嘉陵江中游长嘴剑鸻冬季觅食地选择

2009年12月至2010年2月,在嘉陵江中游采用样方法研究长嘴剑鸻Charadriusplacidus冬季觅食地选择。通过Mann-Whitney检验,发现基质类型、土壤动物生物量、裸地面积比例、距明水距离和坡度等变量在长嘴剑鸻的觅食地样方(n=62)和对照样方(n=62)间存在极显著性差异(Mann-Whitney检验,P<0.01)。对存在显著性差异的变量进行逻辑斯谛回归分析表明,裸地面积比例对长嘴剑鸻觅食地选择的影响最大,然后依次是坡度和土壤动物生物量。此外,对比渠化江段和自然江段长嘴剑鸻觅食地样方的结果表明,二者在距人为干扰距离和基质类型两个变量间存在显著性差异(Mann-Whitney检验,P<0.05),这在一定程度上反映了长嘴剑鸻对渠化江段的部分适应。总之,长嘴剑鸻偏好在食物丰富、坡度平缓的近水源裸露鹅卵石滩觅食。因此,加强沿江滩涂的保护对长嘴剑鸻有着重要意义。     

若尔盖湿地水鸟多样性季节性动态分析

若尔盖湿地位于青藏高原东缘,是我国最大的高寒泥炭湿地之一。2010年从3月至12月,对若尔盖湿地水鸟种类、数量和分布进行了较为系统的调查。共记录到48种26050只水鸟,隶属于6目12科,其中雁鸭类水鸟最多,共统计到21408只,占水鸟总数的82.2%。3月和10月是若尔盖湿地水鸟的高峰期,11月是低谷期,主要是由于水鸟的迁离和越冬水鸟尚未到达的缘故。尕海是若尔盖湿地的重要组成部分,全年物种数和水鸟数量占了整个若尔盖湿地较大的比例。卫星跟踪的结果表明,青海湖斑头雁在若尔盖湿地与云南和贵州的越冬水鸟汇合,因此加强若尔盖湿地禽流感的防控是非常重要的。     

若尔盖湿地水鸟资源季节变化

若尔盖湿地位于青藏高原东缘,是我国最大的高寒泥炭湿地之一。2010年从3月至12月,对若尔盖湿地水鸟种类、数量和分布进行了较为系统的调查。共记录到48种26 050只水鸟,隶属于6目12科,其中雁鸭类水鸟最多,共统计到21 408只,占水鸟总数的82.2%。3月和10月是若尔盖湿地水鸟数量的高峰期;11月是低谷期,主要是由于水鸟的迁离和越冬水鸟尚未到达的缘故。尕海是若尔盖湿地的重要组成部分,全年物种数和水鸟数量占了整个若尔盖湿地较大的比例。卫星跟踪的结果表明,青海湖斑头雁(Anser indicus)在若尔盖湿地与云南和贵州的越冬水鸟汇合,因此加强若尔盖湿地禽流感的防控是非常重要的。     

安徽沿淮湖泊湿地水鸟资源调查

2008年6月至2009年5月,采用路线调查法和定点观察法对安徽沿淮的东西湖、瓦埠湖、龙子湖、沱湖和女山湖5个湖泊湿地的水鸟资源进行了调查,共记录湿地水鸟61种,隶属于7目13科.按居留型可分为冬候鸟32种(占52.46%),夏候鸟14种(占22.95%),留鸟2种(占3.28%),旅鸟13种(占21.31%);按生态...     

