模拟酸雨对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸的初期影响

通过在鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)进行野外模拟酸雨试验,对不同酸雨强度处理下的林地土壤呼吸速率进行原位测定,探讨酸雨对南亚热带森林土壤呼吸的初期影响。结果表明:在两年的测定周期内,4个酸雨水平:CK(pH值4.5左右的天然湖水)、T1(pH值4.0)、T2(pH值3.5)和T3(pH值3.0)处理下的年平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(3.07±0.08)、(3.06±0.17)、(2.78±0.29)和(2.56±0.08)μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其中T3处理显著低于CK和T1处理(P0.05),说明模拟酸雨抑制了季风林土壤呼吸。这种抑制作用大体上随处理时间的延长而逐渐显著,处理间的差异只在测定周期的第二年达到显著水平,且抑制作用的差异显著性只出现在湿季(P0.05)。模拟酸雨对土壤呼吸的抑制作用可能与其胁迫下土壤酸化而导致土壤微生物异养呼吸及凋落物CO_2释放量下降有关。表现为模拟酸雨导致土壤pH值降低,使得土壤酸化加剧;降低了土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,抑制了微生物活性;提高了凋落物质量残留率,抑制了凋落物分解。还与土壤呼吸结果相对应,上述指标对模拟酸雨的响应也大体上随处理时间的延长而逐渐显著。另外,土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q_(10)值随处理pH值降低有下降的趋势,表明酸雨处理在一定程度上降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。     

中国南亚热带森林不同演替阶段土壤呼吸的分离量化

量化森林土壤呼吸(R_S)及其组分对准确地评估森林土壤碳吸存极其重要。该文以鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林及其演替系列针阔叶混交林和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林为研究对象, 采用挖壕沟法结合静态气室CO₂测定法对这3种林分类型的R_S进行分离量化。结果表明: 鼎湖山3种森林演替系列上的森林R_S及其组分(自养呼吸R_A、异养呼吸R_H)均呈现出明显的季节动态, 表现为夏季最高、冬季最低的格局。在呼吸总量上, 季风常绿阔叶林显著高于针阔叶混交林和马尾松林, 但混交林与马尾松林之间差异不显著; R_A除季风常绿阔叶林显著大于针阔叶混交林外, 其余林分之间差异不显著; 对于R_H来说, 3个林分之间均无显著差异。随着森林正向演替的进行, 由马尾松林至针阔叶混交林至季风常绿阔叶林, R_A对土壤总呼吸的年平均贡献率分别为(39.48 ± 15.49)%、(33.29 ± 17.19)%和(44.52 ± 10.67)%, 3个林分之间差异不显著。方差分析结果表明, 土壤温度是影响R_S及其组分的主要环境因子, 温度与R_S及其组分呈显著的指数关系; 土壤含水量对R_S的影响不显著, 甚至表现为轻微的抑制现象, 但未达到显著性水平。对温度敏感性指标Q₁₀值的分析表明, 3个林分均为R_A的温度敏感性最大, R_H的温度敏感性最小。     

鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤交换性阳离子含量及其季节动态特征

研究鼎湖山自然保护区马尾松林、马尾松荷木混交林和季风常绿阔叶林三种代表性森林类型表层土壤(0~20cm)交换性阳离子含量及其季节动态。结果表明:土壤交换性阳离子含量因元素种类、森林类型和季节不同而异。三种森林土壤交换性阳离子含量都表现为:Al3+>H+>K+>Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+。几乎所有调查的阳离子含量在阔叶林显著高于马尾松林和混交林,但后两者之间大多数阳离子含量差异不显著。鼎湖山森林土壤可交换性阳离子含量虽然较高,但盐基饱和度却很低。马尾松林、混交林和阔叶林土壤可交换性阳离子含量在1997年6月份分别为:58.3、84.5和118.7mmolc/kg,盐基饱和度分别为:5.5%、3.2%和4.5%。三种森林土壤交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和H+含量季节差异极显著(P<0.001),但交换性Al3+含量只在马尾松林土壤存在极显著的季节性差异(P<0.001)。同一元素季节变化大小程度趋向马尾松林>混交林>阔叶林。森林土壤交换性Ca2+、Na+和H+含量与土壤pH值相关关系不明显,但交换性Mg2+、K+和Al3+与土壤pH值间呈极显著负相关。     

