中国应用生态学研究的信息源：祝贺本刊创刊5周年和本所建所40周年

中国应用生态学研究的信息源──祝贺本刊创刊５周年和本所建所４０周年孙顺江,宋凤兰,李凤琴（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所《应用生态学报》编辑部,沈阳１１００１５）１引言《应用生态学报）｝是由中国生态学会和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所主办的、科学出版社出...     

沙地云杉种群稳定性研究

沙地云杉种群稳定性研究郑元润徐文铎（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＳｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＰｉｃｅａｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａｏｎＳａｎｄｙＬａｎｄ．ＺｈｅｎｇＹｕａｎ...     

沙地云杉小树高生长与环境条件关系的数量化模型

沙地云杉小树高生长与环境条件关系的数量化模型郑元润徐文铎（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＴｈｅＭｏｄｅｌｓｏｆＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＨｅｉｇｈｔＧｒｏｗｔｈｏｆＰｉｃｅａｍｏｎｇ...     

四甲基乙二胺、过硫酸铵体系产生的活性氧对固氮酶（钼铁蛋白）损伤初步研究

 四甲基乙二胺、过硫酸铵体系产生的活性氧对固氮酶（钼铁蛋白）损伤初步研究赵云峰,杨峰,林永齐（吉林大学,长春１３００２３）杨俊森（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）林海（中国科学院长春物理所激发态物理开放实验室,长春１３００２２）生物固氮...     

土壤—植物根际磷的生物有效性研究

土壤－植物根际磷的生物有效性研究李法云高子勤（辽宁大学生物系,沈阳１１００３６）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｅＳｏｉｌ＿ｐｌａｎｔＲｈｉｚｏｓｐｈ...     

辽宁省土地荒漠化概况及其防治对策

辽宁省土地荒漠化概况及其防治对策朱教君,姜凤岐（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）ＬａｎｄＤｅｓｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎｄＣｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｆｏｒＩｔｓＰｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ￥ＺｈｕＪｉ...     

植食性昆虫产卵的化学生态学

植食性昆虫产卵的化学生态学张庆贺,姬兰柱（林业部森林病虫害防治总站沈阳１１００３１）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＯｖｉｐｅｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆＨｅｒｂｉｖｏｒｏｕｓＩｎｓｅｔｔｓ．￥ＺｈａｎｇＱｉｎｇｈ...     

重金属Cd－Zn对水稻的复合污染和生态效应

重金属Ｃｄ－Ｚｎ对水稻的复合污染和生态效应周启星（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）吴燕玉,熊先哲（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｄａｎｄＺｎａｎｄｉｔｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｒｉｃｅ...     

毛细管气相色谱法分析土壤中的优先有机污染物

毛细管气相色谱法分析土壤中的优先有机污染物刘海玲,于殿臣,姚家彪,朱岩,何东慧,张丽珊（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）ＣａｐｉｌｌａｒｙｇａｓｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙｏｒｇａｎｉｃＰｏｌｌｕ...     

细枝木麻黄气生瘤的人工形成

细枝木麻黄气生瘤的人工形成邹铧,张忠泽,张成刚,丁鉴,王育英,付莉（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）ＡｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｅｒｉａｌｎｏｄｕｌｅｓｏｎＣａｓｕａｒｉｎａｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｎａ￥ＺｏｕＨｕａ;...     

Absence of temporal pattern in courtship signals suggests loss of species recognition in gecko lizards

According to the concept of ritualization, acquisition of signal function (i.e., species recognition) leads to formalization of specific signal structure (i.e., species-specific pattern). By contrast, loss of species recognition may result in specific pattern collapse of the signal, from a temporally regular pattern to an irregular form. Several studies have reported the loss of species recognition driven by release from selective pressure against hybridization under isolation from close relatives, but no study has reported collapse of a regular signal pattern that serves in species recognition. In nocturnal lizards of the genus Gekko, several species pairs hybridize when brought together, whereas other species pairs never hybridize, despite being sympatric. I investigated the relationship between the existence of natural hybridization, courtship call similarity and species recognition ability in eight species of Gekko. I found that males of all eight species court using calls, and four of these species have species-specific regular patterns in the courtship calls, whereas the other four have no temporal patterns. In playback experiments, females of the species-specific pattern call species discriminated species by the call. On the other hand, in the patternless call species, females did not discriminate species by the call, suggesting that natural hybridization has resulted from the loss of species recognition ability in the patternless call species. In insular Gekko isolated from congeners, acoustic species recognition might have been lost, followed by pattern collapse of the courtship calls. This unique example of the signal pattern collapse would provide a key to answer basic questions concerning the causes and consequences of signal evolution.     

