藏北地区生态与环境敏感性评价

藏北地区自然条件极为严酷,生态与环境非常脆弱和敏感。采用地理信息系统手段与综合评价方法,对藏北地区主要生态与环境敏感性问题进行评估,分析了土壤侵蚀、沙漠化和草地退化等方面的敏感性空间分异规律,指出了今后生态与环境建设的优先区域。结果表明:藏北地区土壤侵蚀敏感区占土地总面积的42.5%,主要分布于东中部区域;藏北地区沙漠化敏感区面积较大(占土地总面积的78.8%),主要分布在人类活动强度相对较低的西北部;藏北中东部和北部地区草地退化较为严重,尤其是藏北地区冰川与雪山及其周围等气候变化较为敏感区域和交通要道沿线等人类活动较为频繁区域的草地退化相对严重,对草地退化也比较敏感,是今后草地退化治理和恢复的优先区。     

Population Status of North American Green Sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris

North American green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The two questions that need to be answered when considering an ESA listing are; (1) Is the entity a species under the ESA and if so (2) is the “species” in danger of extinction or likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range? Green sturgeon genetic analyses showed strong differentiation between northern and southern populations, and therefore, the species was divided into Northern and Southern Distinct Population Segments (DPSs). The Northern DPS includes populations in the Rogue, Klamath-Trinity, and Eel rivers, while the Southern DPS only includes a single population in the Sacramento River. The principal risk factors for green sturgeon include loss of spawning habitat, harvest, and entrainment. The Northern DPS is not considered to be in danger of extinction or likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. The loss of spawning habitat is not large enough to threaten this DPS, although the Eel River has been severely impacted by sedimentation due to poor land use practices and floods. The two main spawning populations in the Rogue and Klamath-Trinity rivers occupy separate basins reducing the potential for loss of the DPS through catastrophic events. Harvest has been substantially reduced and green sturgeon in this DPS do not face substantial entrainment loss. However there are significant concerns due to lack of information, flow and temperature issues, and habitat degradation. The Southern DPS is considered likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. Green sturgeon in this DPS are concentrated into one spawning area outside of their natural habitat in the Sacramento River, making them vulnerable to catastrophic extinction. Green sturgeon spawning areas have been lost from the area above Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River and Oroville Dam on the Feather River. Entrainment of individuals into water diversion projects is an additional source of risk, and the large decline in numbers of green sturgeon entrained since 1986 causes additional concern.     

The effect of habitat hydrology on intraspecific competition,settlement structure,and reproduction in the water vole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arvicola terrestris</Emphasis>)

Analysis of long-term monitoring of the water vole population in Northern Baraba Lowland (Ubinskii raion, Novosibirsk oblast) has revealed correlation between flow intensity of the Om’ River in the study area and population numbers and population dynamics (estimated May through August), average number of live embryos in overwintered females, and percentage of mature young-of-the-year females in different years of study.     

Recreational fishing impacts on threatened river sharks: A potential conservation issue

The Adelaide River in Australia's Northern Territory is a popular recreational fishing area, as well as habitat for threatened and protected river sharks (Glyphis species). Both the Critically Endangered Speartooth Shark (Glyphis glyphis) and Endangered Northern River Shark (Glyphis garricki) are identified here in illegal catches from recreational angling. The identification of a decayed shark specimen using a DNA barcoding‐like approach is the first such application to the identification of protected sharks in a recreational fishery. While the extent of catches by recreational anglers is unknown, the threatened status of these sharks, their suspected low population sizes, restricted distributions and importance of the Adelaide River as a nursery area call for the consideration of this as a potential conservation issue. As such, appropriate measures should be taken to reduce interactions with recreational anglers. The primary target species in the river is the iconic sportfish, Barramundi, which is predominantly caught by unbaited lure. Sharks are rarely caught on lure, allowing an opportunity for mitigation to focus on a fishing activity (baited hooks) which would limit any regulatory impact on popular lure fishing. Potential mitigation measures range from increased angler education and compliance checks, to the implementation of a spatial closure to baited hook fishing (a lure‐only zone). Such measures may assist in meeting a stated objective of the Australian Government's river shark Recovery Plan to ‘reduce and, where possible, eliminate adverse impacts of recreational fishing'.     