三峡大坝截流前后长江中上游江段水化学特性的初步调查

1997-1998年,在三峡大坝截流前后,对长江中上游地区十多个江段及若干个支流进行了多次的水质监测分析。结果表明:长江中上游水资源丰富,但污染较严重。从多项数据指标分析结果和多项资料表明,目前污染源主要为沿江工业和城市生活污水。长江干流污染远高于支流(嘉陵江除外).而大江截流对长江中上游的水质近期影响较小,可以忽略不计。       

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津段水鸟资源调查

1995～2008年,对河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津段水鸟资源进行了调查,共记录水鸟98种,隶属8目18科.其中国家Ⅰ级保护水鸟2种,国家Ⅱ级保护水鸟12种.根据居留类型,本区有冬候鸟41种,夏候鸟32种,旅鸟16种,留鸟9种.从分布型区分,古北界鸟类63种(占64.3%),东洋界鸟类5种(占5.1%),广布型鸟类30种(占30.6%),区系组成呈现南北鸟类混杂分布、以古北界鸟类为主的特征.     

嘉陵江南充段冬季迁徙水鸟的迁徙时序及数量变化

2008年10月~2009年4月采用固定样线法对嘉陵江南充段冬季水鸟的迁徙时序及数量变化进行了监测.在记录到的26种冬季迁徙水鸟中(针尾鸭除外),10月迁入该地的有斑嘴鸭、白骨顶等6种;11月迁入的水鸟种类最多,包括红嘴鸥、赤麻鸭等11种;12月迁入的有凤头潜鸭、普通秋沙鸭等6种;1月迁入该地的有翘鼻麻鸭和罗纹鸭2种;...     

四川绵阳市三江库区水鸟类资源及保护对策

1998年9月～2001年12月,对绵阳市三江库区水鸟资源进行了调查,共观察到水鸟49种,隶属10科7目,占四川水鸟种数的39.8%,占全国水鸟种数的22.68%.同时就库区鸟类保护提出几点建议.     

崇明东滩冬季水鸟的种类和生境偏好

20 0 2年 11月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月对崇明东滩自然保护区的越冬水鸟在 5种生境类型的分布、数量分别做了 2 0 0 0m× 10 0m的样带调查。共观察到水鸟 4 9种 ,整个群落个体总数 345 0 4只。其中低潮盐藻光滩带有鸟类37种 ,占水鸟个体总数的 39% ;海三棱草外带有 19种 ,占 6 % ;海三棱草内带有 10种 ,占 5 % ;堤外芦苇带有 4种 ,占 3% ;堤内鱼塘 -芦苇区有 37种 ,占 4 7%。这一结果证实了把围垦地转变为鱼塘 -芦苇湿地的生态恢复行动的合理性 ,因为最大的越冬水鸟物种多样性和个体多度出现在这种湿地中。     

滹沱河湿地石家庄段水鸟群落结构及多样性

2003年3月～2006年4月,对滹沱河湿地石家庄段水鸟进行了调查。共记录水鸟80种,隶属于7目16科。其中候鸟73种(夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟),留鸟7种;古北种62种,东洋种11种,广布种7种;国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类11种。鸻形目和雁形目鸟类占优势,各占水鸟种数的35.00%和30.00%。水鸟种类和数量高峰出现在4月和11月,低谷在1月和2月。多样性分析表明,冶河-黄壁庄水库和滹沱河-岗南水库Shannon-Weiner指数和G-F指数均高于石板水库,这与湿地面积和生境的多样性有关。滹沱河湿地石家庄段作为许多水鸟,尤其是黑鹳的重要栖息地,需进一步加强监测和保护。     

水坝拆除对黑水河鱼类群落结构和空间分布的影响

水坝拆除引起河流连通性、水动力、河流地貌等一系列变化,直接影响了鱼类群落结构和空间分布。黑水河为金沙江左岸一级支流,其上共建四级电站,出于支流生境恢复需求,第四级水坝老木河水坝于2018年12月实行拆除。为探明低水头坝拆除对鱼类群落的影响,结合2018年6月和2019年6月黑水河下游60.4km河段10个点位的渔获物调查,对拆坝前后鱼类群落结构和生态类型变化、优势物种与单位捕捞努力量以及不同河段间的群落相似性进行了分析。结果表明,水坝拆除半年后优势物种仍以鲤科和鳅科为主,但物种数和丰度整体上增加;生态类型上以杂食、喜急流和产微粘性卵鱼为主;拆坝后鱼类群落空间分布变化明显,靠近河口的自然河段鱼类上溯洄游到原坝址的上下游,部分长江上游特有鱼类在原坝址附近发生定殖行为,且拆坝后各河段的鱼类组成结构有同质化趋势。总体上,老木河水坝的拆除对黑水河下游的鱼类群落结构和空间分布产生了积极的影响。     

