火山大爆发对长白山东坡历史植被演替的影响

距今800年前,长白山火山曾发生大规模喷发,性质为普林尼式喷发。长白山火山大爆发主要分为两个规模较大的喷发期和火山喷发柱垮塌事件以及其后的若干次小规模喷发,火山喷发释放的大量火山碎屑物在强劲偏西风的作用下主要沉积在长白山东坡,使这一区域的植被数次被毁灭。目前,长白山东坡自下至山上林线是长白落叶松林,与其他坡向的植被差异明显,造成这一现象的原因可能是由于火山喷发的影响。本文通过对泥炭层和火山灰中的花粉孢子分析及炭化木鉴定来还原历史植被,将历史植被的变化同火山活动联系起来,从大时间尺度探讨火山喷发前后长白山东坡植被变化以及火山喷发对植被变化的影响过程,阐明现时长白山东坡的长白落叶松林是火山喷发后形成的过渡性植被群落。     

武昌珞珈山植被及其演替研究 Ⅱ.植被演替

在前人工作的基础上,对武昌珞珈山植被的演替作了研究。结果表明,其主体植被类型小叶栎、马尾松要自１９５６年首次调查以来发生了根大变化,乔木层内小叶栎的份额基本未变（Ⅲ级以上立木由６９．０１％略降为６７．４６％）,而马尾松则由２１．１３％骤降至５．１５％,小叶栎的高度和胸径增长速率大于后者。林下灌木层和草本层明显消退,常经阔叶树已侵入林中。     

新西兰霍克湾普卡瓦湖岩芯植硅体分析所揭示的火山喷发事件后的植被变化

含火山灰层沉积的植硅体分析为了解植被对从空中下降的火山灰的反应提供新的信息。新西兰霍克湾的一个深197m钻孔的上部50m样品,提供了距今约50ka以来连续的植被记录。植硅体组合在4个主要的火山灰层都发生了明显的变化,表现在树木和灌木的急剧下降及禾草类和莎草科的繁盛。在每次火山灰降落后,都会有一系宁继后变化,木本类最早死亡,禾草类和莎草科取而代之,并很快占据裸露的地表。经过一个相当长的滞后时间,树木和／或灌木重新替代草本和莎草科。     

植被原生演替研究进展

对植被原生演替的国内外研究进展进行了评述。植被原生演替过程受到生物因素和非生物因素的共同影响。生物因素包括种子的传播方式、对原生环境的适应能力及物种之间的关系等,依靠风力传播、对裸地的极端环境具有较强适应能力的物种更容易成为原生裸地的早期定居者,某些微生物在植物的定居具有非常重要的作用。非生物因素则包括裸地表面的形状(凹、凸、平)、粗糙度、与岩石的距离等,一些特殊的微环境能够为植物的定居创造更为优越的水分、养分条件,促进植物的定居。植被原生演替是生物驱动因素与环境阻力相互作用的结果,二者的消长决定原生演替进行的模式。大量的研究表明,植被原生演替过程并不完全遵循地衣-苔藓-草本植物-木本植物的顺序,不同环境条件下的植被原生演替过程表现出明显的复杂性,这种复杂性与原生裸地环境条件的复杂性有关。该领域的研究将侧重于以下两个方面:早期定居种的适生特征(包括解剖的和生理的)以及各种微生物对植物定居过程的影响;各种非生物环境因素对植物定居的影响。     

寒温带湿地火后植被恢复的影响因子

寒温带湿地在维护区域生态平衡方面发挥着重要作用.火是湿地的重要干扰因子.重度火烧会导致湿地生态功能明显退化.火后植被恢复,特别是火后早期植被的恢复是生态系统功能恢复的前提和基础.本文对火后湿地植被恢复影响因子的国内外研究进展进行了综述.寒温带湿地火后植被恢复受到火强度、火面积、火前植被类型、物种更新特性、立地条件等多因子的制约.寒温带湿地火后恢复的长期监测、植被恢复的关键影响因子、冻土层在植被恢复过程中的作用、植被恢复的理论与技术将是今后研究的重要方向.     