整合多重生态保护目标的广东省生态安全格局构建

构建生态安全格局是缓解生态保护与经济发展之间的突出矛盾,保障可持续发展的有效空间途径。但目前生态安全格局的构建过于强调综合,简单叠加多种生态系统服务的方法忽视了不同服务间的权衡与协同关系,难以直接支撑不同目标下的生态保护决策。以广东省为例,重点关注生境维持、水源涵养、水质净化、粮食生产、土壤保持、洪水调节、沿海灾害缓解七种重要的生态系统服务,面向生物多样性保育、水资源利用、粮食生产、自然灾害防范等单一生态保护目标分别构建生态安全格局。研究结果表明,面向生物多样性保育目标的生态安全格局呈“双屏障带”式分布,生态源地主要分布在粤北生态发展区;面向水资源利用目标的水安全格局呈“五江一带”式分布,重点保护区主要位于河湖水库及周边绿地;面向粮食生产目标的生态源地主要分布在广东省东西两翼;面向自然灾害防范目标的生态源地在珠三角、湛江市、汕头市少有分布,集中在粤北生态发展区。基于多种生态系统服务综合重要性判定生态源地,并整合单一生态保护目标下的多重源地,识别综合生态源地共49536.10 km~2,主要分布在珠三角外围和粤北生态发展区。基于最小累积阻力模型和电路模型,识别了总长度2268.07 km...     

Miscellaneous Notes on some Birds of Northern Rhodesia

T he following notes were made during my second tour in Northern Rhodesia, from December 1935 to July 1938. Notes relating to some of the species seen during that tour have, however, already appeared in 'The Ibis' (1938, pp. 269–277). References are also made to the notes on the birds observed during my first tour (Ibis, 1936, pp. 763–791; 'L'Oiseau et la Revue française d'Ornithologie,' 1936, pp. 77–85), where the same species are dealt with again.     

Floating vegetation mats on a floodplain billabong in the Northern Territory of Australia

The floristics and physical structure of a floating mat of vegetation in the Finniss River area of the Northern Territory are described. During the dry season floating mats contain green productive vegetation when the adjacent flood plains are dry and many of the plants are withered. At this time insects are more abundant on the mats than on the adjacent flood plain. Some flood plain vertebrates appear to concentrate their activity on floating mats during the dry season. During the period 1963 to 1978 the area of floating mat in the Finniss River study area was greatly reduced, probably as a result of high densities of feral water buffalo (Bubalis bubalus).(Present address: c/o 38 Hardy Terrace, East Ivanhoe, Victoria 3079).(Present address: c/o 38 Hardy Terrace, East Ivanhoe, Victoria 3079).     

XLV.—Systematic Notes on East African Birds.

T he authors of these notes are engaged upon a work to be called 'The African Handbook of Birds,' the first part of which covers that area of eastern Africa which includes the Sudan, Eritrea, Abyssinia, the Somalilands, Uganda, Kenya Colony, Tanganyika Territory, Belgian Ruanda and Urundi, the part of Nyasaland east of Lake Nyasa and the Shirté River, the part of Portuguese East Africa north of the Zambesi, and the islands adjacent to the mainland, including Socotra, Abd-el-Kuri, Pemba, and Zanzibar.     