Power to detect trends in abundance of secretive marsh birds: Effects of species traits and sampling effort

Standardized protocols for surveying secretive marsh birds have been implemented across North America, but the efficacy of surveys to detect population trends has not been evaluated. We used survey data collected from populations of marsh birds across North America and simulations to explore how characteristics of bird populations (proportion of survey stations occupied, abundance at occupied stations, and detection probability) and aspects of sampling effort (numbers of survey routes, stations/route, and surveys/station/year) affect statistical power to detect trends in abundance of marsh bird populations. In general, the proportion of survey stations along a route occupied by a species had a greater relative effect on power to detect trends than did the number of birds detected per survey at occupied stations. Uncertainty introduced by imperfect detection during surveys reduced power to detect trends considerably, but across the range of detection probabilities for most species of marsh birds, variation in detection probability had only a minor influence on power. For species that occupy a relatively high proportion of survey stations (0.20), have relatively high abundances at occupied stations (2.0 birds/station), and have high detection probability (0.50), ≥40 routes with 10 survey stations per route surveyed 3 times per year would provide an 80% chance of detecting a 3% annual decrease in abundance after 20 years of surveys. Under the same assumptions but for species that are less common, ≥100 routes would be needed to achieve the same power. Our results can help inform the design of programs to monitor trends in abundance of marsh bird populations, especially with regards to the amount of sampling effort necessary to meet programmatic goals. © 2013 The Wildlife Society     

四川大学江安校区鸟类调查

2007年9月～2008年8月,采用样线法对位于四川省成都市双流县四川大学江安校区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类74种,其中留鸟占44.6%,冬候鸟占20.3%,夏候鸟占18.9%,旅鸟占14.9%;家麻雀、普通鸬鹚等2种为成都市区的鸟类新纪录;国家二级保护动物有长耳鸮、普通鵟2种;省级重点保护动物有小、普通鸬鹚、苍鹭等10种;白头鹎、红头长尾山雀、白颊噪鹛、树麻雀等4种为江安校区鸟类优势种,小白鹭、珠颈斑鸠、家鸽、家燕等12种为常见种.对不同生境的鸟类种类进行分析发现,植被受人为干扰较少的待建荒地的鸟类多样性指数最高,人工绿化带如草坪、灌丛、树林等次之,建筑区的鸟类多样性指数最低.     

鄱阳湖流域非繁殖期鸟类多样性

2010年11月-2011年3月,采用样线和样点法相结合,对鄱阳湖流域非繁殖期鸟类种类及数量进行了调查.共记录鸟类13目36科106种.其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类10种.居留型方面,留鸟和冬候鸟最多,分别占鸟类物种总数的56.60％和35.85％.鸟类区系上,古北界种类最多,占41.51％;其次是东洋界鸟类,占32.08％.鸟类物种数1月份和3月份最多,多样性和均匀度指数均以12月份和3月份最高,以11月份和2月份最低.欧氏距离显示,修水段、龙虎山段和靖安段与其他河段的鸟类组成差异较大.宜黄段、耳口段和浮梁段的鸟类组成比较相近.研究结果表明,鸟类的相似度与各河段间隔的距离无关,而可能与当地的生境密切相关.鄱阳湖流域分布着一些濒危鸟类,然而人类活动如采砂、非法捕鱼等严重影响了这些鸟类的生存环境.因此建议降低人类活动强度,维持鄱阳湖流域鸟类多样性.     