大兴安岭北坡落叶松林火后植被演替过程研究

采用由植被空间序列推断时间系列的方法 ,分析大兴安岭呼中林区近 2 0年来不同火烧迹地植被变化情况。结果表明 ,森林火后初始 ,植物尤其是草本物种迅速增多 ,火烧迹地的植被主要由草本所占据 ,但随着时间的推移 ,草本物种不仅在数量上有明显减少 ,在物种组成上有很大的变化 ,而且盖度也逐渐减少。灌木及乔木物种由于种类较少 ,在种类及组成上演替初期变化不如草本明显 ,但是盖度却逐渐增多。在本地区火后植被次生演替过程中 ,高频物种所占的比例较高且呈上升趋势 ,这明显有悖于Raunkiaer频度定律关于在相对稳定的群落中高频物种所占的比例应相对较低的规律。另外 ,不同火烧迹地间灌木的物种相似度明显高于草本的物种相似度 ,火烧年份相近的火烧迹地上的草本物种相似度要明显高于火烧年份远的草本物种相似度 ,但灌木间的物种相似度却没有出现这种现象 ,没有明显的规律。     

湖南岳麓山植被演替趋势

在系统调查岳麓山现有植被的基础上,通过TWINSPAN、DCA、生态住分析、种群结构分析,并结合历史文献,研究了岳麓山植被的现状与演替.结果表明,经过30年城市公园管理,岳麓山次生植被正在向地带性植被亚热带常绿阔叶林恢复.其主要演替途径为:灌丛或人工林→针阔混交林或常绿阔叶落叶混交林→常绿阔叶林.近顶级或顶级群落以樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、栲(Castanopsis fargesii)、石栎(Lithocarpus gluer)等为优势种.马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)种群严重衰退,著名景观植物枫香(Liquidambar formosana)的种群虽表现出一定程度衰退,但仍将作为一种优势种存在较长时期.研究结果建议种植青冈、栲、石栎、木荷(Schima superba)等作为岳麓山林分改造的目标种.     

演替理论与植被恢复

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》提出要高质量保护和恢复各30%的土地,最大化地实现保护生物多样性和缓解气候变化的目标,而演替理论和植被恢复可以为实现30%的保护和恢复目标服务。演替理论是植被生态学中的核心理论,演替是指在一个地点上由一群不同物种组成的生命体的结构或组成随时间而变化的过程; 植被恢复是以植物种植、配置为主,恢复或重建植物群落或天然更新恢复植物群落的过程,植被恢复是生态系统结构和功能从简单到复杂、从低级向高级变化的过程,最终目的是建立健康稳定的植物群落。演替是植被恢复的基础,植被恢复被视为对演替过程的操纵,以达到恢复受损植被生态系统的目标。演替理论可以指导植被恢复,而植被恢复对演替理论的发展有益。演替按裸地性质可以分为原生演替和次生演替,有研究建议将恢复过程视为第三演替,这将有助于理解通过人为干预促进植被恢复成功的管理选择,特别是通过强调退化生态系统中的环境和生物遗存的管理选择。此外,该文还提出了植被恢复理论和演替理论未来可能重点关注的科学和技术问题。     

江苏省海滩植被演替的研究

江苏省海滩植被可分为滨海盐土植被、盐沼植被及海滩沙生植被三个基本类型。本文论述了这些植被类型的演替规律。滨海盐土植被与盐沼植被的演替,外因于土壤盐分含量递减与有机质含量的递增;海滩沙生植被的演替,外因于土壤沙颗粒大小及其相应的土壤含水量的变化,所以海滩植被演替为外因动态演替。     

兰州地区植被的历史演替

文章揭示了兰州地区植被的历史演替过程。结果表明：该地区从早更新世以来,有5种植被型：（1）草原,主要分布于黄土丘陵沟壑区和河谷地带;（2）森林和森林草原,主要分布于较高的山地;（3）其它还有疏林草原和荒漠植被。     