短期氮添加对东灵山三种森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了分析氮沉降对我国温带地区森林土壤碳循环的影响,以北京东灵山的阔叶林(辽东栎林)和针叶林(华北落叶松林和油松林)为研究对象,通过模拟氮沉降的方式(10g N·m-2·a-1,大约5倍于大气氮沉降速率),探讨了不同温带森林土壤呼吸对氮沉降的短期响应。结果表明:短期氮添加降低了阔叶林土壤呼吸速率,而提高了针叶林土壤呼吸速率,但其短期效应未达到显著性水平。不同森林类型间,土壤呼吸速率(P0.001)和生长季土壤呼吸释放总量(P0.001)均存在显著差异,整体表现为:辽东栎林油松林华北落叶松林,土壤温度是引起不同森林类型间土壤呼吸差异的主要因素。温度-水分双因素模型可以较好地模拟野外条件下3种森林类型土壤呼吸与温度和水分间的关系,解释率约为47%~87%。此外,氮添加可以改变土壤呼吸对温度和水分变化的响应:氮添加后在较高温度且较低水分情况下,土壤呼吸速率明显上升,此时土壤呼吸对温度变化更加敏感。实验结果揭示了氮沉降对我国温带地区不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响,但其复杂的影响机制仍有待进一步研究。     

南亚热带森林土壤有机碳组分对模拟酸雨的早期响应

应用人工模拟酸雨控制实验,探讨鼎湖山国家级自然保护区三种南亚热带主要植被类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的土壤有机碳组分,包括土壤总有机碳(TOC)、土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、土壤不易氧化有机碳(NROC),在不同模拟酸雨处理梯度:对照CK(pH4.5的天然湖水)、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0处理下的响应特征。结果表明:上层土壤(0~20cm)易氧化有机碳、不易氧化有机碳和总有机碳含量与森林类型密切相关,大小顺序均表现为混交林阔叶林马尾松林。经25个月模拟酸雨处理,鼎湖山森林土壤酸化有加剧的趋势;CK、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0四个处理下土壤上层剖面易氧化有机碳含量分别为阔叶林(7.14、8.29、8.74、9.84g·kg-1)、混交林(8.58、8.53、10.28、10.36g·kg-1)和马尾松林(3.90、4.49、4.74、5.48g·kg-1),三个林型土壤易氧化有机碳含量呈现随模拟酸雨强度增加而升高的趋势;森林土壤总有机碳和不易氧化有机碳含量变化缓慢,在各酸梯度处理下差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果显示,长期的酸雨作用使土壤酸化不断加剧,易氧化有机碳对酸雨的响应更敏感,但其在酸雨下积累的趋势不利于土壤总有机碳的存埋,但关于酸雨对土壤总有机碳的影响仍然需要长期的实验监测。     

南亚热带森林演替过程中土壤线虫群落结构变化

森林演替会通过改变植物群落组成和土壤环境影响土壤生物群落, 反过来, 土壤生物群落的变化也会对生态系统的演替产生反馈作用, 但迄今南亚热带森林演替过程中土壤生物群落的变化特征尚不清晰。本研究以广东省鼎湖山的南亚热带森林演替序列(马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林-针阔叶混交林-季风常绿阔叶林)为对象, 研究了森林演替过程中土壤线虫多样性和群落结构的动态变化及其影响因素。通过采集不同演替阶段的土壤样品, 分析和比对了不同演替阶段土壤线虫的多度、多样性、群落组成、土壤线虫生态指数以及土壤理化性质的差异。结果表明: (1)在南亚热带森林演替过程中, 针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林土壤线虫的α多样性显著高于马尾松林, 但土壤线虫总数和各营养类群多度及其相对丰度并无显著变化; (2)针阔叶混交林中土壤线虫富集指数显著高于马尾松林, 表明其土壤养分状况要好于马尾松林, 而季风常绿阔叶林土壤线虫结构指数较高, 表明其受干扰程度较低; (3)针阔叶混交林的土壤含水量和土壤理化性质(除土壤总磷含量)已达到季风常绿阔叶林的水平, 但两者的土壤pH值均显著低于马尾松林, 而土壤pH值和土壤含水量是影响土壤线虫群落动态变化的主要因素。综上所述, 南亚热带森林中土壤线虫多度、多样性和群落结构对森林演替的响应略有不同, 演替过程中土壤环境因素的趋同是导致针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林中土壤线虫多样性和群落特征相似的主要原因。     