Species Recognition, Dewlap Function and Faunal Size

Although having a number of functions in reproductive, territorialand aggressive behavior, Anolis dewlaps are only one means ofintraspecific signaling and they are always present in smallanole faunas (e.g., those of one or two species islands) buthere, in contrast to the situation in large faunas, their colorand pattern appear usually very similar and appear to be unimportantfor species (or population) recognition. The latter functionis then performed by such characteristics as adult size andbody color and pattern. Where, however, numerous species abutor overlap, dewlap color and pattern tend to be diverse anddiagnostic (particularly between overlapping forms). Even here,however, adult size, body shape and body color often redundantlyreinforce the species and population recognition function ofeven marked dewlap difference. In certain cases in complex faunas,size and/or body pattern substitute for the species recognitionfunction of reduced or absent dewlaps.     

Using Head Patch Pattern as a Reliable Biometric Character for Noninvasive Individual Recognition of an Endangered Pitviper Protobothrops mangshanensis

Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis(formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis) is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically endangered. Research carried out on the Mangshan pitviper's population ecology and captive reproduction has revealed that the unique head patch patterns of different individuals may potentially be used as a noninvasive recognition biometric character. We collected head patch pattern images of 40 individuals of P. mangshanensis between 1994 and 2011. By comparing each pitviper's head patch pattern, we found that the head patch pattern of individual snakes was different and unique. Additionally, we observed and recorded the head patch pattern characters of four adults and five juveniles before and after ecdysis. Our findings confirmed that head patch patterns of Mangshan pitvipers are unique and stable, remaining unchanged after ecdysis. Thus, individuals can be quickly identified by examining the head patch pattern within a specific recognition area on the head. This method may be useful for noninvasive individual recognition in many other species that display color patch pattern variations, especially in studies of endangered species where the use of invasive marking techniques is undesirable.     

Intact chemoreceptor-based biosensors.

A receptrode biosensor is presented that uses intact chemoreceptor-based molecular recognition from antennular structures of the Hawaiian swimming crab species Portunis sanguinolentus. The sensor is coupled to a learning, pattern recognition calculation for performing analytical chemistry. Action potential waveforms are used to establish the identity of individual action potential types that can be associated to particular analytes. The pattern recognition calculations used are referred to as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Action potential similarities are determined by using a dendrogram plot of the cluster analysis results and further elucidated by using principal component scores plots. Quantitative analysis was performed after classification of analyte and background responses. Chemoresponses to salinity and trimethylamine N-oxide, two chemical constituents that are found in the crustacean living environment, were investigated and gave analytic responses over several orders of magnitude.     

Classification of Camellia (Theaceae) species using leaf architecture variations and pattern recognition techniques

Leaf characters have been successfully utilized to classify Camellia (Theaceae) species; however, leaf characters combined with supervised pattern recognition techniques have not been previously explored. We present results of using leaf morphological and venation characters of 93 species from five sections of genus Camellia to assess the effectiveness of several supervised pattern recognition techniques for classifications and compare their accuracy. Clustering approach, Learning Vector Quantization neural network (LVQ-ANN), Dynamic Architecture for Artificial Neural Networks (DAN2), and C-support vector machines (SVM) are used to discriminate 93 species from five sections of genus Camellia (11 in sect. Furfuracea, 16 in sect. Paracamellia, 12 in sect. Tuberculata, 34 in sect. Camellia, and 20 in sect. Theopsis). DAN2 and SVM show excellent classification results for genus Camellia with DAN2's accuracy of 97.92% and 91.11% for training and testing data sets respectively. The RBF-SVM results of 97.92% and 97.78% for training and testing offer the best classification accuracy. A hierarchical dendrogram based on leaf architecture data has confirmed the morphological classification of the five sections as previously proposed. The overall results suggest that leaf architecture-based data analysis using supervised pattern recognition techniques, especially DAN2 and SVM discrimination methods, is excellent for identification of Camellia species.     

