中国野生凤仙花属物种多样性和地理分布数据集

凤仙花属(Impatiens)植物主要分布于旧世界的热带和亚热带山区, 对生长环境要求极度严苛, 深入分析其地理分布格局与特征, 可为种质资源调查和利用提供理论依据。本研究通过系统检索文献资料, 更新了该属植物物种名录, 整合其地理分布、海拔、特有性等信息, 建立了中国野生凤仙花属植物地理分布数据库。截至2022年3月, 中国共记载野生凤仙花属植物352种(包含18变种1亚种1变型), 其中中国特有种273种。除上海市外, 中国其他各省级行政区均有野生凤仙花属植物分布, 其中云南省分布有165种, 其次为四川省(119种)和西藏自治区(69种)。县级尺度上, 贡山独龙族怒族自治县和腾冲市以51种并列物种丰富度第一, 其次是福贡县(42种)。中国野生凤仙花属的分布总体呈现以热带、亚热带为中心向高纬度和高海拔区域扩散的格局, 广义横断山区、西藏南部地区、滇黔桂喀斯特区域、长江中下游等地为凤仙花属植物集中分布的热点地区。     

Early Cretaceous calcareous nannofossils from high latitudes: implications for palaeobiogeography and palaeoclimate

In order to better understand the palaeoceanography and palaeoclimate of the Early Cretaceous, nannofossil data have been obtained from high-latitudinal sites from offshore mid-Norway and from the Barents Sea. No consistent nannofossil data are yet available for Early Cretaceous high latitudes, which should more clearly reflect possible palaeoclimatic changes, as recorded in fluctuations of diversity and abundance. Existing data from France, Italy, Romania, Poland and NW Europe (Germany, North Sea, England) have been complemented by material from higher latitudes. In order to record the Arctic–Boreal nannofossil assemblages, 400 samples from the Norwegian Shelf and the Barents Sea have been analysed. Sixty samples, covering the Berriasian–Barremian interval, yielded calcareous nannofossils. These are derived from cores between 63 and 73°N of present-day latitudes. The nannofossil assemblages recorded are generally of a low diversity and characterized by abundant Watznaueria barnesae and Crucibiscutum salebrosum, whereas Biscutum constans is less common. C. salebrosum, rare or absent at low latitudes, is extremely common in the Norwegian samples. It shows a bipolar distribution especially during Valanginian–Hauterivian times. In the early Valanginian, a distinctive latitudinal gradient in the abundance of C. salebrosum, impoverished in low latitudes and abundant in high latitudes, possibly reflects latitudinal differences in temperature. Restricted palaeoceanographic settings, caused by a sea-level lowstand, may have amplified these thermal gradients. Palaeoclimatically this implies the existence of climatic belts throughout parts of the Early Cretaceous (early Valanginian, Hauterivian), resulting from considerable temperature gradients from north to south. The palaeobiogeographic patterns discussed resulted in the formation of distinctive latitudinally bound nannofossil zones, which, to a certain extent, are similar to those of modern oceans. The palaeobiogeographic patterns described support the idea of an ice-house phase for the early Valanginian and disagree with the suggestion of a globally warm equable climate during that time.     

Phylogeny of trichostome ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) endosymbiotic in the Yakut horse (Equus caballus)

Ciliates of the subclass Trichostomatia inhabit the fermentative regions of the digestive tract of herbivores. Most available small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSrRNA) gene sequences of trichostomes are from species isolated from the rumen of cattle or sheep and from marsupials. No ciliate species endosymbiotic in horses has yet been analyzed. We have sequenced the SSrRNA genes of five ciliate species, isolated from the cecum and colon of four Yakut horses: Cycloposthium edentatum, Cycloposthium ishikawai, Tripalmaria dogieli, Cochliatoxum periachtum, and Paraisotricha colpoidea.

Based on their morphology, Cycloposthium, Tripalmaria, and Cochliatoxum are classified as Entodiniomorphida, while Paraisotricha is considered a member of the Vestibuliferida. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference, distance, and parsimony methods confirm these placements. The two Cycloposthium species cluster together with the published Cycloposthium species isolated from a wallaby in Australia. Tripalmaria and Cochliatoxum branch as a sister group to or basal within the Entodiniomorphida. The Vestibuliferida remain paraphyletic with Paraisotricha and Balantidium branching basal to all other trichostome species, but not closely related to Isotricha and Dasytricha.     

