明：在8.3%或12.6% PEG-6000处理条件下,添加25 mmol·L^-1NaCl均使植株干物质积累和植株含水量比单一PEG处理增加,同时叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量下降,植株各部位Na⁺含量升高、K⁺含量下降;在12.6% PEG-6000处理条件下,添加50 mmol·L^-1NaCl对植株的胁迫效应高于单一PEG处理.表明在干旱胁迫条件下,加入适量盐分可缓解干旱胁迫对冬小麦幼苗生长的抑制.     

马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的动态模拟研究

根据三年的田间试验数据和有关气象资料,提出了马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的模拟模型、用高斯方程计算每天的温度条件对马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的生理效应,改进了前人的生育期模型和温度条件对干物质积累影响系数的计算方法．以每天的单位叶面积变化、群体上方的有效辐射和温度变化模拟群体的干物质积累、结果表明,本研究的模型有明确的机理性和较高的精度．用Visual Basic 6．0界面表达每日生态条件变化对群体光合生产和干物质积累的影响,模拟结果具有直观的机理性,从而克服了同类研究中的缺陷。     

马铃薯干物质分配与器官建成的动态模拟研究

根据多年不同保护地栽培田间试验的结果,利用Origin软件结合马铃薯生长发育的基本特点,提出了以发育生理日为驱动变量的光合产物在不同器官间分布的数值模型,方法简便,机理明确,模拟精度高.研究还给出了不同发育时期马铃薯不同器官的干物率变化模型,并依此推导出器官的鲜重模型,进行了马铃薯块茎产量的模拟,结果表明模拟值与实测值具有良好的一致性。     

测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

以高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,研究了测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响.结果表明:W2(拔节期补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)和DW2(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W3(拔节期补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)和DW3(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)处理;W2和DW2开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量和籽粒干物质分配量高于W1(拔节期补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)和DW1(拔节后10d补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)处理,水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率显著高于W3和DW3处理.相同补灌水平下,DW2和DW3灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W2和W3处理,开花期干物质积累量及其向籽粒的转运量低于W2和W3处理,开花后干物质积累量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率高于W2和W3处理.DW2是本试验条件下的高产高水分利用效率灌溉方案.     

覆盖对旱地春小麦干物质积累与分配及产量的影响

明确不同覆盖方式对旱地春小麦干物质积累分配的影响及其与产量形成的关系,可为旱地小麦高产生产提供依据。本研究在西北黄土高原雨养农业区设置秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)及无覆盖(CK)3种覆盖方式,分析其对旱地春小麦干物质积累与分配及产量形成的影响。结果表明：覆盖显著提高了小麦各时期地上部干物质量,较CK相比,PM提高了7.5%～33.3%,SM提高了15.4%～25.3%,且主要促进了拔节至开花期阶段干物质积累量;PM和SM均显著提高了小麦开花期和成熟期叶、茎鞘、穗轴+颖壳的干物质分配比例;覆盖也显著提高了叶、茎鞘、穗轴+颖壳花前累积的干物质在花后的再分配,其中茎鞘和穗轴+颖壳的花后转移率均以SM最大(3.9%和29.2%);同时,覆盖显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,PM和SM处理分别较CK增加了13.8%和14.1%;可见,覆盖可促进春小麦干物质积累、分配与转运,进而促进产量提高。在西北黄土高原雨养农业区,秸秆带状覆盖作为一种可持续的、保护性的覆盖措施,有利于该地区农田生态环境的改善及绿色农业的发展。     

半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,于2008—2009、2009—2010两个年度,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了不同覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播,全膜穴播,垄膜沟播)对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:两年度覆膜平均较CK产量分别显著提高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率提高11.8%和14.3%。覆膜的高产建立在高生长量、高耗水基础上,产量与生育期耗水量显著正相关(r=0.952*—0.958*),两年度覆膜分别平均较CK多耗水33.5%和34.1%。覆膜处理中以全膜穴播较CK的增产幅度和WUE提高幅度最大,耗水量也最大。由于覆膜耗水量大,覆膜各处理收获期0—200 cm土壤贮水量均显著低于CK,但通过全年连续覆膜和夏闲期降水补充,在下茬秋播时,覆膜各处理0—200 cm土壤贮水量均超过CK,夏闲期覆膜的水分休闲效率两年度分别平均高出CK 41.8和86.4个百分点,覆膜有利于土壤水分恢复和下茬作物的可持续生产。覆膜方式中,以全膜覆土穴播种植效益最高,两个年度纯收益平均达5531.6元/hm2,较CK增收2542.2元/hm2。综合考虑,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效兼顾、操作简单、适宜于半干旱雨养区推广应用的冬小麦覆膜种植方式。     

