寡糖素对红花及三七培养细胞的生理作用

三种寡糖素,即来自人参（Ｐａｎａｘ ｇｉｎｓｅｎｇ）培养细胞的人参寡糖素、红花（Ｃａｒｔｈａｍｕｓ ｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ）培养细胞的红花寡糖素、黑节草（Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｂｉｕｍ ｃａｎｄｉｄｕｍ）植物的黑节草寡糖素对红花及三七（Ｐａｎａｘ ｎｏｔｏｇｉｎｓｅｎｇ）的培养细胞的生长及代谢产物的含量均有显著的促进作用。寡糖素可耐高温高压（１２１℃、．ｂｓ／ｃｍ＾２）灭菌１５分钟而不失活,其对植物培养细胞的     

人参寡糖素M对红花培养细胞生长与α-生育酚形成的影响

人参寡糖素M能提高红花(Carthamus tinctorius)培养细胞的生长速率和培养细胞中代谢产物α-生育酚的含量。其最适作用浓度在愈伤组织培养中为5mg/L。在红花细胞悬浮培养加入人参寡糖素M1d后,培养细胞中α-生育酚的含量即提高,但由于累积效应,因而于细胞接种当天同时加入人参寡糖素M对细胞生长和α-生育酚含量的提高效果较好。加入人参寡糖素M可缩短红花悬浮培养细胞生长的延缓期,并于指数生长期作用最明显;另外可使细胞生长及α-生育酚积累同时提前达到最高值,因而缩短了细胞收获时间。     

人参寡糖素对三七悬浮培养细胞生长的效应

从人参培养细胞的细胞壁中分离纯化到不同分子量的单体人参寡糖素。试验结果表明命名为人参寡糖素Ⅶ和人参寡糖素Ⅷ的两种寡糖素对三七悬浮培养细胞的生长具有明显的促进作用,其增长率分别为１９．３４％和１０．５８％,人参寡糖素Ⅶ的适宜浓度为５—１０ｍｇ／ｌ。在高浓度下（大于２５ｍｇ／ｌ）稍抑制培养细胞生长。在细胞培养２２天（指数生长期）后．加入１０ｍｇ／ｌ的人参寡糖素Ⅶ．然后再培养２天。其生长速率即提高,加入人参寡糖素Ⅷ后．缩短了三七细胞悬浮培养生长的延缓期．提前进入对数生长期和指数生长期,并在对数生长期和指数生长期作用最明显,因而最终收获时培养细胞的产率增加。     

诱导子人参寡糖对红花培养细胞的生理效应

从人参(Panax ginseng)培养细胞中分离纯化出不同寡糖。这些寡糖能促进红花(Car-thamus tinctorius)培养细胞的生长及提高细胞中α-生育酚的含量。其中以Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅵ等三种寡糖的效果较为显著。这三种寡糖的最适浓度在愈伤组织培养(5—8 mg/L)中要比在细胞悬浮培养(1—2mg/L)中高。对Ⅶ、Ⅷ两种寡糖不同时期加入的效应进行了试验,结果发现,加入寡糖后1—3天,α-生育酚的含量即提高。在红花细胞悬浮培养过程中同时加入2mg/L 的寡糖Ⅵ和寡糖Ⅶ及1mg/L 的寡糖Ⅷ,可使红花细胞生长速率提高18.11%,α-生育酚含量比对照提高3.5倍,其产率比对照提高4.3倍。     

红花细胞克隆的平板培养

在红花(Cathamus unctorrus)细胞克隆的平板培养中很多因素都能影响其植板率,如培养基的 pH 值,无机盐中的 NH_4NO_3、ZnSO_4、MnSO_4;有机酸中的柠檬酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸及延胡索酸,谷氨酰胺和精氨酸,葡萄糖,椰乳和水解乳蛋白等。向培养基中加入10mg/l 柠檬酸或3mg/l 琥珀酸能显著提高植板率。适量的人参寡糖及黑节草寡糖应用对促进红花细胞克隆生长取得很好效果。常规的高压灭菌最不利于细胞生长,在15磅/cm~2灭菌5分钟效果较好,过滤灭菌效果最好。     