来自东亚的黑耳属一新种,亚东黑耳

“亚东黑耳”是西藏近几年备受关注的一种特色野生珍稀食用菌,但对其分类学地位尚无定论。本文基于分子系统学和形态学研究了东亚、欧洲和北美洲与亚东黑耳相近的黑耳属标本,发现碟形黑耳Exidia recisa是个物种复合群,已知包括4个种,欧洲有碟形黑耳和浅波黑耳E. repanda两个种,北美洲有钝齿黑耳E. crenata,东亚的为1新种,本文将其描述为亚东黑耳Exidia yadongensis。这4个种在系统发育关系中相近,形态相似,但亚东黑耳的子实体边缘基本是全缘,担孢子大小为12-16×3-4μm (Q=3.62-3.83),而欧洲的碟形黑耳E. recisa和北美洲的钝齿黑耳E. crenata子实体边缘通常锯齿状,担孢子分别为13-15.5×2.8-3.8μm (Q=4.51)和12-14×3-4μm (Q=4.11),浅波黑耳E. repanda具有垫状至波浪状折叠的子实体,区别于其他3个种的盘状至耳状的子实体,其担孢子为12.7-15.7×2.8-3.7μm (Q=4.33-4.57)。此外,亚东黑耳具有树状分枝和叉形的子实层侧丝,但其他3个种只有树状分枝的子实层侧丝。尽管亚东黑耳广泛分布于东亚地区,但由于亚东黑耳的汉语名称已经在中国普遍使用,所以我们提出了上述拉丁学名。     

黑木耳复合群中种类学名说明

黑木耳在我国已经有1 000多年栽培历史,是我国最重要的栽培真菌之一,多年来我国黑木耳的学名一直使用模式产地为欧洲的Auricularia auricula-judae。最近的研究表明A. auricula-judae实际为一复合种,该复合种在全球范围内有5个种。其中A. auricula-judae仅分布于欧洲;美洲有2个种,生长在针叶树上的美洲木耳A. americana和生长在阔叶树上的尚未命名的木耳。中国该类群有3个种：自然分布和栽培最广泛的黑木耳的学名应为A. heimuer,此外,短毛木耳A. villosula在我国东北也广泛分布,并有少量栽培,生长针叶树上的木耳为美洲木耳A. americana,主要分布于中国东北和华北。     

2006—2017年长白山阔叶红松林木本植物种子雨的时空动态

种子是森林更新的基础.为研究长白山阔叶红松林种子雨组成及时空变化,在长白山阔叶红松林25 hm²样地内设置150个面积为0.5 m²的收集器.自2006年5月至2017年12月收集252次,共收集到成熟、未成熟种子764299粒,隶属12科17属27种,其中,主林层树种13种704231粒,占总数的90%以上.种子最多的4个树种依次为紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭、假色槭,每年各个收集器都收集到这4个树种的种子;种子雨大爆发现象在各林层树种均存在,次林层和林下层较主林层树种滞后1~2年;各林层树种集中在秋季产生种子,各树种的种子雨都存在较大的时空变异性,相对而言,多数树种的空间变异性大于时间变异性;与科罗拉多岛(BCI)热带森林样地和浙江古田山亚热带常绿林样地种子产量的年际变异系数相比,长白山阔叶红松林种子产量年际变异系数较大,支持高纬度地区种子产量变异性高于低纬度地区的假说.     

Global diversity and biogeography of Skeletonema species (bacillariophyta)

Recent studies have shown that the cosmopolitan diatom Skeletonema costatum sensu lato is composed of several morphologically and genetically distinct species. To assess whether the separate species have a cosmopolitan distribution, we analysed 184 strains from marine and estuarine sites worldwide. We identified the strains using light and electron microscopy, and we sequenced the hyper-variable region of nuclear LSU rDNA. All recently described species were genetically distinct, and all but two were morphologically distinct. Variability was found for the only ultrastructural character used to distinguish Skeletonema dohrnii and S. marinoi, which cannot be identified based on morphology alone. Furthermore, multiple genetically distinct taxa, which may represent cryptic species, were found within the S. menzelii and S. tropicum clades. We found that all currently recognized species of Skeletonema are widespread, however, gaps seem to occur in their geographical ranges. For example, some species are found in both the northern and southern temperate latitudes whereas other species appear to have only subtropical to tropical ranges. Skeletonema pseudocostatum and S. grethae seem to have more restricted geographical ranges because the former was not found along American coasts and the latter was encountered only in US waters. A taxonomic update is provided for Skeletonema strains currently available in several culture collections, which could aid reinterpretation of results obtained in comparative studies using these strains.     