Principal component analysis of gene frequencies of Chinese populations

Principal components (PCs) were calculated based on gene frequencies of 130 alleles at 38 loci in Chinese populations, and geographic PC maps were constructed. The first PC map of the Han shows the genetic difference between Southern and Northern Mongoloids, while the second PC indicates the gene flow between Caucasoid and Mongoloids. The first PC map of the Chinese ethnic minorities is similar to that of the second PC map of the Han, while their second PC map is similar to the first PC map of the Han. When calculating PC with the gene frequency data from both the Han and ethnic minorities, the first and second PC maps most resemble those of the ethnic minorities alone. The third and fourth PC maps of Chinese populations may reflect historical events that allowed the expansion of the populations in the highly civilized regions. A clear-cut boundary between Southern and Northern Mongoloids in the synthetic map of the Chinese populations was observed in the zone of the Yangtze River. We suggest that the a     

Principal component analysis of gene frequencies of Chinese populations

Principal components (PCs) were calculated based on gene frequencies of 130 alleles at 38 loci in Chinese populations, and geographic PC maps were constructed. The first PC map of the Han shows the genetic difference between Southern and Northern Mongoloids, while the second PC indicates the gene flow between Caucasoid and Mongoloids. The first PC map of the Chinese ethnic minorities is similar to that of the second PC map of the Han, while their second PC map is similar to the first PC map of the Han. When calculating PC with the gene frequency data from both the Han and ethnic minorities, the first and second PC maps most resemble those of the ethnic minorities alone. The third and fourth PC maps of Chinese populations may reflect historical events that allowed the expansion of the populations in the highly civilized regions. A clear-cut boundary between Southern and Northern Mongoloids in the synthetic map of the Chinese populations was observed in the zone of the Yangtze River. We suggest that the ancestors of Southern and Northern Mongoloids had already separated before reaching Asia. The ancestors of the Southern Mongoloids may result from the initial expansion from Africa or the Middle East, via the south coast of Asia, toward Southeast Asia, and ultimately South China. Upon reaching the Yangtze River, they might even have crossed the river to occupy the nearby regions for a period of time. The ancestors of the Northern Mongoloids probably expanded from Africa via the Northern Pamirs, first went eastward, then towards the south to reach the Yangtze River. The expansion of the Northern Mongoloids toward the south of the Yangtze River happened only in the last 2 or 3 thousand years.     

WHAT THE BIRDS SAY IN AN EASTERN TRANSVAAL VALLEY

The switch to man-made breeding sites by the Little Swift Apus affinis in the Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia has already been chronicled in part and discussed by Brooke and Vernon (1961). The use of railway bridges as breeding sites by the Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus has been noted by Irwin (1953) for the Sebakwe River and Benson and White (1957) for the Kafue River. This paper chronicles the expansion of the two swifts and gives further data on the breeding activities of bridge-nesting Palm Swifts in the two Rhodesias.     

基于时序突变检测的植被空间变化特征识别方法——以海河北部山区为例

长时序植被变化趋势分析是分析植被生长与退化状况的主要手段之一,但难以精细揭示分析时段内植被变化动态的时空特征。将归一化植被指数(NDVI)时序突变检测与趋势分析结合起来,建立了精细识别植被空间变化特征的方法,并以海河北部山区为案例,开展了实证研究。案例分析结果表明:2000—2018年间,海河北部山区有78.1%的区域NDVI发生了突变,其中1.7%的面积发生退化。应用基于时序突变检测的植被变化识别方法进一步发现:植被变化在2011年出现突变拐点,突变前(2000—2011年)在西北草原区和东南林农区存在1.6%的显著退化,突变后(2011—2018年)在东部林农区存在1.2%的显著退化。分析表明,海河北部山区植被整体改善与气象因子的关系不大,局部恶化则是气象因子与人类活动共同作用的结果。与常规长时序植被变化趋势分析相比,基于时序突变检测的植被空间变化特征识别方法揭示了评估时段内植被空间变化的动态趋势,可为明确区域植被的变化以及差异化的植被恢复策略提供决策信息。     

Assessment on Pollution by Heavy Metals and Arsenic Based on Surficial and Core Sediments in the Cam River Mouth,Haiphong Province,Vietnam