寡糖素对西洋参和人参愈伤组织培养的影响

红花、人参和黑节草寡糖素(简称CO、GO和DO)分别加入到培养基中,均能影响西洋参和人参愈伤组织生长和皂甙的合成。CO、GO和DO促进西洋参愈伤组织皂甙合成的最适浓度分别为5ppm、15ppm和10ppm,皂甙产率分别为14.89mg/flask、11.24mg/flask和14.53mg/flask,均明显高于对照(8.22mg/flash).CO、GO和DO促进人参愈伤组织皂甙合成的最适浓度分别为5ppm、20ppm和5ppm,皂甙产率分别为11.79mg/flask、11.20mg/flask和10.48mg/flask,均明显高于对照(6.65mg/flask),它们在适度浓度下对人参愈伤组织的生长均有促进作用。     

香豆素和寡糖素对马铃薯试管结薯的影响

本研究将生理活性物质香豆素、人参寡糖素和黑节草寡糖素分别加入含有BAP5.0mg/l、蔗糖8％的MS基本培养基中,用于诱导马铃薯试管结薯,并与加入矮壮素诱导的结薯效果作了比较。结果表明,在加入100mg/l香豆素时,试管结薯的数量与使用500mg/l矮壮素效果相近似。使用50mg/l人参寡糖素或10mg/l黑节草寡糖素时,试管结薯的数量明显超过或略超过用500mg/l矮壮素的效果。对4种处理下获得的试管薯进行了过氧化物酶的同工酶及酶活性的测定。结果表明,这4种不同的外源生长调节剂在使用浓度恰当时,所结薯块的过氧化物酶同工酶谱和过氧化物酶活性是近似的。     

寡糖素对滇紫草愈伤组织色素合成的影响

从黑节草、红花和人参中提取的寡糖素对滇紫草愈伤组织的色素合成均能起促进作用,当它们单独使用时,分别找到了它们作用于愈伤组织以生产色素的最适浓度.本研究对将来采用组织培养方法进一步工业化生产紫草素提供了依据。     

生产培养基中寡糖素对滇紫草愈伤组织培养的影响

黑节草寡糖素C-7和C-8,人参寡糖素G-7和G-8分别加入到培养基中,均能影响滇紫草愈伤组织中色素的合成。C-7、C-8、G-7和G-8加入到培养基中,促进紫草色素合成的最适浓度分别为1.5ppm、2.5ppm、2.5ppm和2.5ppm,色素浓度分别为21.39mg/gDW、22.68mg/gDW、29.46mg/gDW和36.73mg/gDW,均明显地高于对照(16.73mg/gDW)。并对寡糖素的作用机理进行了讨论。     

西洋参细胞大量培养的研究

当西洋参细胞培养在Ms培养液中,KN0₃含量提高一倍而去掉NH₄NO₃。时细胞生长速率和皂甙产量分别比在正常培养液中提高65．1％和166．2％。黑节草寡糖素和人参寡糖素均有利于西洋参细胞的生长和皂甙含量的提高,尤其能增加Rg组皂甙的含量。西洋参细胞悬浮培养以生产皂甙收获的最佳时期为培养25天以上,其合成皂甙的高峰在细胞生长的对数期稍后出现。细胞悬浮培养和发酵培养过程中均未见pH值回升的现象。pH值稳定的发酵培养和pH值任其变化的培养相比,其皂甙含量,生长速率和生物量均要高。最后对细胞的培养方式进行了比较。     

三七.人参和西洋参细胞悬浮培养的比较研究

用薄层层析对三七、人参和西洋参愈伤组织进行的初步鉴定表明,三种愈伤组织都含有皂甙和主要皂甙成分Rb_1、Rg_1,三七愈伤组织还含有一种抗癌皂甙Rh_1。对愈伤组织的生长,三七低于人参高于西洋参;对愈伤组织中总皂甙含量,三七均高于人参和西洋参。三种植物细胞悬浮培养结果类似于他们的愈伤组织培养,但生长又进一步提高。三七细胞悬浮培养中皂甙产生的时间进程几乎与生长平行,合适的收获期为培养30天。寡糖素不仅增强三七培养细胞的皂甙形成而且促进细胞生长,较合适的浓度为1.25 ppm。通过以上研究,使三七悬浮培养细胞的生长(干重增加178毫克)为最初培养愈伤组织的4倍以上,总皂甙产率高达20.6毫克,为最初培养愈伤组织的8.5倍。     