An enigmatic GAPDH gene in the symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium and its related species (the order Suessiales): possible lateral gene transfer between two eukaryotic algae, dinoflagellate and euglenophyte

A group of unicellular eukaryotic algae, the dinoflagellates, are known to possess two types of gene for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). An enzyme encoded by one type of gene possibly plays a key role in the glycolytic pathway of the cytosol and the other in the Calvin cycle of plastids. In the present study, an additional type of GAPDH gene (GapC3) was found in the symbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium spp. and their related species, Gymnodinium simplex and Polarella glacialis, all of which belong to the order Suessiales. Since no intracellular translocation signal is found at both amino- and carboxy-termini of its deduced amino acid sequence, the protein is predicted to function in the cytosol. However, it may not be involved in glycolysis due to the presence of an amino acid signature that allows binding for NADP⁺. It is likely that dinoflagellate species, other than Suessiales investigated in this study, lack this type of GAPDH. Phylogenetic analysis placed GapC3 from the Suessialean species firmly in the clade composed of GAPDH from spirochetes, euglenophytes (cytosolic type) and kinetoplastids (glycosomal type). Specifically, this enigmatic GAPDH gene in dinoflagellates was closely related to its cytosolic counterpart in euglenophytes. It has been previously reported that plastid-targeted (Calvin cycle) GAPDH genes of the dinoflagellates Pyrocystis spp. and that of the euglenophyte Euglena gracilis also seem to share a common ancestor. It appears highly likely that at least two genes (cytosolic and plastid-targeted GAPDH genes) have been laterally transferred between these two eukaryotic algal groups.     

Chemical defence against predators in a sub-Arctic fjord

The development of chemical defences in marine organisms is supposed to be driven by intense pressure of predation and competition. While benthic communities in tropical and also Antarctic regions are thought to be mainly structured by intra- and interspecific interactions, these factors are proposed to be less important in northern high latitudes. Consequently, selective pressure for chemical defence should be low in these regions. To investigate the incidence of chemical defence against predation in northern high latitudes, crude extracts of 18 abundant sessile or slow-moving invertebrate species (4 sponges, 3 actinians, 1 soft coral, 4 bryozoans, 3 ascidians and the egg mass of a gastropod) from Kongsfjord (Spitsbergen) were tested for feeding deterrent activity. Laboratory assays were performed by offering artificial food with extracts to two different predators, the amphipod Anonyx nugax which is a common species in Kongsfjord, and the starfish Asterias rubens from the North Sea. Of the 18 extracts tested, 2 (Haliclona viscosa, Hormathia nodosa) exhibited significant feeding deterrent effects in the amphipod assay. Furthermore, 6 extracts had a significantly stimulating effect on the amphipod feeding, and 10 extracts did not affect consumption. In the starfish assay, only the crude extract of H. viscosa was significantly rejected. For H. viscosa, feeding deterrence could be established for two pure compounds, and for H. nodosa for one fraction. The present data show that feeding deterrent compounds are present in sub-Arctic marine invertebrates from Kongsfjord but are less abundant than in temperate, tropical and Antarctic species.     