Species interactions and habitat associations of birds inhabiting urban areas of Sydney,Australia

Abstract The absence of small birds from many suburban areas may be due to adverse garden characteristics, interspecific aggression or human behaviour such as supplementary food provisioning that encourages predators. We investigated the relationship between these factors and the presence of seven small bird species in Sydney through a community‐based survey. The survey was conducted by participants over a 7‐day period between 7 am and 10 am in November and early December 2000. Three dominant species, the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), pied currawong (Strepera graculina) and common myna (Acridotheres tristis) were each present in over 59% of gardens. Each small bird species was present in less than 40% of gardens. All small birds were negatively associated with noisy miners, but only the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) was negatively associated with pied currawongs. None of the species of small birds was negatively associated with common mynas. Four species of small birds were associated with at least one habitat variable, notably the proportion of native vegetation. Although more birds were recorded in gardens in which meat was provided, there were significantly fewer small birds in these gardens. There were also more birds recorded in gardens where seed was provided, with red‐browed finches (Neochmia temporalis) positively associated with seed provisioning in most regions of Sydney. The presence of dogs and cats was not related to the total abundance of birds overall or small birds in gardens. While garden characteristics may influence the presence of small birds to some degree, the presence of noisy miners, a species that are thought to aggressively exclude other species from their territories, is likely to be an important influence on these species in suburban areas. Furthermore, supplementary feeding by people is likely to negatively influence some small birds. The presence of carnivorous pets does not seem to influence the presence of small birds at the scale of the individual garden.     

Impact of the Três Marias dam on the reproduction of the forage fish Astyanax bimaculatus and A. fasciatus from the São Francisco River,downstream from the dam,southeastern Brazil

Alterations to the hydrologic regime downstream from hydroelectric dams include thermal disturbances which may have an impact on the reproductive success of fish. In order to make a comparative analysis of forage fish reproduction in two sections of the São Francisco River downstream from the Três Marias hydroelectric power plant, we captured 606 specimens of Astyanax fasciatus (n?=?465) and A. bimaculatus (n?=?141) at 2-month intervals between November 2009 and October 2010. Fish were captured in two sections of the São Francisco River: section 1, encompassing the first 34 km immediately downstream from the dam; section 2, after the confluence with the Abaeté River, 34–54 km downstream from the dam. The canonical correlation test indicated that for both species, female reproduction is more dependent on environmental factors than male reproduction. Compared to section 1, the specimens captured in section 2 were more abundant and the females of both species presented larger total length, body weight, gonadosomatic index and fecundity values. Higher values of water temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity during the rainy season (September to February) were also recorded for section 2, when compared to section 1 where the physical–chemical conditions of the water do not favour reproduction. Based on this analysis of reproductive parameters, this study shows, for the first time, that the reproductive activity of two species of forage fishes, A. fasciatus and A. bimaculatus, from the section of the São Francisco River immediately downstream from the Três Marias dam is disrupted and that the Abaeté River is an important tributary for the reproductive success of these species.     

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类资源调查

2006年9月～2007年8月,对河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类进行野外调查,结合文献共统计鸟类16目53科247种.留鸟69种,候鸟176种,迷鸟2种 .国家一级重点保护鸟类9种,如黑鹳、大鸨等.国家二级保护鸟类37种.列入IUCN受威胁物种15种.其中极危等级1种,为白鹤.濒危等级3种,为东方白鹳、鸿雁、丹顶鹤.易危等级11种.列入中国物种红色名录受威胁物种15种.濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ、附录Ⅱ共39种.     

Impact of Beaver Dams on Abundance and Distribution of Anadromous Salmonids in Two Lowland Streams in Lithuania

European beaver dams impeded movements of anadromous salmonids as it was established by fishing survey, fish tagging and redd counts in two lowland streams in Lithuania. Significant differences in abundancies of other litophilic fish species and evenness of representation by species in the community were detected upstream and downstream of the beaver dams. Sea trout parr marked with RFID tags passed through several successive beaver dams in upstream direction, but no tagged fish were detected above the uppermost dam. Increase in abundances of salmonid parr in the stream between the beaver dams and decrease below the dams were recorded in November, at the time of spawning of Atlantic salmon and sea trout, but no significant changes were detected in the sections upstream of the dams. After construction of several additional beaver dams in the downstream sections of the studied streams, abundance of Atlantic salmon parr downstream of the dams decreased considerably in comparison with that estimated before construction.     