南亚热带两种优势树种叶凋落物分解对模拟酸雨的响应

通过对模拟酸雨处理下鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林优势树种锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)和木荷(Schima superba)叶凋落物分解的研究,试图探讨南亚热带区域日益严重的酸雨对森林凋落物分解的影响规律以及可能的机制。试验应用分解袋法进行,并设计4个模拟酸雨强度处理:CK(p H值4.5左右的天然湖水)、T1(p H值4.0)、T2(p H值3.5)和T3(p H值3.0)。21个月的分解结果表明,模拟酸雨抑制了两种优势树种叶凋落物的分解。CK、T1、T2和T3 4个处理下的分解速率常数k值分别为:锥栗(1.18、0.93、0.94和0.86)和木荷(1.10、0.97、0.88和0.94),与CK相比,k值在T1、T2和T3均有下降的趋势。同时,模拟酸雨下两种优势树种叶凋落物的质量残留率均为:T3T2T1CK。酸雨对凋落物分解的抑制作用可能与酸雨胁迫下土壤酸化从而导致土壤微生物活性下降有关。     

鼎湖山三种主要植被类型土壤碳释放研究

土壤呼吸是土壤微生物活性和土壤肥力一个重要指标 ,是土壤碳流通的一个主要过程 ,也是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个关键部分 ,对研究全球变化非常重要。国内土壤呼吸的研究主要集中在北京山地温带林区、尖峰岭热带森林及东北羊草草原和中亚热带等地 ,南亚热带地区森林土壤呼吸尚无报道。选取南亚热带鼎湖山自然保护区森林演替系列中的 3种主要植被类型 (季风常绿阔叶林 ,针阔叶混交林和马尾松林 )为研究对象 ,研究了土壤呼吸和与之相关的土壤微生物生物量、土壤温度和土壤含水量以及他们之间的关系。结果表明 ,季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林年均土壤呼吸速率依次是 477.9,435 .4,42 9.5 mg CO2 · m- 2 ·h- 1,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的季节变化规律接近 ;3种植被类型土壤微生物生物量变化规律与土壤呼吸变化规律一致 ,季风常绿阔叶林最高 ,马尾松林最低 ,土壤微生物量高的土壤中碳周转量较大 ,碳素周转还带动了其他营养元素周转 ,有利于生态系统生存和持续发展 ;季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和针叶林代谢熵依次是 0 .5 8～ 0 .60 ,0 .92～ 1 .0 0 ,1 .30～ 1 .35 ,表明 3种植被类型土壤中土壤微生物对土壤碳的利用效率依次降低。     

鼎湖山森林演替和海拔梯度上的土壤微生物生物量碳氮变化

在广东鼎湖山选取演替(马尾松林、针阔混交林和季风阔叶林)和海拔(沟谷阔叶林、季风阔叶林和山地阔叶林)梯度上的两组森林,采集凋落物层(未分解L层和半分解/腐殖化F/H层)和矿质土层(0~15 cm)的森林土壤样品,测定微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)及其潜在影响因子(包括含水量、总碳、总氮、总磷、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮),探讨演替和海拔对凋落物层和矿质土层微生物生物量的影响及其机理。结果表明,MBC、MBN、MBC/MBN比值以及碳氮磷总量整体上均随有机质分解程度的增加(L层→F/H层→矿质土层)而降低。随演替进行(马尾松林→混交林→季风林),F/H层和矿质土层的MBC和MBN显著增加,而L层的MBC和MBN在混交林显著低于在马尾松林和季风林。随海拔上升(沟谷林→季风林→山地林),L层的MBC和MBN显著减少,而F/H层和矿质土层的MBC和MBN无显著变化。相关分析表明,在L层中MBC和MBN与含水量呈显著正相关;在F/H层中MBC和MBN与总磷和可溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关;在矿质土层中MBC和MBN与土壤含水量、碳氮磷总量以及可溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关。本研究表明,演替和海拔梯度上的土壤微生物生物量变化因土层而异,与不同土层的有机质分解程度、空间位置和养分有效性差异有关。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤微生物量碳和有机碳对模拟酸雨的响应

在鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林设置人工模拟酸雨实验,研究土壤总有机碳含量、微生物量碳含量、土壤p H值和土壤呼吸速率几个指标对不同酸处理梯度(CK:p H值4.5的天然湖水;T1:p H值4.0;T2:p H值3.5;T3:p H值3.0)的响应。结果表明,在模拟酸雨的持续作用下,样地土壤酸化有加剧趋势。2011年的6月(CK:(603.76±46.18)mg/kg,T1:(565.41±44.48)mg/kg,T2:(521.58±30.92)mg/kg,T3:(509.49±19.40)mg/kg)、12月(CK:(488.92±22.71)mg/kg,T1:(379.65±49.46)mg/kg,T2:(346.08±33.81)mg/kg,T3:(318.00±52.35)mg/kg)和2012年6月(CK:(540.48±39.11)mg/kg,T1:(492.30±43.15)mg/kg,T2:(489.65±51.39)mg/kg,T3:(428.53±49.66)mg/kg)3次测定的土壤微生物量碳含量有随模拟酸雨强度增加而显著降低的趋势,高强度的酸处理T3显著低于CK值(P0.05);土壤呼吸速率在各处理中的响应与土壤微生物量碳含量变化一致。由于旱季和湿季的土壤温湿度相差较大,以上各指标在旱湿两季的差异明显,表现为湿季大于旱季。由于土壤总有机碳含量变化缓慢,其在各酸梯度处理下无显著差异(P0.05)。以上结果显示,长期酸雨作用使土壤酸化不断加剧,并降低了土壤微生物量碳的含量,抑制了土壤的呼吸速率,有利于土壤碳的累积,但对土壤总有机碳的影响仍需长期实验研究。     

Current issues in tropical phenology: a synthesis

We retrace the development of tropical phenology research, compare temperate phenology study to that in the tropics and highlight the advances currently being made in this flourishing discipline. The synthesis draws attention to how fundamentally different tropical phenology data can be to temperate data. Tropical plants lack a phase of winter dormancy and may grow and reproduce continually. Seasonal patterns in environmental parameters, such as rainfall, irradiance or temperature, do not necessarily coincide temporally, as they do in temperate climes. We review recent research on the drivers of phenophase cycles in individual trees, species and communities and highlight how significant innovations in biometric tools and approaches are being driven by the need to deal with circular data, the complexity of defining tropical seasons and the myriad growth and reproductive strategies used by tropical plants. We discuss how important the use of leaf phenology (or remotely‐sensed proxies of leaf phenophases) has become in tracking biome responses to climate change at the continental level and how important the phenophase of forests can be in determining local weather conditions. We also highlight how powerful analyses of plant responses are hampered at many tropical sites by a lack of contextual data on local environmental conditions. We conclude by arguing that there is a clear global benefit in increasing long term tropical phenology data collection and improving empirical collection of local climate measures, contemporary to the phenology data. Directing more resources to research in this sector will be widely beneficial.     

应用SWAT模型研究潮河流域土地利用和气候变化对径流的影响

为定量分析潮河流域土地利用和气候变化对流域径流变化的影响,应用SWAT模型对流域上游至下游的大阁、戴营和下会3个水文站径流进行模拟,采用情景法分析径流对土地利用和气候变化的响应。在模型校准期和验证期采用两个参数:p因子和r因子来评价模拟的拟合度及不确定性。结果表明,3个水文站在校准期和验证期的p因子值分别为:0.70和0.77,0.87和0.82,0.92和0.78,r因子值分别为0.63和0.90,0.97和0.79,0.88和0.92,评价整个流域模拟有效性的模型目标函数g最佳值为0.66,说明该模型对潮河流域的产水量模拟具有很好的适用性。以1981—1990年为基准期,1991—2000年流域土地利用变化造成年径流量减少了4.10 mm,而气候变化导致年径流增加了29.68 mm;2001—2009年土地利用变化造成年径流量减少2.98mm,气候变化造成年径流量减少了14.30 mm。与1999年土地利用条件模拟径流值相比,几种极端情景法模拟分析结果表明:灌木林地情景下年径流增加了158.2%,草地情景下年径流增加了4.1%,林地和耕地情景下年径流分别减少23.7%和41.7%;不同气候变异情景模拟结果显示,径流对降水的变化敏感性高于对温度变化的敏感性,降水每增加10%,径流平均增加23.9%。温度每增加12%,径流平均减少6%。因此,在气候变化背景下,优化土地利用结构与方式是实现流域水资源科学管理的途径之一。     

Temperature-based population segregation in birch

Mean temperature of establishment years for warm‐ and cold‐year subpopulations of a naturally occurring stand of Betula pendula (birch) shows a difference equivalent to that between current temperatures and temperatures projected for 35–55 years hence, given ‘business as usual.’ The existence of ‘pre‐adapted’ individuals in standing tree populations would reduce temperature‐based advantages for invading species and, if general, bring into question assumptions currently used in models of global climate change. Our results demonstrate a methodology useful for investigating the important ecological issue of adaptation vs. range shifts as a means of response to climate change.     