祁连山区演替先锋物种西藏沙棘的种群结构及动态对海拔梯度的响应

西藏沙棘(Hippophaetibetana)是青藏高原高寒区特有的低矮灌木和植被演替先锋物种,具有优良的水土保持功效,对高海拔环境表现出良好的生态适应性,但有关其种群结构及动态对海拔梯度的响应规律少有研究,阻碍了对西藏沙棘适应高寒生境生态策略的理解。青藏高原东北缘的祁连山区生态脆弱,乡土物种西藏沙棘常在海拔2 700–3 300 m的高寒退化草地呈斑块状分布,对该区水源涵养林的维持具有重要作用。该研究以祁连山区3个海拔(2 868、3 012、3 244 m)的西藏沙棘为研究对象,通过编制静态生命表及绘制存活曲线,分析西藏沙棘的种群结构特征和种群动态,并利用种群动态量化分析和时间序列模型定量研究其未来发展趋势。结果显示:1)西藏沙棘种群的基径、株高和冠幅均随海拔的升高而降低; 3个海拔种群均呈中龄期个体丰富,老幼龄期个体较少的纺锤型年龄结构,充足的中龄期个体可以维持种群短期稳定。2)种群存活曲线均为Deevey-II型,存活能力为低海拔>中海拔>高海拔;死亡率和消失率均较高,呈高海拔>低海拔>中海拔的趋势,3个海拔种群均缺乏幼苗,未来均将走向衰退,高海拔种群较...     

中国海南省木生大型真菌多样性研究

本研究于2010至2021年对海南省各自然保护区、森林公园和植物园内的木生大型真菌进行了调查,共采集标本2 212份,经形态和分子系统研究,发现木生大型真菌702个种,根据最新分类系统隶属于19个目、68个科、256个属。其中多孔菌科、锈革菌科、炭角菌科、炭团菌科和丝齿菌科等16个科为优势科,共529个种,约占总数的75%;炭角菌属、锈革菌属、木层孔菌属、环纹炭团菌属、褐孔菌属、多年卧孔菌属、栓菌属和灵芝菌属等32个属为优势属,共357个种,约占总数的51%。此外,共有3个新属和92个新种是本研究根据采自海南省的模式标本发现发表的。这些物种中22种为食用菌,71种是药用菌,6种是有毒菌类。     

Advantages of naming species under the PhyloCode: An example of how a new species of Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina) may be named

A new species of Discodorididae is described from the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Panama. It is named using a modified version of the epithet-based nomenclature proposed by Url Lanham 40 years ago. The species described here can be placed confidently in the clade Discodorididae, but not in any of its subclades (traditionally taxa of genus rank). The unique, epithet-based name of the species is “aliciae Dayrat, 2005”. The combination Discodorididae aliciae may also be used, once the unique, epithet-based name has been cited. Discodorididae aliciae is an example of how a new species of Discodorididae could be named in the context of phylogenetic nomenclature. I argue that epithet-based species names and their combinations with clade addresses should be very appealing to people who think phylogenetically. I also discuss two advantages of such combinations: first, they should be more stable than Linnaean binomials, which often change for arbitrary (e.g. non-phylogenetic) reasons; second, they should help taxonomists avoid creating multiple names for the same species.     

Shell size variation of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sin. in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea during the last 1.3 Myrs: implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions

We present measurements of the maximum diameter of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sin. from six sediment cores (Ocean Drilling Program sites 643, 644, 907, 909, 985 and 987) from the Norwegian–Greenland Sea. Our data show a distinct net increase in mean shell size of N. pachyderma sin. at all sites during the last 1.3 Ma, with largest shell sizes reached after 0.4 Ma. External factors such as glacial–interglacial variability and carbonate dissolution alone cannot account for the observed variation in mean shell size of N. pachyderma sin. We consider the observed shell size increase to mirror an evolutionary trend towards better adaptation of N. pachyderma sin. to the cold water environment after 1.1–1.0 Ma. Probably, the Mid Pleistocene climate shift and the associated change of amplitude and frequency of glacial–interglacial fluctuations have triggered the evolution of this planktonic foraminifer. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses of different shell size classes indicate that the observed shell size increase could not be explained by the functional concept that larger shells promote increasing sinking velocities during gametogenesis. For paleoceanographic reconstructions, the evolutionary adaptation of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sin. to the cold water habitat has significant implications. Carbonate sedimentation in highest latitudes is highly dependent on the presence of this species. In the Norwegian–Greenland Sea, carbonate-poor intervals before 1.1 Ma are, therefore, not necessarily related to severe glacial conditions. They are probably attributed to the absence of this not yet polar-adapted species. Further, transfer function and modern analog techniques used for the reconstruction of surface water conditions in high latitudes could, therefore, contain a large range of errors if they were applied to samples older than 1.1–1.0 Myrs.     