The Cam River mouth (Haiphong Province) is one of the main river mouths of the Red River System, which is one of the most important water resources in Northern Vietnam. Over the past 50 years, the strong socio-economic development in the area has caused a considerable contamination with heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and arsenic. In this study, the vertical and horizontal distributions of heavy metals and arsenic in sediments from the Cam River mouth were investigated. In addition, the history, origin, and degree of contamination were assessed. Normalized (with respect to Al) heavy metal and arsenic concentrations in sediment cores and absolute dates obtained from the ¹³⁷Cs analysis were used to reconstruct the pollution history of the river mouth. As, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations increase rapidly by approximately two times or more from 1954 to 1975, and then remain nearly unchanged from 1975 until 2008, whereas Co, Cr, and Ni concentrations slightly increase from 1954 until 2008. In addition, background values for heavy metals and arsenic have also been determined with regard to the period before 1954. In the study area, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn are evaluated as minorly enriched, whereas As and Pb are classified as moderately enriched. Generally, the anthropogenic activities in the Haiphong harbor and industrial zone locally contribute to the contamination by heavy metals and arsenic in the Cam River mouth.     

1059. Lachenalia bolusii W.F. Barker: Asparagaceae

The South African geophyte Lachenalia bolusii W.F.Barker is a dainty-flowered plant from semi-arid inland western parts of the Northern and Western Cape. Details of its classification, relationships, history and distribution are given, with notes on cultivation.     

Assessment of juvenile coho salmon movement and behavior in relation to rehabilitation efforts in the Trinity River, California, using PIT tags and radiotelemetry

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of the Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast (SONCC) Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) is federally listed as a threatened species. The Trinity River Restoration Program (TRRP) is rehabilitating the Trinity River to restore coho salmon (coho) and other salmonid populations. In order to evaluate the program’s actions, several studies of movements and behavior of coho in the Trinity River were conducted from 2006 to 2009, including snorkel surveys and mark-recapture techniques based on Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags, elastomer tags, and radio transmitters. Catch, recapture, and condition of natural sub-yearlings, along with site fidelity and emigration of hatchery-reared yearlings in rehabilitated and reference habitats, were studied. Location was important because coho were absent from the lower controlled and rehabilitated sites most of the time. However, rehabilitation did not have a significant effect on natural coho salmon at the site level. Apparent survival of radio-tagged, hatchery-reared yearling coho released downstream from Lewiston Dam was much lower in the first 10 km downstream from the release site than in other areas between Lewiston Dam and the Klamath River estuary. Estimated survival of yearling hatchery coho salmon per 100 km down to Blake’s Riffle was estimated at 64 % over the distance of the 239 km study area. Migration primarily occurred at night in the upper Trinity River; however, as yearlings moved through the lower Trinity River towards the Klamath River, estuary nocturnal migration became less. Apparent survival was generally lowest in areas upstream from the North Fork of the Trinity River.     

安徽省种子植物多样性的研究

安徽省有种子植物2,498种,隶属于898属,163科,其中裸子植物6科、13属、18种;单子叶植物26科、211属、593种;双子叶植物131科、674属、1,887种。安徽植物区系隶属于华东植物区和华北植物区,基本上属于温带性质,特有现象较明显,地理联系主要与东亚联系密切,水平与垂直替代现象也较明显。此区系起源时间不晚于第三纪。安徽植物区系可以划分为5个小区:皖南山地小区,大别山山地小区,沿江江淮丘陵小区、淮北平原小区和淮北丘陵小区。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Guide to the Botanical Gardens of Britain. Michael Young
An Irish Florilegium 11. Wendy Walsh, with introduction and notes by Charles Nelson.
The Gardens of Provence and the French Riviera. Michael Racine, Ernest J.-P. Boursier-Mougenot and Franqoise Binet
Collins Photoguide to Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Oleg Polunin
Leonardo da Vinci on Plants and Gardens. William A. Emboden     

Zooplankton in the Vychegda River

The species composition of plankton invertebrates was studied in the middle Vychegda River (the main tributary of the Northern Dvina River) in 2003–2005. A list of planktonic rotifers and lower crustaceans was made. The dominating complexes of zooplankton organisms were found. The quantitative characteristics of plankton communities in the river were described.