豫南雨养区周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质动态和产量的影响

以玉米-小麦周年耕作模式为研究对象,于2006-2009年进行了连续4年的大田定位试验,设置了传统翻耕、不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕、覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕、不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕、覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕以及不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕6个模式,研究了豫南雨养区玉米-小麦周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后于物质积累转化、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响.结果表明:传统翻耕和覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕两种模式绿叶持续时间最长,营养器官的干物质积累均比其他模式高且差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);营养器官花前贮藏物质的运转量也均高于其他模式,营养器官花后同化物运转量和运转率比覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕模式高11.9％、11.7％,比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕模式高11.6％、11.4％,均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);花后同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕和覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕高8.4％、7.9％和8.8％、8.3％,均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);产量也以这两种模式最高,达到7545.0 kg·hm-2和7480.5 kg·hm-2,比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕模武分别增产14.8％和13.8％,达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).综合来看,覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕模式具有较好的蓄永保墒和土壤培肥效果,能促使营养器官干物质积累和花后同化物向籽粒的转移,实现高产高效.     

美国黑核桃实生苗干物质积累与分配过程的数值模拟

以1年生美国北加州黑核桃实生苗为试材,以群体冠层的光合作用机理模型为基础,依据物质守恒及浓度梯度等理论,建立了干物质积累与分配的动态模型．在水肥适宜的条件下,对于1年生北加州黑核桃,在叶幕建造时期内,冠层干物质积累大体呈现Logistic曲线增长,而生物总量及根茎干物质的增长大体可分为两个阶段,第一阶段为指数增长阶段,第二阶段为线性增长阶段,而且无论是生物总量,还是冠层、根茎干重都呈现出波浪式增长的态势,这种波动是环境因子影响的结果．dwl／dws(冠层、根茎干物质日增量之比)不仅随生育期变化,还随环境因子变化,在叶幕建造初期,dwl／dws较大,平均值约为2．0,这时的光合产物主要用于叶片的生长和发育;在夜幕建造中期,dwl／dws的平均值约为1．5,该时期干物质在冠层、根茎内的分配较均衡;在叶幕建造后期,dwl／dws呈直线下降,干物质的分配中心主要转移到了地下部,叶子生长趋于停止．     

贵州黄壤区辣椒干物质、氮素积累与分配及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应

为探索贵州黄壤区施用新型肥料对辣椒种植的增产效应,通过盆栽试验研究了保水型(BSX)、稳定性(WDX)、包膜型(BMX)缓释肥和长效氮肥(CXDF)4种新型肥料对‘博辣5号’辣椒的干物质、氮素积累与分配,以及氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明: 施用新型肥料可以明显影响辣椒干物质和氮素的积累与分配,辣椒氮素积累快速增长开始时间和结束时间较干物质分别提前17~26 d和28~45 d,且氮素积累快速增长持续期也较干物质缩短7~23 d,表明氮素积累的发生时间要先于干物质积累;与普通复合肥(FHF)处理相比,新型肥料处理的干物质和氮素积累均出现明显滞后,以BMX处理的滞后时间最长,但是WDX处理的快速增长持续期较短且最大积累速率最高,说明稳定性缓释肥可实现养分短时间内的高效利用;BSX和BMX处理的花后干物质和氮素积累量占总干物质和总氮的比例分别为62.9%和20.1%、73.3%和20.5%,而WDX处理则分别为59.3%和11.6%,说明保水型和包膜型缓释肥相对有利于辣椒花后干物质积累和氮素同化,而稳定性缓释肥则更有利于花前干物质和养分积累;与FHF处理相比,施用新型肥料(保水型、稳定性和包膜型缓释肥)可显著提高辣椒的氮素利用效率,以稳定性缓释肥的氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥表观利用率最高,分别为66.74 kg·kg^-1、44.28 kg·kg^-1和54.6%.新型肥料适用于贵州辣椒种植栽培,以稳定性缓释肥的施用效果最佳.     