东灵山地区辽东栎叶性状与地形因子关系

地形特征通过光照、温度和降水等生态因子的再分配间接影响树木的生长。以北京东灵山南坡地区辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)为对象,通过地形因子调查,辽东栎叶片取样、称重、扫描和图像处理,相关性分析以及灰色关联度分析等,研究其比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)等结构性状在地形因子影响下的变化。结果表明:辽东栎SLA、LDMC、叶密度(LD)等叶性状之间具相关关系;叶面积(LS)、鲜重(LFW)和干重(LDW)随海拔升高呈先下降后上升的二次曲线变化特征,最小值均出现在海拔1400~1600 m;SLA和LDMC随海拔的变化趋势在山谷和山脊地区不同,且能够通过山谷和山脊局地不同的水分情况加以解释;LS、LDW、LFW在阴坡和阳坡间存在显著差异;海拔是影响SLA、LDMC的首要地形因子,而坡向是影响LS、LDW和LFW的首要地形因子。     

环境选择和扩散限制驱动温带森林土壤细菌群落的构建

环境选择和扩散限制是生态系统中生物群落构建的两个基本过程,而两者相对作用的大小因研究尺度、群落属性和类型等有所不同.目前对温带亚高山森林土壤微生物群落构建的驱动因子和机制尚缺乏了解.本文利用PCR-DGGE技术研究庞泉沟自然保护区内5种典型森林包括华北落叶松林、青杄林、白杄林、油松林以及桦树林的6个森林土壤细菌群落(Lp MC1、Lp MC2、Pw MC、Pm MC、Pt MC、BMC)的结构特征及其影响因素,分析细菌群落结构与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤因子、植被和空间因素对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明:研究区各样地土壤细菌群落的结构和生物多样性具有显著差异,低海拔落叶松和油松土壤细菌群落多样性较高(20条带),白杄林土壤细菌群落(13条带)多样性最低,高海拔落叶松土壤细菌群落多样性最高;土壤环境因子,如pH、土壤含水量、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、速效磷以及土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落多样性和结构显著相关;样地土壤细菌群落的beta多样性与群落的空间距离呈显著相关,表明扩散限制对群落结构具有一定的影响;方差分解分析结果显示,6个样地细菌群落结构的驱动因素大小依次为土壤因子(0.27)、空间因素(0.19)和植被(0.15);将区域土壤微生物作为"源群落",微宇宙试验结果显示,土壤因子是细菌群落结构形成的主要驱动力(0.35),同时源群落丰富的物种多样性对微宇宙土壤细菌群落结构具有显著影响.总之,在局域尺度下,环境选择对温带森林土壤细菌群落结构动态和多样性发挥主导作用,地理距离对群落结构具有显著影响,即确定性过程和随机过程共同决定局域森林土壤细菌群落结构,前者占主导地位.对于土壤细菌群落而言,扩散群落的组成和结构受到源群落的多样性特征和环境因子的双重影响.     

Community assembly during vegetation succession after metal mining is driven by multiple processes with temporal variation

The mechanisms governing community assembly is fundamental to ecological restoration and clarification of the assembly processes associated with severe disturbances (characterized by no biological legacy and serious environmental problems) is essential. However, a systematic understanding of community assembly in the context of severe anthropogenic disturbance remains lacking. Here, we explored community assembly processes after metal mining, which is considered to be a highly destructive activity to provide insight into the assembly rules associated with severe anthropogenic disturbance. Using a chronosequence approach, we selected vegetation patches representing different successional stages and collected data on eight plant functional traits from each stage. The traits were classified as establishment and regenerative traits. Based on these traits, null models were constructed to identify the processes driving assembly at various successional stages. Comparison of our observations with the null models indicated that establishment and regenerative traits converged in the primary stage of succession. As succession progressed, establishment traits shifted to neutral assembly, whereas regeneration traits alternately converged and diverged. The observed establishment traits were equal to expected values, whereas regenerative traits diverged significantly after more than 20 years of succession. Furthermore, the available Cr content was linked strongly to species'' ecological strategies. In the initial stages of vegetation succession in an abandoned metal mine, the plant community was mainly affected by the available metal content and dispersal limitation. It was probably further affected by strong interspecific interaction after the environmental conditions had improved, and stochastic processes became dominant during the stage with a successional age of more than 20 years.     

