植物散流-过滤带对不同密度地表股流氮磷的消除

植物散流-过滤带是在过滤带前设置草本散流带,可细化分散地表成股水流,发挥散流带的增效作用(增强过滤带对污染物的净化).草本散流带在较稀疏地表股流下具有明显的增效作用,但对其在密集地表股流下是否存在增效作用尚不清楚.本研究通过在黄荆过滤带前设置五节芒散流带,观测过滤带在低(1条股流槽)、中(3条股流槽)、高(5条股流槽)3种地表股流密度下对氮磷的消除,探讨散流带在不同密度条件下对过滤带的增效作用.结果表明: 无论何种密度条件,五节芒-黄荆过滤带对总氮、铵氮、硝氮、总磷的消除均显著高于纯黄荆过滤带;不同密度间的五节芒-黄荆对总氮、铵氮、硝氮、总磷的去除不存在显著性差异;五节芒散流带对黄荆过滤带的增效作用不受地表股流密度的影响.     

典型水生植物对水库环境污染物去除能力的实验室模拟

以溪荪鸢尾(Iris sanguinen)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudaeorus)3种水生植物为实验植物,根据大伙房水库库区及入库河流的富营养化现状制备富营养化实验水体,通过28 d室内水培实验,研究3种植物对总氮、铵氮、硝氮和总磷的去除能力。结果表明:溪荪鸢尾组对总氮、铵氮、硝氮和总磷的去除率分别为78.1%、73.1%、84.8%和90.3%,菖蒲组分别为73.4%、90.1%、63.1%和89.1%,黄菖蒲组分别为83.9%、77.3%、75.0%和93.8%;3种植物对污染物的去除强度随时间的变化较为一致,均表现出前期污染物浓度下降较快,后期趋于平缓:对总氮、铵氮的去除作用前14天较为显著;对硝氮的去除作用在整个实验期间均显著;对总磷的去除作用在前21天较为显著。     

不同入流条件下植被过滤带对坡面径流氮、磷的拦截效果

植被过滤带能有效拦截坡面径流泥沙,在防治水土流失和农业面源污染等方面具有重大潜力.为探讨不同入流条件下植被过滤带对坡面径流氮、磷的拦截效果及其水动力学机理,本研究通过模拟上方来水冲刷试验,定量分析了上方来水流量、氮磷含量浓度等因素影响下植被过滤带对径流氮、磷的拦截规律及其与径流水动力学参数之间的关系.结果表明: 植被过滤带能有效拦截上方来水中氮、磷等污染物,入流流量分别为200、400、600 L·h^-1时,模拟植被过滤带对总氮的拦截率分别为74.9%、62.0%、58.3%,对总磷拦截率分别为85.0%、75.6%、72.0%,在上方来水流量较低时拦截效果最优;上方来水入流氮、磷浓度变化对植被过滤带拦截效率的影响不显著.不同入流条件处理下,植被过滤带对氮、磷的拦截率随弗洛德数增大而增大,呈显著线性正相关关系;与阻力系数、水流剪切力、水流功率呈线性负相关关系;其中,氮、磷拦截率与水流剪切力的相关关系最优,可以用含水流剪切力的公式表征植被过滤带对氮、磷的拦截效率.     

4种理化因子对菌株XH1硝化效果的影响

【背景】基于硝化菌群的富集培养技术可高效稳定地去除养殖水体中的有害氮素,而当前在水产养殖领域有关硝化菌群定向培育及硝化功能菌株的研究较少。【目的】研究不同盐度、pH、温度、通气量条件下硝化菌群分离菌株XH1的生长及其对氨氮和亚硝氮的去除效果。【方法】设置不同梯度的盐度、pH、温度、通气量条件,通过计数菌量、测定氨氮及亚硝氮的浓度变化,比较不同条件下菌株XH1的生长及其对氨氮和亚硝氮的影响。【结果】菌株XH1可在盐度5‰-35‰、pH 6.0-9.0、温度15-45°C和通气量0.5-1 V/(V·min)的条件下生长良好,菌量最高可达2.34×109cells/mL;在盐度5‰-35‰、pH 6.0-9.0、温度15-30°C、通气量0.5 V/(V·min)的条件下,对氨氮的去除效果显著(P0.05),在第1-3天对培养液中氨氮的最高去除率可达86%-97%,但培养液中的氨氮浓度先降后升;对亚硝氮的最高去除率达68%。【结论】菌株XH1对盐度、pH、温度等主要环境因子具有良好的适应性,其对水体氨氮的去除效果良好,可作为中低盐度养殖池塘水体氨氮防控菌剂产品研发的备选菌株。     

