灌水量对小桐子形态特征和水分利用的影响

小桐子是能源作物中最具发展潜力的原料树种,而土壤水分是影响小桐子苗木质量和水分利用效率的关键.设置4个灌水处理(W1:472.49 mm;W2:228.79 mm;W3:154.18 mm和W4:106.93 mm),研究灌水量对小桐子幼树生长、形态特征和水分利用的影响.结果表明:与W1相比,W2、W3和W4处理小桐子叶面积和基茎截面面积显著降低,胡伯尔值显著增加,提高了根系向叶片传输水分的效率,提高小桐子抗旱能力;W2处理根系和冠层干物质量显著降低,粗高比增加,但壮苗指数变化不显著,而W3和W4处理壮苗指数显著降低.表明灌水量228.79~472.49 mm有利于小桐子壮苗指数的提高.与W1相比,W3处理节约灌水量达67.4%,总干物质量和蒸散量分别显著降低17.4%和68.6%,因此,小桐子灌溉水利用效率和总水分利用效率显著增加153.2%和163.2%.本试验条件下,有利于小桐子水分利用效率提高的最佳灌水量为154.18 mm.     

水氮耦合对小桐子生长和灌溉水利用效率的影响

为了研究水氮耦合对于小桐子生长和灌溉水利用效率的影响,采用3个供水水平(W1,15.3mm;W2,25.5mm;W3,40.7mm)和3个施氮水平(N1,0g·kg-1;N2,0.3g·kg-1;N3,0.6g·kg-1)进行盆栽实验。结果表明:与W3相比,W1和W2处理的株高、茎粗、叶面积和总干物质量分别降低了61%和34%、57%和35%、46%和32%、49%和35%,根冠比在W2处理时达到最大值;对不同氮素处理,株高和叶面积最大值均出现在N2处理,而茎粗和根冠比则随着施氮量的增加而减小;与W3N3相比,W2N2处理节省灌溉用水38%,节约氮肥施用量50%,其株高、茎粗和总干物质量分别减少了12%、21%和12%,根冠比和叶面积分别显著增加了48%和16%,灌水后第2天、第3天和第4天的蒸腾量分别显著降低21%、15%和12%,从而使灌溉水利用效率提高了40%。     

测墒补灌对不同穗型小麦品种耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

在田间试验条件下, 以中穗型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘山农15’和大穗型品种‘山农8355’为供试材料, 设置3个0-140 cm土层土壤相对含水量处理: W0 (拔节期65%, 开花期60%)、W1 (拔节期70%, 开花期70%)、W2 (拔节后8天70%, 开花后8天70%), 采用测墒补灌的方法补充土壤水分达到目标相对含水量, 对两个不同穗型小麦品种的耗水特性和干物质积累与分配进行了研究。结果表明: (1)两品种籽粒产量均以W0处理最低, ‘山农15’ W1和W2处理无显著差异, ‘山农8355’ W1处理显著高于W2处理; 两品种W1处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W2处理。‘山农15’ W1处理的籽粒产量和灌溉水利用效率分别显著低于和高于‘山农8355’的W1处理, 水分利用效率无显著差异; 两品种W2处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均无显著差异。(2)两品种总耗水量以W0处理最低, ‘山农15’ W1处理显著低于W2处理, ‘山农8355’两处理无显著差异; 两品种W1处理的土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于W2处理。‘山农15’ W1处理的总耗水量和灌水量占总耗水量的比例显著低于‘山农8355’, 土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例显著高于‘山农8355’; 两品种W2处理总耗水量, 土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例无显著差异。(3)两品种W1处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于其他处理, W1处理提高了‘山农8355’开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率, 对‘山农15’无显著影响。‘山农15’ W1和W2处理成熟期干物质积累量显著低于‘山农8355’, 开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率、对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于‘山农8355’, 开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率低于‘山农8355’。综合考虑干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率, W1处理是两品种节水高产的最佳土壤相对含水量处理。     