Exogenous and endogenous determinants of spatial aggregation patterns in Tibetan Plateau meadow vegetation

Aims We aim to quantify the relative importance of various endogenous and exogenous processes influencing the spatial distribution of the individuals of plant species at different temporal and spatial scales in a species-rich and high-cover meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.Methods We calculated Green's index of dispersion to infer the spatial distribution patterns of 73 herbaceous species at two scales (0.25 and 1.0 m 2). We constructed a series of generalized linear models to test the hypotheses that different species traits such as mean plant stem density, per capita dry biomass, maximum plant height and mean seed mass contribute to their spatial distribution. We used the first principal component of soil C, N and P to explain abundance variation across quadrats and sub-plots.Important findings The individuals of the species studied were highly spatially aggregated. At both spatial scales, biomass and stem density explained the most variation in aggregation, but there was no evidence for an effect of mean seed mass on aggregation intensity. The effects of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus at different depths affected plant abundance mostly at the broader spatial scale. Our results demonstrate that self-thinning and habitat heterogeneity all contribute to determine the spatial aggregation patterns of plant individuals in alpine meadow vegetation in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.     

N limitation increases along a temperate forest succession: evidences from leaf stoichiometry and nutrient resorption

温带森林演替加剧了氮限制：来自叶片化学计量和养分重吸收的证据 森林生产力和碳汇功能在很大程度上取决于土壤氮和磷的有效性。然而,迄今为止,养分限制随森林演替的时间变化仍存在争议。叶片化学计量和养分重吸收是预测植物生长养分限制的重要指标。基于此,本研究测定了温带森林4个演替阶段所有木本植物叶片和凋落叶中氮和磷的含量,并分析了演替过程中非生物因子和生物因子如何影响叶片化学计量和养分重吸收。研究结果表明,在个体尺度上,叶片氮磷含量在演替末期显著增加,而叶片氮磷比无显著变化;氮的重吸收效率随演替显著增加,然而磷的重吸收效率先增加后减少;氮重吸收效率与磷重吸收效率的比值仅在演替末期显著增加。此外,植物氮素循环对土壤养分的响应比磷素循环更弱。在群落尺度上,叶片氮磷含量随森林演替呈现先降低后升高的趋势,主要受香农-维纳多样性指数和物种丰富度的影响;叶片氮磷比随演替而显著变化,主要由胸径的群落加权平均值决定;氮的重吸收效率增加,主要受物种丰富度和胸径的影响,而磷的重吸收效率相对稳定。因此,氮重吸收效率与磷重吸收效率的比值显著增加,表明随着温带森林演替,氮限制加剧。这些结果可能反映了较高生物多样性群落中物种间对有限资源的激烈竞争,强调了生物因子在驱动森林生态系统养分循环中的重要性,为中国温带和北方森林可持续经营的施肥管理提供了参考。     