棉花短季直播栽培模式对其农艺性状及干物质积累分配的影响

为探索棉花短季直播高产栽培模式,采用多因子最优混合设计(311设计)研究了播期、栽培密度和施氮量对早熟品种JX0010的农艺性状、干物质积累分配的影响。结果表明,不同处理对棉花生育进程有一定影响,播种期是影响棉花生育期的主要因子,各处理生育进程随播种期的推迟而缩短。不同处理株高、果枝层数、果枝始节、果节数差异都达到了显著水平,栽培因子对株高、果枝始节高度、果节数的影响大小顺序为密度施氮量播期,对果枝层数影响的顺序为播期密度施氮量,适量的施氮、合理密植以及适当推迟播期能增大植株高度,增加棉株果节数。不同处理棉花地上部分单株干物质积累、群体干物质积累、单株营养器官干物质积累、生殖器官干物质积累变化趋势基本呈"S"型,不同处理干物质分配系数表现出随着生育进程的推进,营养器官所占比重降低,生殖器官所占比重逐渐升高的趋势。     

Characteristics of Cd accumulation and distribution in two sweet potato cultivars

In this study, we compared the chemical forms and subcellular distribution of Cd in high-Cd (X16) and low-Cd (N88) sweet potato cultivars through hydroponic experiments and examined the Cd distribution in their roots by histochemical staining. The results showed that inorganic and pectate/protein-integrated Cd predominated in the leaves, and Cd concentrations were significantly higher in X16 than in N88. However, in the roots, Cd was mostly integrated with pectate and protein, and Cd concentration was higher in N88 than in X16. It was mainly stored through vacuolar sequestration and cell wall binding. In the leaves and stems, Cd concentrations in all subcellular fractions were higher in X16 than in N88; the opposite was observed in the roots. In X16, Cd was mostly accumulated in the root stele, and its Cd translocation factor was higher than that of N88. Overall, the subcellular fractions of X16 roots retained less Cd than N88 roots, and more Cd entered the root stele of X16 and subsequently moved to the shoots. The higher amounts of inorganic, water-soluble, and pectate/protein-integrated Cd with high mobility in the shoots of X16 than in N88 might facilitate Cd remobilization to other tissues, but this needs to be further studied.     

冬小麦干物质在各器官中的累积和分配规律研究

为修正冬小麦生长模型中的干物质分配,通过田间试验,对冬小麦干物质累积和在不同器官中的分配进行了描述。并且在此基础上结合文献资料,对冬小麦光合产物在各器官中的分配和转移系数的计算方法进行了探讨,分析了两者随相对发育阶段（RDS）的变化规律,并建立了函数表。同时运用试验资料进行了实地验证,取得较好的效果。     

钾肥用量及基追肥比例对烤烟干物质累积和钾素吸收动态的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了钾肥用量及基追肥比例对种植于红壤性水稻土上的烤烟干物质积累和钾素吸收动态的影响.结果表明,烤烟干物质累积高峰出现在烟株移栽后50～60 d,栽后30 d内以及80 d后累积较少.烤烟干物质累积总量随钾肥用量增加和追肥比例提高而增加.烟株含钾量在移栽后30～50 d最高,随后迅速降低,至成熟期仅为最高含钾量的一半.315 kg·hm^-2施钾处理在各生育期烟株平均含钾量均显著高于225 kg·hm^-2施钾处理.烟叶成熟时,225 kg·hm^-2施钾处理出现干物质累积负增长和钾素损失现象,而315 kg·hm^-2处理干物质累积和吸钾总量均呈持续增加趋势.成熟时基追肥比例为3∶7处理的烟株含钾量明显高于基追肥比例为5∶5和7∶3的处理.     

Effect of plant population on the production and distribution of dry matter in maize

Grain and total dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.) at final harvest increased by about 50% and 30%, respectively, when the population was increased from 23000 to 48000 plants/ha, but did not increase further with population up to 74000/ha. Between 6 and 10 weeks after sowing, crop growth rate (C) increased by about 40% with increase in leaf-area index (L) from 2 to 5·5, despite a concomitant increase in moisture stress. Immediately after flowering, which occurred at 10–11 weeks, C increased up to the greatest L attained, 6·7, and would probably have reached a maximum, with L about 7, when nearly all the incident light would be intercepted by foliage. Later, the L at which C was maximal decreased, probably because the photosyhthetic efficiency of leaves decreased faster with time as L increased; 18 weeks after sowing, when L varied between 3 and 5·5, C was maximal when L was 5. The proportion of grain in the dry matter accumulated after flowering increased from 73% when population was 23000/ha to 82% when it was 60000–74000/ha. Stem weight increased until 3–4 weeks after flowering, then remained constant when population was 23000/ha, but decreased in denser populations. The fraction of the ear consisting of grain increased with population.     