氯盐胁迫下氮素对西瓜根系生长的调控作用

为揭示氯盐胁迫下氮素对西瓜根系的调节机制和提供西瓜氯毒害调控理论依据,以西瓜为供试作物,采用土培试验,研究不同施氮量(0,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25 g/kg)对氯盐胁迫下西瓜根系的影响,并应用主成分分析法对各施氮量下根系生长情况进行综合评价。结果表明,(1)与不施氮相比,施氮0.15 g/kg处理可使西瓜根系生物量、干物质累积量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力分别显著提高58.83%、20.83%、98.33%、70.37%和29.44%,丙二醛含量显著降低40.30%,同时使总根长、总根表面积、根尖数、分枝数分别显著增加103.42%、46.41%、64.44%、87.80%,总根体积和总根系直径分别减少23.05%和40.15%。(2)在本试验氯盐胁迫条件下,施氮0.14~0.17 g/kg时西瓜具有较理想的根系构型和较高的根系活力。(3)根系分枝数、根系活力、总根体积、根尖数可作为氯盐胁迫下氮素对西瓜根系生长影响的综合评价指标,各施氮水平对氯盐胁迫的缓解效果表现为0.15 g/kg>0.20 g/kg>0.10 g/kg>0.25 g/kg。可见,在氯盐胁迫下,适量施氮有助于西瓜建立良好的根系构型,提高根系渗透物质含量,降低细胞渗透势,减少根系丙二醛含量,维持较强的根系活力,增加根系生物量和干物质,缓解高浓度氯盐对西瓜生长的抑制作用。     

测墒补灌对冬小麦氮素积累与转运及籽粒产量的影响

2007-2009年,在田间条件下,以冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,以0-140 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量为指标设计4个测墒补灌试验处理:W0(土壤相对含水量为播种期80%+拔节期65%+开花期65%)、W1(土壤相对含水量为播种期80%+拔节期70%+开花期70%)、W2(土壤相对含水量为播种期80%+拔节期80%+开花期80%)和W3(土壤相对含水量为播种期90%+拔节期80%+开花期80%),研究不同水分处理对冬小麦氮素积累与转运、籽粒产量、水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:(1)成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量为W1处理最高,W3处理次之,W0和W2处理最低,W0和W2处理间无显著差异;氮素向籽粒的分配比例为W2处理显著低于W1处理,W0、W1、W3处理间无显著差异。开花期和成熟期营养器官氮素积累量、营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转移量、成熟期籽粒氮素积累量均为W1>W3>W2>W0,各处理间差异显著。(2)随着小麦生育进程的推进,0-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量先降低后回升再降低,在拔节期最低。成熟期W0和W1处理0-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量较低,W2和W3处理120-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量较高。(3)W0处理小麦氮素吸收效率、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最低;随灌水量的增加,氮素利用效率呈先升高后降低趋势;W1处理小麦对氮素的吸收效率和利用效率较高,氮肥偏生产力最高。W0处理水分利用效率较高,但籽粒产量最低;灌水处理籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率和灌溉效益两年度均随测墒补灌量的增加而显著降低。在本试验条件下,综合氮素利用、籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率及土壤中硝态氮的淋溶,W1是高产节水的最佳灌溉处理,在2007-2008年和2008-2009年度补灌量分别为43.83 mm和13.77 mm。     

长期咸水滴灌棉田土壤微生物活性及群落功能多样性

通过田间试验研究不同灌溉水矿化度和施氮量对土壤微生物数量、土壤呼吸及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。试验设置3种灌溉水矿化度(电导率,EC1∶5)分别为0.35、4.61和8.04 d S·m-1(分别代表淡水、微咸水和咸水);同时,设置4个施氮水平:0、240、360和480 kg N·hm-2。结果表明:细菌数量随灌溉水矿化度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,施用氮肥可增加细菌数量,但当氮肥用量超过240 kg·hm-2后,细菌数量显著降低;真菌和放线菌数量随灌溉水矿化度的增加而增加,与不施氮相比,施用氮肥显著降低放线菌数量;淡水处理细菌/真菌显著大于微咸水和咸水处理,分别较微咸水和咸水处理高29%和86%,细菌/真菌在240 kg N·hm-2处理下最高;土壤呼吸随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著降低,淡水处理分别较微咸水和咸水处理高12%和33%,土壤呼吸随施氮量的增加而增加,360和480 kg N·hm-2处理分别较不施氮处理增加48%和51%;AWCD值随灌溉水矿化度的增加而降低,淡水处理AWCD值分别较微咸水和咸水处理高3%和13%;灌溉水矿化度对丰富度指数、Shannon指数和Shannon均匀度指数无显著影响,但对Simpson指数影响显著,咸水处理Simpson指数最高,240 kg N·hm-2施氮处理土壤微生物群落多样性指数最高。因此,咸水灌溉显著影响土壤微生物数量和群落功能多样性,合理施用氮肥有助于保持土壤微生物活性和多样性。     

测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

以高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,研究了测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响.结果表明:W2(拔节期补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)和DW2(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W3(拔节期补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)和DW3(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)处理;W2和DW2开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量和籽粒干物质分配量高于W1(拔节期补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)和DW1(拔节后10d补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)处理,水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率显著高于W3和DW3处理.相同补灌水平下,DW2和DW3灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W2和W3处理,开花期干物质积累量及其向籽粒的转运量低于W2和W3处理,开花后干物质积累量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率高于W2和W3处理.DW2是本试验条件下的高产高水分利用效率灌溉方案.     