Selective phonotaxis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neoconocephalus nebrascensis</Emphasis> (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): call recognition at two temporal scales

The calls of many Orthopteran species are comprised of a simple trill of pulses, the temporal pattern of which is important for call recognition. Male Neoconocephalus nebrascensis produce pulses with a temporal structure typical for the genus. However, they modify this pattern by grouping their pulses into verses, thereby creating a higher order temporal structure. The importance of the pulse pattern and verse structure for call recognition in N. nebrascensis was determined using a walking compensator. Females required the conspecific pulse pattern for call recognition, responding only when the intervals between pulses were short or absent. Females also required the verse structure for call recognition, and recognized the verse structure only when the amplitude modulation depth between verses and pauses exceeded 18 dB. We discuss that the verse recognition mechanism is a derived trait adapted for pre-mating isolation. We hypothesize that the unusually large amplitude modulation required for verse recognition forces males to synchronize their calls in order to preserve an attractive pattern. Call synchrony appears to be the outcome of cooperation, rather than competition, in this species.     

非洲爪蟾中一种长型肽聚糖识别蛋白的克隆与表达分析(英文)

肽聚糖识别蛋白(peptidoglycan recognition proteins,PGRPs)是固有免疫系统中一类重要的模式识别受体。该文首次从两栖类模式生物-非洲爪蟾(Xenopus tropicalis)中克隆得到了一个长型PGRP(XtPGRP-L)基因。XtPGRP-L具有5个外显子和4个内含子的基因组结构,该结构在进化的过程中比较保守。序列比对与系统进化分析显示XtPGRP-L具有保守的酰胺酶活性位点。蛋白质建模显示XtPGRP-L拥有保守的3-D结构。实时定量PCR检测显示,XtPGRP-L在非洲爪蟾胚胎早期不表达,到72h蝌蚪期开始表达。在成体的肝脏、肺、肠和胃高表达。同时,在LPS刺激后,XtPGRP-L在肝脏、肠和胃中呈明显上调表达。结果表明,XtPGRP-L在非洲爪蟾固有免疫系统中可能具有重要的作用。     

Visual aspects of species recognition in the damselfish Dascyllus aruanus L. (Pisces,Pomacentridae)

Attraction was found to be a reliable indicator of species recognition in the damselfish Dascyllus aruanus. Isolated fish are attracted to live or dead conspecifics significantly more than to heterospecifics. Attraction persists towards black and white photographs. Using photographs it was shown that certain parts of the pattern are more important for recognition than others. Of the three black bars of the normal colour pattern, the central is the most important, and the anterior the least so. Two alternative criteria for demonstrating species recognition in a boldly coloured reef fish, aggression and attraction, are contrasted.     

Natural hybridization in the sea urchin genus Pseudoboletia between species without apparent barriers to gamete recognition

Marine species with high dispersal potential often have huge ranges and minimal population structure. Combined with the paucity of geographic barriers in the oceans, this pattern raises the question as to how speciation occurs in the sea. Over the past 20 years, evidence has accumulated that marine speciation is often linked to the evolution of gamete recognition proteins. Rapid evolution of gamete recognition proteins in gastropods, bivalves, and sea urchins is correlated with gamete incompatibility and contributes to the maintenance of species boundaries between sympatric congeners. Here, we present a counterexample to this general pattern. The sea urchins Pseudoboletia indiana and P. maculata have broad ranges that overlap in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Cytochrome oxidase I sequences indicated that these species are distinct, and their 7.3% divergence suggests that they diverged at least 2 mya. Despite this, we suspected hybridization between them based on the presence of morphologically intermediate individuals in sympatric populations at Sydney, Australia. We assessed the opportunity for hybridization between the two species and found that (1) individuals of the two species occur within a meter of each other in nature, (2) they have overlapping annual reproductive cycles, and (3) their gametes cross-fertilize readily in the laboratory and in the field. We genotyped individuals with intermediate morphology and confirmed that many were hybrids. Hybrids were fertile, and some female hybrids had egg sizes intermediate between the two parental species. Consistent with their high level of gamete compatibility, there is minimal divergence between P. indiana and P. maculata in the gamete recognition protein bindin, with a single fixed amino acid difference between the two species. Pseudoboletia thus provides a well-characterized exception to the idea that broadcast spawning marine species living in sympatry develop and maintain species boundaries through the divergence of gamete recognition proteins and the associated evolution of gamete incompatibility.     

Species,speciation and human evolution

Human evolution is considered from the perspective of the recognition concept of species, which views species as an epiphenomenon of shared fertilisation systems in sexually reproducing organisms. It is argued that this concept predicts the controversial pattern of punctuated equilibrium, and offers an understanding of the hominid fossil evidence in line with that pattern. Changes in the nature of the fertilization system in the human lineage over time are discussed in relation to the pattern of morphological continuity between proposed species.