亚高温下不同空气湿度对番茄光合作用和物质积累的影响

为了研究亚高温下不同空气湿度对番茄植株光合作用及物质积累的影响,本试验利用人工气候室,在11:00—15:00平均温度为33℃的亚高温条件下,设置3个空气相对湿度处理,分别为70%～80%(高湿)、50%～60%(中湿)和不加湿的30%～40%(低湿)。结果表明:在处理25d时,高湿处理番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率显著高于低湿处理,而低湿处理果实空洞率比高湿处理高18.4%(P<0.05);在33℃亚高温条件下,70%～80%的相对湿度有利于光合作用的增强和果实品质的提高。     

Production and distribution of dry matter in maize following changes in plant population after flowering

Maize plants were grown singly in pots in a population of 3.7 plants m^-2, and 98 days after sowing (shortly after flowering) were arranged into three populations, 1.27 (W), 3.70 (M), and 6.15 (C) plants m^-2, respectively. The plants were harvested 131 days after sowing, about 4 wk before the normal time of maturity, because some plants at the closest spacing began dying. Increment of dry weight between days 98 and 131 was 373, 243, and 108 g/plant and grain dry weight at harvest was 218, 220 and 195 g/plant in populations W, M and C, respectively. Thus, dry weight of parts of the plant other than grain increased in population W, remained about the same in population M, and decreased in population C between days 98 and 131. Number of kernels per plant was c. 540 in all three populations. On day 98, immediately after rearrangement, leaf area index (L) was 2.0, 5.8 and 9.7 in populations W, M and C, respectively. By day 131 L had decreased to 6.7 in population C, but had hardly changed in the other two populations. Crop growth rate between days 98 and 131 was 101, 191 and 141 g m^-2 wk^-1, and grain dry wt per unit of land on day 131 was 277, 816 and 1196 g m^-2, in populations W, M and C, respectively.     

The effects of topping and plant population on dry matter synthesis and distribution in Brussels sprouts

The effects of topping at different dates, and of different plant populations on dry-matter production and distribution in Brussels sprouts were studied. Total dry-matter production per unit area was unaffected by either topping or density. Leaf area was decreased by topping, resulting in a temporary increase in net assimilation rate. Topping resulted in a redistribution of dry matter; that which would have formed new stem and leaf tissue was directed into sprout production. Increasing plant density did not affect the distribution of dry matter but increased the number of smaller sprouts. The apparent optimum plant spacing in this series was 21×21 in (53×53 cm). At maturity assimilation approximately balances respiration.     

氮高效利用基因型大麦的物质生产与氮素积累特性

通过土培盆栽试验,研究了22份大麦材料在低氮(125 mg·kg^-1)和正常氮(250 mg·kg^-1)处理下氮素吸收利用效率的基因型差异,探讨氮高效大麦干物质生产与氮素积累特性.结果表明： 大麦氮素吸收利用效率基因型差异显著.低氮处理下籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率及氮素收获指数的最高值分别是最低值的2.87、2.92、2.47倍;氮高效基因型大麦籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素收获指数均显著大于低效基因型,低氮处理下高效基因型3个参数较低效基因型分别高82.1%、61.5%和50.5%.氮高效基因型大麦各生育期干物质和氮素积累优势明显,干物质积累高峰出现在拔节-抽穗阶段,氮素积累高峰出现在拔节前;低氮处理下高效基因型典型材料DH61、DH121+的干物质量较低效基因型典型材料DH80分别高34.4%、38.3%,氮素积累量较DH80分别高54.8%、58.0%.供试大麦干物质和氮素的阶段性积累量对籽粒产量的影响为拔节前最大,且低氮处理下贡献率最高,分别为47.9%和54.7%;而干物质和氮素的阶段性积累量对氮素籽粒生产效率的影响在抽穗 成熟阶段最大,其次是播种-拔节阶段,低氮处理下这两个阶段的贡献率分别为29.5%、48.7%和29.0%、15.8%.氮高效基因型大麦在各生育期的物质生产和氮素积累能力强,低氮处理下优势较为明显,能够提高拔节前干物质生产和氮素积累能力,并协同提高大麦产量和氮素利用效率.