三峡库区不同阶段蓄水前后江面江岸冬季鸟类动态

2003~2013年的隆冬季节(2011年除外),对三峡库区长江主河道的重庆朝天门港-秭归茅坪港江段(全程约618.30 km)和12条一级支流(合计调查河道长度约619.49 km),以及2个湖泊(长寿湖65.5 km~2,大洪湖30 km~2;调查年份2000~2013年,2003和2011年除外),进行了水禽及傍水栖息鸟类的监测调查。观察统计到鸟类76种,隶属8目14科39属,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物3种。鉴于不同类群鸟类对环境变化的反应差别较大,将观察到的与水域生境密切相关的鸟类分为游禽类(32种)、鸥类(6种)、涉禽类(23种)、傍水栖息鸟类(13种)和空中傍水栖息鸟类[2种,以崖沙燕(Riparia riparia)为主体]等5种类型,并对各类群鸟类在三峡水库不同工程阶段蓄水高程前后的数量分布状况进行对比分析。结果显示,长江主河道中的游禽类在蓄水139 m高程前后数量波动幅度不大,蓄水156 m高程后表现出增长趋势,并且趋向于尾水点集中分布,直至最终蓄水目标175 m高程后的第5个冬季(2013年1月)数量猛增到最高,与蓄水139 m水位线前后的2个冬季(2003年1月和2004年1月)数量相比,增幅分别达171.83%和179.91%;然而2个湖泊中的游禽数值却表现出下降趋势,蓄水175 m高程后5个冬季(2008~2013年)与2000年冬季数值相比,降幅达52.96%~83.29%;大多数支流河道中的游禽数量呈现波动幅度不大或是明显下降趋势,只有乌江和小江这2条支流河道中的游禽数量呈现出增长趋势,并且小江中的游禽数量一度表现出"爆发式"增长现象后又大幅回落(2012~2013年),可能与水质富营养化程度的变化相关。涉禽类在长江主河道中的分布格局类似于游禽类(偏向于上游),其数量分别在蓄水139 m高程和156 m高程后的第1个冬季出现峰值,蓄水前后的其他年份数量差别不大;多数支流河道中涉禽类分布数量不高,只有嘉陵江、乌江、小江、大宁河与梅溪河的涉禽数量较多且数值波动明显。傍水栖息型鸟类总体数量在蓄水前后出现急剧变动,数量下降明显,个别鸟种甚至消失不见。空中傍水栖息型鸟类蓄水之后在长江主河道数量锐减,在大多数支流河道中几乎绝迹。鸥类主要分布在长江主河道,其数量在不同阶段蓄水初期出现峰值,至最终蓄水目标175 m后的第5个冬季其数量趋于接近蓄水之前。     

雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性

从2000年5月-2003年11月,调查了雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类.共记录鸟类133种,水鸟和迁徙鸟分别占总记录鸟类数量的81.7%和70.4%.分别有9种、2种、16种和12种鸟被列为中国红皮书保护种、IUCN保护种、CITES保护种和中国国家Ⅱ级保护种;还有63种被列为中日候鸟协定保护种、32种被列为中澳候鸟协定保护种.不同调查地点,鸟类的种类和数量相差较大,高桥鸟类最丰富,记录到83种鸟;五里鸟类种类最少,仅记录到40种鸟,各地鸟类种的相似性很低.环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)、白腰杓鹬(Numenius arquata)和红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)在雷州半岛的种群数量达到国际重要湿地的标准.雷州半岛鸟类种的丰度和多度季节变化明显,冬季种类多、数量丰富,夏季种类少、数量贫乏.冬季和夏季总的鸟类数量(P=0.043)和水鸟数量(P=0.001)差异明显.保护整个沿海红树林湿地是保护雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性的关键.