Screening of Clone Lines with High Yield of Oligosaccharins from Culture Cells of Panax ginseng

Cell plating clone technique was employed to screen clone lines with high yield of oligosaccharins from culture cells of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Near 300 clone lines were obtained. The results from some clone lines analysed implied that these clone lines were significantly different in cell growth rate, oligosaccharins content and yield. Furthermore, there was a distinct correlation between oligosaccharins productivity and cell growth. A more stable high-yield oligosaccharin clone line PG-180 had been selected according to the characteristics of growth rate, oligosaccharin yield and peroxidases isozyme patterns during successive subculturing of 11 generations of clone lines. The mean growth rate of clone line PG-180 was 0. 495 g dry wt/L · d, and was 1.39 folds higher than to the original strain. Its mean content and yield of oligosaccharins were 14. 69 % dry wt and 2.183 g/L, which were 65 % and 132% respectively higher than those of the original strain. In comparing the time course of cell suspension culture between clone line PG-180 and the original strain, the optimal period for high oligosaccharin production from P. ginseng culture cells was approximately three weeks.     

The Physiological Effects of Elicitor Ginseng-oligosaccharides on oell Culture of Carthamus tinctorius

Different kinds of oligosaccharides were isolated and purified from the culture cells of Panax ginseng. Results showed that these oligosaccharides could increased the cell growth rate and α-tocopherol content of the cell culture of Carthamus tinctorius. Among them, the effects of oligosaccharide Ⅵ, Ⅶ and Ⅷ were more significant than the others. The optimum effective concentrations of oligosaccharide Ⅵ, Ⅶ and Ⅷ were higher in callus culture than in suspension culture. Studies on the time course of addition of oligosaccharide Ⅶ and Ⅷ in different culture. period of Carthamus tinctorius cultures revealed that the α-tocopherol content was increased after addition of oligosaccharides for 1–3 days. The cell growth rate was increased by 18.11%. The α-tocopherol content and yield were increased by 3.5 and 4.3 folds respectively when supplement with 2 mg/L of oligosaccharide Ⅵ and Ⅶ and 1 mg/L of oligosaccharide Ⅷ to the suspension medium at the same time.     

Development and bioreactor cultivation of a novel semidifferentiated tissue suspension derived from the marine plant Acrosiphonia coalita

A semidifferentiated tissue culture consisting of linear filaments in liquid suspension was established from Acrosiphonia coalita, a cold-water green macroalga known to express pharmacologically active oxylipins deriving from lipoxygenase metabolism of linolenic acid. The tissue was vegatively propagated by blending the filaments down to 1 to 5 mm in length prior to subculture. The filamentous A. coalita tissue suspension was successfully cultivated in an illuminated, 3-L stirred-tank bioreactor at 12 degrees C, 0.46-vvm aeration rate, 250-rpm mixing speed, and incident illumination intensity of 77 muE m(-2)s(-1). The mean specific growth rate over the exponential phase was 0.185 day(-1) and a final cell density of 1083 mg dry cell weight (DCW) L(-1) was achieved within 15 days of cultivation from an initial cell density of 200 mg DCW L(-1). The addition of 3500 ppm CO(2) to the aeration gas provided a maximum CO(2) transfer rate of six times the maximum CO(2) consumption rate and stabilized the pH to 8.0 during the light phase of growth, but did not improve biomass productivity. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effects of oligosaccharins on callus growth and saponin content of Panax notoginseng

This work provides some evidences for the saponinproduction of Panax notoginseng callus by using biologi-cally active,wall-related oligosaccharins.In anappropriate concentration,three kinds of oligosaccharinsstimulated saponin formation or callus growth.Theconcentration of DO,GO and CO for saponin productionof Panax notoginseng callus culture were 15ppm,15ppmaud 20ppm respectively by comparing saponin yield.Itwas very obvious for DO to increase saponin contentwhen the concentration was 10ppm,and for GO tostimulate callus growth when the concentration was20ppm.It would be a good way to produce saponin byusing oligosaccharins in large scale culture in thefuture.     