漂浮植物对富营养化水体中氮磷去除效果研究

通过模拟不同程度富营养化水体,研究凤眼莲、水芙蓉和莲花竹在不同处理浓度水体中对氮、磷的去除效果。结果表明:凤眼莲、水芙蓉和莲花竹对水体中的氮、磷都有一定的去除效果,经过30 d的净化试验,凤眼莲对氮、磷去除率分别为50%~78.46%和68.16%~89.56%,水芙蓉对氮、磷去除率分别为57.58%~76.87%和72.28%~76.47%,莲花竹对氮、磷去除率分别为0.60%~10.80%和2.48%~10.04%。在现场试验中,水体中总氮和总磷分别降低了31.17%和20.48%,由此可见,凤眼莲和水芙蓉对氮、磷有较好的去除效果,能够改善富营养化水体。     

铁-碳内电解质下4种水生植物的净水效果

为比较湿地生态系统中常见水生植物的净水效果,在铁-碳内电解质下以凤眼莲、睡莲、菖蒲、芦苇4种水生植物为研究对象,比较分析植物及其组合在不同试验时间(1～5 d)对污水中铵氮、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)的净化效果.结果表明:与无植物的对照相比,铁-碳内电解质下单种水生植物对污水中的铵氮、COD、TP去除效果更好,但物种间存在明显差异.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲对铵氮的去除率达到100%;3 d时,铵氮在菖蒲水体中的浓度接近0;各类型植物组合对铵氮的去除效果均较好.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲的水体COD浓度接近0,菖蒲次之,凤眼莲-菖蒲组合水体的COD浓度降为最低(4.33 mg·L^-1),去除率为85.1%.在处理4 d时,凤眼莲的TP浓度最低,芦苇次之;处理2 d时,凤眼莲-菖蒲水体的TP浓度最低.内电解质与植物的组合效果比单纯内电解质对污水的净化效果好,植物的配置应依据污染物水平进行优化.     

有机碳对海洋着色菌YL28去除无机三态氮的影响

【目的】在无机三态氮(氨氮、亚硝氮和硝氮)共存的模拟海水水体中,阐明有机碳尤其是海藻寡糖对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)YL28生长及去除无机三态氮的影响规律。【方法】采用次溴酸钠氧化法、N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺分光光度法和紫外分光光度法分别测定水体中氨氮、亚硝氮和硝氮的含量,菌体生物量采用比浊法测定。【结果】在光照厌氧环境中,小分子有机酸盐(乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸钠)是YL28生长和去除无机三态氮的良好有机碳,亚硝氮、硝氮和氨氮去除率分别达到97.92%、99.98%、73.23%-87.15%。单糖(葡萄糖和果糖)、双糖(麦芽糖和蔗糖)和寡糖(壳寡糖和海藻寡糖)是YL28可利用的有机碳,亚硝氮和硝氮去除率分别达到99%和87%以上,氨氮去除率在44.82%-54.53%之间。多糖(β-环糊精、淀粉、黄原胶、琼脂粉、海藻酸钠和卡拉胶)不是菌体利用和去除无机三态氮的有机碳。酵母提取物可作为菌体生长、去除硝氮和亚硝氮的良好有机碳,但严重抑制氨氮去除。海藻酸钠、β-环糊精和卡拉胶分别与乙酸钠共存时,YL28生长和对无机三态氮去除能力与乙酸钠为唯一有机碳的水平相当。乙酸钠体系中添加海藻寡糖,YL28生长速率、最大生物量以及氨氮的去除速率和最大去除率均升高,添加酵母提取物时,生长速率和最大生物量升高,但氨氮去除速率和最大去除率降低。黑暗厌氧环境下,以乙酸钠和氨氮为唯一有机碳和氮源时,YL28不生长,但在无机三态氮共存时,则能良好生长并去除无机三态氮。【结论】在无机三态氮共存海水体系和厌氧条件下,无论是光照还是黑暗环境,YL28均能良好地生长和去除无机三态氮,小分子有机酸盐(乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、琥珀酸钠、柠檬酸钠)是其良好的有机碳,相对而言,乙酸钠和丙酮酸钠更好。海藻寡糖与乙酸钠复合可提高菌体生长和脱氮能力。本研究为研制开发高效脱氮微生物制剂及其合理性应用提供了指导。     