灌溉与施氮对黑河中游新垦农田土壤硝态氮积累及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验系统研究了黑河中游边缘绿洲区新垦沙地农田不同灌溉与施氮量 (0、140、221 kg N hm-2和300 kg N hm-2,分别为N0、N140、N221和N300) 对2m土层土壤硝态氮的积累和分布、春小麦产量、植株吸氮量及氮肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:在378～504 mm灌溉水平下,当施氮量大于221 kg hm-2(超过作物吸氮量)时会导致收获期NO-3-N在根层土壤剖面的显著积累 (50～140 kg hm-2);在灌溉量为630 mm时,收获期各处理根层土壤NO-3-N的积累量 (25～47 kg hm-2) 要低于播种前 (58～63 kg hm-2).当施氮量超过221 kg hm-2时,春小麦籽粒产量、地上干物质量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率及生理效率均不再显著增加,N221与N0、N140、N300相比,其籽粒产量分别提高46.7%、41.3%与9.5%,地上干物质量分别提高31.3%、25.2%与3.5%.灌溉水生产力的变化介于2.0～5.3 kg hm-2 mm-1,氮肥生产力的变化介于6.3～10.8 kg kg-1.研究还表明,灌溉与施氮对土壤贮水量的影响不显著,在378 mm低灌水量时,小麦产量与地上干物质量无显著的影响,这说明在黑河流域新垦沙地农田系统低灌溉 (灌溉量378 mm) 与221 kg hm-2施氮是最优的水肥耦合组合,因为在此管理模式下不仅可以获得相对较高的产量,而且灌溉水和氮素的利用效率较高,硝态氮的积累量较小.     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

盐胁迫下施肥对棉花生长及氮素利用的影响

利用海水配制不同含盐量(0、0.15%、0.3%)的土壤盆栽棉花,在可移动遮雨棚内研究了不同施肥(N、NK、NP、NPK)处理对棉花生长、氮素吸收与利用的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫和施肥均影响棉花生物产量、棉株氮素农学利用效率、氮素生物利用效率和氮素积累量,且两者存在显著的互作效应.施肥能提高盐胁迫下棉株氮素利用效率及氮素积累量,并显著增产,不同施肥处理中以N、P、K肥料配合施用的效果最好;施肥效果受盐胁迫程度的影响,低盐胁迫(0.15%)下的施肥效果好于中度盐胁迫(0.3%).     

Combined effect of virus infection and water stress on water flow and water economy in grapevines

Water limitation is one of the major threats affecting grapevine production. Thus, improving water‐use efficiency (WUE) is crucial for a sustainable viticulture industry in Mediterranean regions. Under field conditions, water stress (WS) is often combined with viral infections as those are present in major grape‐growing areas worldwide. Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3 (GLRaV‐3) is one of the most important viruses affecting grapevines. Indeed, the optimization of water use in a real context of virus infection is an important topic that needs to be understood. In this work, we have focused our attention on determining the interaction of biotic and abiotic stresses on WUE and hydraulic conductance (K_h) parameters in two white grapevine cultivars (Malvasia de Banyalbufar and Giró Ros). Under well‐watered (WW) conditions, virus infection provokes a strong reduction (P < 0.001) in K_petiole in both cultivars; however, K_leaf was only reduced in Malvasia de Banyalbufar. Moreover, the presence of virus also reduced whole‐plant hydraulic conductance (K_hplant) in 2013 and 2014 for Malvasia de Banyalbufar and in 2014 for Giró Ros. Thus, the effect of virus infection on water flow might explain the imposed stomatal limitation. Under WS conditions, the virus effect on K_plant was negligible, because of the bigger effect of WS than virus infection. Whole‐plant WUE (WUE_WP) was not affected by the presence of virus neither under WW nor under WS conditions, indicating that plants may adjust their physiology to counteract the virus infection by maintaining a tight stomatal control and by sustaining a balanced carbon change.     

Rutland water raw water quality — problems and management

The options available for the management of Rutland Water are identified and their use discussed. The changes in the chemistry of the stored water with regard to sulphate, silica (molybdate-reactive), dissolved reactive phosphate and total oxidised nitrogen are shown.     