Cultivation of microplantlets derived from the marine red alga Agardhiella subulata in a stirred tank photobioreactor

Macrophytic marine red algae are a diverse source of bioactive natural compounds. "Microplantlet" suspension cultures established from red algae are potential platforms for biosynthesis of these compounds, provided suitable bioreactor configurations for mass culture can be identified. The stirred tank bioreactor offers high rates of gas-liquid mass transfer, which may facilitate the delivery of the CO(2) in the aeration gas to the phototrophic microplantlet suspension culture. Therefore, the effects of impeller speed and CO(2) delivery on the long-term production of microplantlet biomass of the model red alga Agardhiella subulata was studied within a stirred tank photobioreactor equipped with a paddle blade impeller (D(i)/D(T) = 0.5). Nutrient medium replacement was required for sustained biomass production, and the biomass yield coefficient based on nitrate consumption was 1.08 +/- 0.09 g dry biomass per mmol N consumed. Biomass production went through two exponential phases of growth, followed by a CO(2) delivery limited growth phase. The CO(2)-limited growth phase was observed only if the specific growth rate in the second exponential phase of growth was at least 0.03 day(-)(1), the CO(2) delivery rate was less than 0.258 mmol CO(2) L(-)(1) culture h(-)(1), and the plantlet density was at least 10 g fresh mass L(-)(1). Increasing the aeration gas CO(2) partial pressure from 0.00035 to 0.0072 atm decreased the cultivation pH from 8.8 to 7.8, prolonged the second exponential phase of growth by increasing the CO(2) delivery rate, and also increased the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate. Impeller speeds ranging from 60 to 250 rpm, which generated average shear rates of 2-10 s(-)(1), did not have a significant effect on biomass production rate. However, microplantlets cultivated in a stirred tank bioreactor ultimately assumed compact spherical shape, presumably to minimize exposure to hydrodynamic stress.     

Studies on Fermentation Culture of Cells of Panax notoginseng

The saponin content of Panax notoginseng cell cultures-was 11.14% of dry weight, the saponin yield was 1513.3mg· L-1, and yield of cell cultures was 13.58g dry wt · L-1 per month in fermentation culture, which were all better than those obtained from in suspension culture. Increasing inoculum quantity could obviously increase growth rate, saponin content and yield of cell cultures. An aeration rate of 0.8vvm was optimal for fermentation culture of the cells. The pH value of the culture broth went down from 5.80 to 3.92 gradually and never returned in fermentation culture of P. notoginseng cells.     

Setting up a Single Cell Clone Lines of Cathamus tinctorius

Different concentrations of 2,4-D, KT and NAA were able to influence the plating efficiency (PE) of single cells of Cathamus tinctorius. The best combination of these three hormones for the growth of single cells was 2.0, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. The PE was obviously different as cells came from different generations of suspension subculture and the third generation of suspension culture cells, had the best PE which 8.5 times as high as that of the first generation of suspension culture cells. Single cell growth in condition medium or in solid-liquid dual layer culture was better than in normal plate culture. The PE of single cell clones in condition culture was 3.6 times as high as in normal plate culture. The PE of single cell clones in solid-liquid dual layer culture was 4.7 times as high as in normal plate culture. Many clones from single cells were set up. Different growth rates were observed in different single-cell clones. The lowest growth rate in these clones was 3.08 g/g/35 days, the highest growth rate in these clones was 23.33 g/g/35 days.     

Changes in protein content per cell during growth of mouse L cells

The relationship between cell density and protein content per cell was examined in monolayer and suspension cultures of mouse L cells. In monolayer cultures, the protein content per cell reached a maximum at 6 h after plating and retained this level for 18 h. Thereafter, the protein content per cell declined gradually during the exponential growth phase and finally returned to the initial level at the stationary phase. The changes were neither due to the effect of trypsinization nor to the exhaustion of the medium. The protein content per cell in a sparse culture was always greater than that in a dense culture for monolayer culture of L cells. In suspension culture the increase of protein content per cell during the lag phase was similar to that found in monolayer cultures. However, the gradual decline of protein content per cell observed during the exponential phase of monolayer cultures was not detected during that of a suspension culture. The results suggest that the decrease of protein content per cell in monolayer cultures may be related to some function of cell plasma membrane which could be inhibited by a cell-to-cell contact.