碱蓬浮床对海水养殖尾水中氮磷修复效果研究

海水养殖尾水中总氮、总磷超标是引起沿海水体富营养化的主要原因,为研究碱蓬浮床对海水养殖尾水中氮磷的去除效果,该研究设计加入碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)浮床和不加浮床的两组对比实验,通过比较修复前后碱蓬株高、生物量、含水率、根长以及各部位氮、磷的含量变化,以及水体中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除效果,探究浮床中碱蓬对总氮和总磷的吸收及其生长特性,验证碱蓬浮床对海水养殖废水中氮、磷等的去除能力。结果表明:浮床中碱蓬株高、鲜重、干重、含水率、根长较修复前均有显著增加,说明浮床中盐生植物碱蓬能够适应含海水养殖尾水水培环境;经碱蓬浮床修复,水体中总氮、总磷均明显下降,其中碱蓬对海水养殖尾水中的总氮总磷去除贡献率分别为16.10%和78.15%,浮床中碱蓬会在叶片和根系中积累氮磷。     

华南赤红壤无机复合肥氮磷淋失特征

采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验,研究了不同施肥水平下无机复合肥中氮和磷在华南赤红壤中的淋失特征.结果表明: 铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮淋失量均随施肥量增加而提高;肥料中氮的淋失率在36.8%～49.2%之间,总氮淋失量（y）与施肥量（x）之间的回归方程为y=0.3667x+66.483（R²=0.992）;铵态氮和总氮的淋失主要集中在前5次淋洗,硝态氮的淋失持续时间更长.施肥量对可溶性磷淋失量无显著影响,但颗粒磷和总磷淋失量均随施肥量增加呈上升趋势;肥料磷淋失率在0.002%～0.010%之间,总磷淋失量（y）与施肥量（x）之间的回归方程为y=7e^-5x+0.0538（R²=0.931）;磷的淋失动态与氮显著不同,为缓慢的持续累积过程.硝态氮与铵态氮淋失量比值和可溶性磷与颗粒磷淋失量比值均随施肥量增加呈下降趋势.     

氮磷添加对中亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤有效氮和pH值的影响

为了确定施肥类型和施肥时间对中亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤有效氮和p H值的影响,通过在浙江天童木荷林(Schima superba)设置4种施肥处理(对照:不添加;氮添加:100kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);磷添加:15 kg P·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和氮磷添加100 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)+15 kg P·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),测定了氮磷添加后森林土壤有效氮和p H值的变化。结果表明:1)氮添加显著促进了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的增加,增加幅度随着施氮时间的延长而增加;磷添加对土壤铵态氮含量无显著影响,但能显著降低土壤硝态氮含量;氮磷添加显著增加土壤硝态氮含量,随着施氮时间的延长,氮磷添加显著增加土壤铵态氮。2)随着施氮时间的延长,氮添加和氮磷添加均能显著降低土壤p H值;磷添加对土壤p H值无显著影响。3)相对硝态氮含量的增加而言,相同程度的土壤铵态氮含量的增加后土壤p H值降低的幅度更大。     

Optimized design of a novel filter brick in denitrification deep-bed filter

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - Denitrification deep-bed filter has been widely applied in the field of advanced wastewater treatment, yet its efficient operation is highly dependent on the...     