A new species of Discinites (Noeggerathiales) from the Upper Permian of Weibei Coalfield, North China

A new species of Discinites is described from the Late Permian Upper Shihhotse Formation of the Weibei Coalfield, Shaanxi Province, China. D. hanchengensis sp. nov. has decurrent and disk-like sporophylls with deep-toothed apices, elliptical sporangia and rectangular epidermal cells. The spores are generally of the Calamospora type. The megaspores and microspores are 300–380 and 45–90 μm in diameter, respectively. The microspores are similar in size to those of all other species of Discinites that contain Calamospora, but the megaspores are remarkably smaller. The new species represents the first record of Discinites with Calamospora from China and from the Cathaysian flora. Finally, we summarize the associated foliages of Discinites in the Cathaysian flora and find that they are all markedly different from those found in the Euramerican flora.     

中国栓翅芹属一新亚种及有关该属的评注

本文描述了栓翅芹属一新亚种--新疆栓翅芹, 并对该亚种和双生隐盘芹叶片作了黄酮体成分分析, 前者含槲皮素-3-鼠李糖甙, 后者含一种芹菜素碳甙。依据营养体形态和果实结构的相似性, 作者同意广义栓翅芹属的观点, 即将绵果芹属的部分种和隐盘芹属并入栓翅芹属。至此我国栓翅芹属计有4种, 而无绵果芹属的分布。     

Megaspores from the Late Permian, Lower Whybrow coal seam, Sydney Basin, Australia

More than 300 megaspore specimens have been recovered from samples from the Late Permian, Lower Whybrow coal seam of the Wittingham Coal Measures of the Sydney Basin. Only two species are recognised: Singhisporites surangei (Singh) Potonié, emend. and a new species of Singhisporites. Species distribution within the seam is controlled by a major fire event, as recognised by coal petrology and mesofossil content: Singhisporites surangei is dominant before the event, but following it, it is subordinate to the new species.

The abundance of megaspores recovered has allowed recognition of the full range of morphologic variation of Singhisporites surangei, which encompasses specimens assigned previously to Singraulispora Pant & Mishra, 1986 and Mammilaespora Pant & Srivastava, 1961; both are regarded as junior synonyms of Singhisporites Potonié, emend. Ultrastructurally, the new species shows affinities with Mesozoic isoetalean megaspores.     

长江流域野生猕猴桃遗传资源的潜在价值、现状分析与保护策略

长江流域是猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物起源和演化的关键分布区, 富集了全世界重要的猕猴桃属野生物种资源和中华-美味猕猴桃物种复合体(Actinidia chinensis-A. deliciosa species complex)的种群遗传资源。作为水果作物, 猕猴桃在100多年前从长江流域经上海到新西兰, 通过栽培、驯化, 逐渐发展成新兴果树产业。目前, 猕猴桃植物的研究已在二倍体“红阳”中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang)的基因组测序、种间关系的重测序分析和基础的分子系统发育、种群遗传结构等方面取得长足进步, 但基于最新研究成果的基本资源评价还相当匮乏, 对猕猴桃野生资源的保护与可持续利用亟待加强。本文回顾了栽培猕猴桃的驯化简史与猕猴桃属植物系统分类的研究进展, 通过与其他流域的比较, 对长江流域野生猕猴桃资源的潜在价值和现状进行分析, 阐述了该流域猕猴桃属植物的分布特点和受威胁的状况, 并针对目前存在的问题提出建立长效的保护机制、加强遗传资源的基础科研调查和系统评价, 以及健全种质资源保存规范和促进可持续利用等相应保护的策略。     

草木樨属(Melilotus)九个种的核型比较研究

豆科草木樨属(Mclilotus)植物共约20种,主要分布于中亚、欧洲和北非。我国产7种。该属植物经济价值较高,是优良的牧草和绿肥作物。此外,由于其适应性强,也是水土保持和改良天然草场和重要植物资源。     

Triassic ginkgoalean wood from the South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India

A new species of Baieroxylon, viz. B. cicatricum, is described from the Tiki Formation, Middle Gondwana, Upper Triassic of the South Rewa Gondwana Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India. The outer surface of the wood is marked with closely spaced “eye-shaped scars” and exhibits small, distinct central protuberances. These may probably represent vascular traces. The present described wood differs from all the known species of the genus by its characteristics stem scars. Dadoxylon graminovillae Zimmermann has been revised and a new combination is proposed, viz. Baieroxylon graminovillae (Zimmermann) Prasad et Lele comb. nov.