The turbulent boundary between water science and water management

SUMMARY. 1. It is common to observe friction between limnologists and the managers of water resources. This is often a result of misunderstandings about the cultures within which each works.
2. There are a number of ways that science can contribute to effective management of water resources, but limnologists must appreciate that there are value questions which are not the sole prerogative of science to answer.
3. Managers often misunderstand science and expect it to deliver a truth that is non-arguable. They fail to understand the very process of science demands no such truths, so that assumptions, methods and conclusions can always be challenged.
4. One way to bridge this boundary is to develop the scientific broking role. Another is to do better and more relevant science. Ways of doing both are discussed.     

Relative water content and water potential of tissue 1

Relative water content (RWC) and water potential as measuredwith the pressure chamber were evaluated as indicators of waterstatus of tissue-cultured apple shoots and plantlets (shootswith roots). During the hydration required for RWC measurement,both water content and water potential exhibited the same hydrationkinetics, indicating that 10 h were required for full hydration.Once full hydration was reached, shoot mass remained relativelyconstant. Moisture release characteristics were also constructedand the associated shoot and plantlet water relations parameterswere estimated. Underin vitroconditions, both shoot and plantletwater potential were similar to the water potential of the culturemedium in which they were grown. The moisture release characteristicof shoots and plantlets was consistent with that expected fortypical plant tissues, and gave estimates of maximum modulusof elasticity (6.201.14 MPa), osmotic potential at saturation(–0.85 0.10 MPa), osmotic potential at zero turgor (–1.16 0.14 MPa) and RWC at zero turgor (78 2%) which were similarto values in the literature. Higher values of leaf conductanceand RWC were found in shoots and plantlets placed at 95% RH(21 C) compared to those at 90% RH. Plantlets had higher valuesof both conductance and RWC compared to shoots, suggesting thatinvitroroots are functional in water uptake. Relative water contentwas related to measures of physiological activity such as leafconductance, and it was also easier to measure than water potential.Relative water content is suggested as a sound index of waterstatus in tissue culture plants. Key words: Conductance, microculture, water status, water stress.     

Desalination and water reuse to address global water scarcity

The act of ensuring freshwater is considered the most essential and basic need for humanity. Although the planet is water-rich in some terms, the freshwater sources available for human consumption and beneficial uses are very limited. Excess population growth, industrial development coupled with improving living standards have caused an unprecedented need for freshwater all over the world. Regions once rich in water resources are struggling to meet the ever increasing demands in recent years. In addition, climate change and unsustainable management practices have led to a situation called “drought” in many regions. Water supplies in drought conditions can be addressed by taking two major approaches related to management and technology development. The management approaches include demand mitigation and supply enhancement. Demand mitigation can be done by implementing water conservation practices, and by enforcing a mechanism to influence user-responsible behavior through higher water fares and other billing routes. Supply enhancement can be achieved by utilizing the methods available for water reclamation, reuse and recycle including rain harvesting. This paper provides a critical insight of the causes for drought and the issues caused by persistent drought conditions followed by discussion of management and technological approaches required to maintain adequate water resources around the world. Challenges and opportunities involved in implementation of desalination and water reuse technologies in addressing global water scarcity are discussed in detail with case studies     

人工林地浑水入渗性能与通用入渗模型

采用双环法 ,通过 130场田间的浑水与清水入渗对比试验 ,对两种土壤质地的刺槐、侧柏人工林地的浑水入渗性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,含沙径流——浑水可显著削弱人工林地土壤的入渗性能 ,降低天然降水与土壤水的转换能力及人工林涵养水源的作用 ,其削减能力随着入渗水流含沙量、泥沙中小于 0 .0 1mm物理性粘粒含量的增加或入渗历时的延长而增大 ,并受到土壤质地的强烈影响。在土壤质地相同条件下 ,人工林地浑水的入渗能力随人工林树种的不同而异。刺槐林地土壤入渗能力大于侧柏林地 ;与相同立地退耕还林后仅 1a的新造林地相比较 ,退耕还林后 13a生的侧柏林地 ,土壤浑水入渗和清水入渗能力均减小 ;但退耕还林后 13a生的刺槐林地 ,清水入渗能力明显增强 ,浑水入渗能力因入渗水流特性不同而异。通过 L evenberg-Marquardt非线性参数拟合 ,求得了两种土壤质地条件下 ,3种林分积水型浑水与清水入渗的通用模型。该模型既可用于清水入渗预报 ,又可用于不同含沙量和泥沙粒度组成浑水入渗能力的预测