The discriminative bilateral filter: an enhanced denoising filter for electron microscopy data

Advances in three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (EM) and image processing are providing considerable improvements in the resolution of subcellular volumes, macromolecular assemblies and individual proteins. However, the recovery of high-frequency information from biological samples is hindered by specimen sensitivity to beam damage. Low dose electron cryo-microscopy conditions afford reduced beam damage but typically yield images with reduced contrast and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Here, we describe the properties of a new discriminative bilateral (DBL) filter that is based upon the bilateral filter implementation of Jiang et al. (Jiang, W., Baker, M.L., Wu, Q., Bajaj, C., Chiu, W., 2003. Applications of a bilateral denoising filter in biological electron microscopy. J. Struc. Biol. 128, 82-97.). In contrast to the latter, the DBL filter can distinguish between object edges and high-frequency noise pixels through the use of an additional photometric exclusion function. As a result, high frequency noise pixels are smoothed, yet object edge detail is preserved. In the present study, we show that the DBL filter effectively reduces noise in low SNR single particle data as well as cellular tomograms of stained plastic sections. The properties of the DBL filter are discussed in terms of its usefulness for single particle analysis and for pre-processing cellular tomograms ahead of image segmentation.     

Textiles wastewater treatment using anoxic filter bed and biological wriggle bed-ozone biological aerated filter

In this study, the performance of the anoxic filter bed and biological wriggle bed-ozone biological aerated filter (AFB-BWB-O₃-BAF) process treating real textile dyeing wastewater was investigated. After more than 2 month process operation, the average effluent COD concentration of the AFB, BWB, O₃-BAF were 704.8 mg/L, 294.6 mg/L and 128.8 mg/L, with HRT being 8.1-7.7 h, 9.2 h and 5.45 h, respectively. Results showed that the effluent COD concentration of the AFB decreased with new carriers added and the average removal COD efficiency was 20.2%. During operation conditions, HRT of the BWB and O₃-BAF was increased, resulting in a decrease in the effluent COD concentration. However, on increasing the HRT, the COD reduction capability expressed by the unit carrier COD removal loading of the BWB reactor increased, while that of the O₃-BAF reactor decreased. This study is a beneficial attempt to utilize the AFB-BWB-O₃-BAF combine process for textile wastewater treatment.     

A filter assay for polysialyltransferas

Abstract Polysialic acids occur as capsular polysaccharides of several pathogenic bacteria. An understanding of how polysialyltransferase functions in the synthesis of polysialic acid will require enzyme purification and characterization in concert with genetic analysis. A rapid filter assay has been developed for bacterial polysialyltransferase suitable for enzyme purification. The filter assay and the currently used paper chromatography methods are equivalent in parallel experiments. The Escherichia coli K92 polysialyltransferase exhibited the same pH and temperature optima, Mg²⁺ dependence and acceptor specificity in both assays. [¹⁴C]Sialic acid bound in filter assays correlates with polymer formed by gel filtration. Specificity may be increased by the addition of exogenous acceptors.     

Seedbed filter controls post-fire succession

Using black spruce (Picea mariana)-Kalmia angustifolia dominated communities of eastern Canada we tested the hypothesis that habitat filter pre-empts biotic filter as a community structuring force in early post-fire succession leading to Kalmia dominated heath. We considered post-fire seedbed as an abiotic (habitat) filter and post-fire aboveground biomass of dominant plants as a biotic filter. First we surveyed and categorized post-fire seedbed types and tested the seedbed filter by a black spruce seeding experiment in 155 small plots (30×30 cm²) on nine sites burned between 1 and 38 years previously. We then quantified black spruce seedling establishment in a competition removal and nitrogen addition experiment in twenty four 3×3 m² plots on four sites burned 7, 24, 23 and 29 years previously. We also conducted a vegetation survey in 200 plots (1×1 m²) on 20 sites along a 1- to 76-year post-fire chronosequence. Only about 10% post-fire seedbed with little or no residual organic matter was suitable for black spruce regeneration. On the rest of the seedbeds made up of charred humus and lichen substrates Kalmia grew profusely by sprouting from sub-surface fire survived components. Removal of aboveground competition and addition of nitrogen did not help black spruce seedling establishment. Kalmia dominated the chronosequence with 50–90% cover until 60 years after fire. Black spruce cover was insignificant during the first 20 years followed by a slow increase surpassing Kalmia cover around 60 years. Herbaceous cover was initially high followed by a decline coinciding with high Kalmia cover and then increased again with decreased Kalmia cover. Lichen cover followed a similar trend. We interpret this post-fire vegetation assembly as a seedbed controlled phenomenon where seedbed limitation filters out the pre-fire dominant, black spruce, in favour of vegetatively regenerating Kalmia turning coniferous forest into Kalmia heath during the first four decades of secondary succession.