A methodology for mapping current and future heat stress risk in pigs

Heat stress is a global issue constraining pig productivity, and it is likely to intensify under future climate change. Technological advances in earth observation have made tools available that enable identification and mapping livestock species that are at risk of exposure to heat stress due to climate change. Here, we present a methodology to map the current and likely future heat stress risk in pigs using R software by combining the effects of temperature and relative humidity. We applied the method to growing-finishing pigs in Uganda. We mapped monthly heat stress risk and quantified the number of pigs exposed to heat stress using 18 global circulation models and projected impacts in the 2050s. Results show that more than 800 000 pigs in Uganda will be affected by heat stress in the future. The results can feed into evidence-based policy, planning and targeted resource allocation in the livestock sector.     

中国遥感干旱指数时空特征及其对气候和地表覆盖变化的响应

干旱严重影响植被生长,威胁粮食安全,基于遥感计算的植被状态指数（Vegetation Condition Index,VCI）、温度状态指数（Temperature Condition Index,TCI）和植被健康指数（Vegetation Health Index,VHI）是常用的干旱指数,被广泛应用于干旱监测。为了探究近年来我国干旱特征及其对气候和地表覆盖变化的响应,分析了2003-2016年期间VCI、TCI和VHI的时空变化特征;采用最小二乘（OLS）和偏相关分析方法分析了这些指数对气候和地表覆盖变化的响应。基于上述干旱指数计算的干旱频率表明,中温带中部和南温带等地区干旱发生频率高,干旱指数变化趋势表明在2003-2016年期间中国大部分地区干旱缓解,但在中温带、南温带和高原气候区等局部地区干旱加剧;总体而言,干旱指数随着年平均温度的上升和年降水量的降低而减小,VHI与温度和降水量的相关性在不同气候区的一致性优于VCI和TCI;裸土的减少和植被的增加导致干旱指数增大,树木转变为低矮植被干旱指数降低。     

毕节试验区石漠化时空演变过程和演变特征

基于RS和GIS技术,解译了2000、2005和2010年3期毕节试验区石漠化数据,利用空间分析和数理统计分析方法,在探讨石漠化时空演变总体特征的基础上,选取演变方式、演变方向和演变速率等指标,重点分析了不同石漠化强度之间的内部转移特征,演绎了10年间毕节试验区石漠化演变过程。研究表明:(1)10年间,石漠化总面积呈现先增加后趋稳的演变态势,石漠化扩张趋势虽然初步遏制,但局部地区还在恶化,防治形势仍很严峻;(2)石漠化演变方式以渐变式为主,跳跃式为辅,返变式最少;(3)石漠化演变的方向既存在改善也存在恶化,且轻度改善和轻度恶化的面积均比较大,一边治理、一边破坏的现象还没有根本遏制;(4)非石漠化与石漠化相互转换非常活跃,潜在石漠化虽被定义为非石漠化,但并不稳定,容易转变为石漠化;(5)石漠化演变速率分为转入速率、转出速率和综合速率,中度石漠化综合速率最高,转入速率大于转出速率,潜在石漠化和轻度石漠化是中度石漠化增加的主要来源;(6)石漠化时空演变特征与生态环境建设及社会经济发展具有一定的相关性。该研究成果为喀斯特山区生态环境保护和石漠化防治提供了有益的参考。     

The anatomy of a shrike bite: bill shape and bite performance in Loggerhead Shrikes

There is evidence that fisheries are altering the phenotypic composition of fish populations, often in ways that may reduce the value of fish stocks for the exploiters. Despite the increasing number of theoretical and field studies, there is still debate as to whether these changes are genetic, can be reversed, and are occurring rapidly enough to be considered in fisheries management. We review the contribution that selection experiments have already provided with respect to the study of the evolutionary effect of fisheries, identify issues that still require more study, and outline future directions for doing so. Selection experiments have already been crucial in showing that harvesting can lead to phenotypic and genetic evolution over relatively short time frames. Furthermore, the experiments have shown the changes involve many other traits than those under direct selection, and that these changes tend to have population‐level consequences, including a decreasing fisheries yield. However, experiments focused on fisheries‐induced evolution that fulfil all our requirements are still lacking. Future studies should have more controlled and realistic set‐ups and assess genetic changes in maturation and growth (i.e. traits most often reported to change) to be more relevant to exploited populations in the wild. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111 , 485–503.     