长白山温带森林生态系统关键要素耦合及演替过程动态模拟

认识生态系统内和生态系统间耦合机制,揭示复合生态系统功能规律,对促进我国山水林田湖草沙项目一体化修复和保护实践具有重要的意义。针对目前修复和保护工程中出现的缺乏系统性、连续性等问题,以拥有丰富生态资源的长白山温带森林生态系统为研究区域,对其关键要素"水土气生"进行耦合建模。通过分析模型的运行机理,探究重要子模块之间的相互作用以及子模块内部生态关键要素的耦合机制,并以长白山温带落叶阔叶林的组成树种和环境因素为对象构建模型参数,通过运行林窗模型1000次,得出长白山温带森林的动态演替过程。结果表明:在森林生态系统的演替过程中,"水土气生"体现为模型中有效积温、干旱天数(低于土壤凋萎点的天数)、土壤可利用氮以及可利用光,这些关键要素之间相互影响,综合决定着每棵树木的更新、生长、死亡过程。模拟结果显示在长白山温带针阔混交林的动态演替过程中0-70 a,70-170 a,170-280 a,280-400 a四个阶段分别有不同的树种组成特征,与真实演替过程比较发现模拟林具有明显的阶段性。白桦、山杨为演替先锋树种,0-70 a期间生物量共占比为55%,70 a后生物量减少最后消失;紫椴、蒙古栎、水曲柳等为过渡树种,这些树种进一步改变了生长环境。红松在170 a前生物量占比仅为3%左右,随演替的发展生物量持续增加,170-280 a期间生物量占比15%,280 a之后红松生物量占总林分的50%。该结果模拟森林动态过程符合演替规律,充分说明多关键要素"水土气生"耦合机制的合理性,对于促进生态系统尺度上多生态要素耦合的相关研究提供了科学理论基础以及方法技术。     

Effect of landscape context on fish metacommunity structuring in stream networks

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Soil moisture effect on bacterial and fungal community in Beilu River (Tibetan Plateau) permafrost soils with different vegetation types

Aim

This study investigated the effects of environmental variables on the bacterial and fungal communities of the Beilu River (on the Tibetan Plateau) permafrost soils with different vegetation types.

Methods and Results

Microbial communities were sampled from meadow, steppe and desert steppe permafrost soils during May, June, August and November, and they were analysed by both pyrosequencing and the use of Biolog EcoPlates. The dominant bacterial and fungal phyla in meadow and steppe soils were Proteobacteria and Ascomycota, whereas Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota predominated in desert steppe soils. The bacterial communities in meadow soils degraded amines and amino acids very rapidly, while polymers were degraded rapidly by steppe communities. The RDA patterns showed that the microbial communities differed greatly between meadow, steppe and desert steppe, and they were related to variations in the soil moisture, C/N ratio and pH. A UniFrac analysis detected clear differences between the desert steppe bacterial community and others, and seasonal shifts were observed. The fungal UniFrac patterns differed significantly between meadow and steppe soils. There were significant correlations between the bacterial diversity (H′) and soil moisture (r = 0·506) and C/N (r = 0·527). The fungal diversity (Hf′) was significantly correlated with the soil pH (r = 0·541).

Conclusion

The soil moisture, C/N ratio and pH were important determinants of the microbial community structure in Beilu River permafrost soils.

Significance and Impact of the Study

These results may provide a useful baseline for predicting the variation in microbial communities in response to climate changes.     

Factors affecting the structure of Coleoptera assemblages on bracket fungi (Basidiomycota) in a Brazilian forest

Insect–fungal interactions are an important but understudied aspect of tropical forest ecology. Here we present the first large‐scale study of insect communities feeding on the reproductive structures of macrofungi (basidiomes) in the Neotropics. This trophic interaction is not well characterized in most ecosystems; however, beetle consumption of basidiomes is thought to be affected by fungal factors, via mechanisms analogous to those observed in plant–herbivore interactions and in some interactions with fungi as hosts in the Holarctic region. We investigated how the composition of beetle assemblages varies as a function of fungal taxonomic distance, basidiome consistency, and hyphal systems. We collected 367 basidiomes belonging to the orders Polyporales and Hymenochaetales in the subtropical Araucaria angustifolia forest region of southern Brazil, along with any fauna present or without it. Basidiomes were maintained individually in the laboratory in plastic containers for up to three months to allow beetles to develop to adulthood, at which point the beetles were collected. We found that 207 basidiome specimens representing 40 species were associated with beetles. We recorded 447 occurrences of Coleoptera, representing 90 morphospecies from 20 families. We found that assemblages of fungivorous Coleoptera were more similar among more closely related fungi. Furthermore, the beetle assemblages varied as a function of basidiome toughness, which is influenced by sporocarp consistency and hyphal system type. The associations between beetles and basidiomes resemble those reported previously in temperate zones, suggesting continuity in the structure of such associations across a wide latitudinal range.