Eco-environmental changes assessment at the Chiufenershan landslide area caused by catastrophic earthquake in Central Taiwan

A large-scale landslide, caused by the catastrophic earthquake on 21 September 1999, occurred at the Chiufenershan area in Central Taiwan. Multi-temporal SPOT satellite images coupled with a self-organizing map neural network, terrain analysis, Universal Soil Loss Equation, and landscape patch indicators were used to assess eco-environmental changes of the denudation sites, such as changes of the post-quake landslide, terrain displacement, soil erosion, and landscape ecology. The extracted area soon after the earthquake was 215.68 ha. From 1999 through 2006, the denudation area declined to 113.36 ha, which indicates that about 47.44% of the landslide has been restored. Based on terrain analysis for the denudation sites, the debris volumes at the collapsed and deposited areas are 31,896,667 m³ and 39,537,067 m³, respectively. The large amount of debris blocked two streams, the Satsikenghsi and the Chiutsaihuhsi, to form two landslide-dammed lakes. The annual erosion depth soon after the earthquake reached 22.07 mm, about 3.59 times as high as pre-quake. Without vegetation cover on the topsoil, the denudation sites became high-erosion areas during subsequent typhoon seasons. However, with landslide restoration, annual soil erosion depth prediction has reduced to 13.54 mm, about 2.21 times as high as pre-quake. In addition, the assessment of landscape patch indicators also points out the heterogeneity and the degree of richness of the landscape due to vegetation recovery at the landslide area. The analyzed results show that nature itself has a robust ability to restore its original landscape and mitigate disaster impacts for the destroyed eco-environment.     

Temporal lags in observed and dark diversity in the Anthropocene

Understanding biodiversity changes in the Anthropocene (e.g. due to climate and land‐use change) is an urgent ecological issue. This important task is challenging because global change effects and species responses are dependent on the spatial scales considered. Furthermore, responses are often not immediate. However, both scale and time delay issues can be tackled when, at each study site, we consider dynamics in both observed and dark diversity. Dark diversity includes those species in the region that can potentially establish and thrive in the local sites’ conditions but are currently locally absent. Effectively, dark diversity connects biodiversity at the study site to the regional scales and defines the site‐specific species pool (observed and dark diversity together). With dark diversity, it is possible to decompose species gains and losses into two space‐related components: one associated with local dynamics (species moving from observed to dark diversity and vice versa) and another related to gains and losses of site‐specific species pool (species moving to and from the pool after regional immigration, regional extinction or change in local ecological conditions). Extinction debt and immigration credit are useful to understand dynamics in observed diversity, but delays might happen in species pool changes as well. In this opinion piece we suggest that considering both observed and dark diversity and their temporal dynamics provides a deeper understanding of biodiversity changes. Considering both observed and dark diversity creates opportunities to improve conservation by allowing to identify species that are likely to go regionally extinct as well as foreseeing which of the species that newly arrive to the region are more likely to colonize local sites. Finally, by considering temporal lags and species gains and losses in observed and dark diversity, we combine phenomena at both spatial and temporal scales, providing a novel tool to examine biodiversity change in the Anthropocene.     

近40年东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量及其生境变化评估

生物多样性是生态平衡维持和生态过程与功能实现的基础,东北地区是我国乃至全球生物多样性最为丰富的地区之一。为研究和探讨东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量与生境变化之间的关系,利用物种调查数据和生境遥感观测数据,以地球生命力指数、生态系统面积和破碎度等指示性指标,综合评估了近40年东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量及其生境变化。结果表明:1970—2010年,东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量下降了近70.1%,森林脊椎动物种群数量减少了近80.9%,草原和荒漠生态系统脊椎动物种群数量增加了近180.9%。1980—2010年,湿地物种种群数量减少了近75.7%。1980—2015年期间,农业和城镇建设用地增幅分别达到25.2%和32.3%,不断挤占和蚕食着自然生态空间,致使自然生境面积不断减少,减幅约为8.0%。自然生境景观破碎化程度总体呈现加重趋势,尤其是森林生境,破碎化指数增加约42.7%。但是,2005年之后,自然生境景观破碎化程度加重趋势趋缓,与2005年之后脊椎动物种群数量减少幅度减缓趋势一致。森林砍伐、人口增长、城镇化、交通建设等造成的自然生态系统破碎度增加和栖息地质量下降对大型兽类影响比较显著。