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1.
Optical brighteners cansynergistically enhance nucleopolyhedrovirusinfectivity to lepidopteran larvae by blockingthe sloughing of infected primary midgut cellsand inhibiting the formation of the peritrophicmembrane in the hosts. Because of similaritiesin the route of infection, we investigatedwhether optical brighteners would also enhanceinfection with the milky disease bacterium,Paenibacillus popilliae, of Japanesebeetle, Popillia japonica, larvae. Thelarvae were kept in soil mixed with P.popilliae spore preparations and the opticalbrighteners Blankophor BBH, P167, or RKH withperennial ryegrass provided as food. Noenhancing effect of any of the opticalbrighteners on P. popilliae infection wasobserved at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w). Rather, when mixed into the soil at 0.02, 0.1,or 0.5% (w/w) BBH reduced P. popilliaeinfection at the highest rate. 相似文献
2.
Competition between granulosis virus (GV) and the larval parasite,Sturmiopsis inferens Tns. (Tachinidae: Diptera), was studied in 3rd — and 4th — instar larvae of the sugarcane shoot borer,Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae: Lepidoptera), under laboratory conditions. Mortality due to GV infection and parasitization was 76.8 and 47.6 per cent, respectively,
when they were tested separately. But when hosts were infected simultaneously with microfeeding of GV and larval parasite,
a significantly low parasitism (5.5%) was obtained compared to 74.8 per cent mortality by GV infection. When the larvae were
microfed with the GV 6 days after inoculation with parasitic maggots, mortality due to the virus was reduced significantly
to 20.5 per cent, but when the maggot inoculation was preceded by virus microfeeding 6 days before, parasitization was unsuccessful,
while 75% of larvae died of virus. Results obtained from field — collected larvae also showed that significantly more parasite
puparia were recovered from healthy larvae than from virus — infected larvae. Similar differences in parasitization were not
obtained in the case of healthy or virus — infected pupae.
相似文献
3.
The susceptibility of immature stages of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti, to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, was investigated under laboratory conditions. The adult stage was found to be more susceptible to infection than the larval and pupal stages. Mortality at all stages was dose-dependent, with the highest concentration of 1×108 conidia ml–1 producing the highest mortality (26, 46 and 100% for larvae, pupae and adults, respectively) at 8 days post-inoculation. At the same concentration, daily pollen consumption was significantly reduced at 2 days after treatment in infected adults but more slowly in infected larvae. Fecundity, egg fertility and longevity in adults surviving infection as larvae were significantly reduced compared to the control. 相似文献
4.
We investigated the trans-lactational maternal–neonatal transmission of Toxocara canis larvae in mice, with particular interest in the role of prolactin in their migration to the mammary gland. Two female mice were infected with 300 T. canis eggs soon after delivery of 27 offspring. After 1 week of breast-feeding, seven larvae were recovered from 4 of 13 offspring. After 2 weeks of lactation, 101 larvae were recovered from all the remaining offspring. Daily prolactin administration (5 μg) was performed 2 weeks before T. canis infection and continued until 2 weeks after infection in six non-pregnant female mice, which resulted in larval accumulation in the mammary gland. Furthermore, prolactin administration in female mice that had been infected with T. canis 4 weeks prior to prolactin treatment induced migration of larvae into the mammary gland. These findings suggest that prolactin is a promoting factor contributing to lactational transmission of T. canis larvae in mice. 相似文献
5.
We have examined the effects of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation on larval growth and immunocompetence of the lepidopteran pest, the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Supplementation of the diet of T. ni larvae with 10–20 ppm Se resulted in a 1 day delay in pupation. The effects of the addition and/or removal of dietary Se on total Se bioaccumulation and sequestration were determined by neutron activation analysis of pupae. Early penultimate instar larvae moved from selenium containing diet to basal diet lost total pupal Se content down to the level of those fed basal diet. Conversely, larvae moved from basal diet to diet containing additional Se rapidly attained pupal Se levels comparable to larvae fed Se throughout larval development. Therefore, dietary Se is rapidly accumulated or lost during larval development, but significant amounts are sequestered from diet into pupae. Larvae were reared on diet supplemented with 5 or 10 ppm Se until the onset of the penultimate instar then infected per os with increasing concentrations of the fatal baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Larvae fed Se in the penultimate and ultimate instars were more resistant to viral infection than larvae not fed Se in the final instars. This study indicates that dietary Se levels rapidly impact Se assimilation and sequestration and that tissue Se levels are an important factor in resistance to AcMNPV infection in larval T. ni. 相似文献
6.
Mortality among larval developmental stages of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was determined by weekly sampling on weeds in a pasture on São Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal), from August to December, over a 3-year period (1999–2001). In all the years surveyed, larvae of S. littoralis usually appeared in pastures after the third week of August, with higher abundances in September and the beginning of October. Three different factors causing larval mortality were identified: one fungal pathogen, Furia virescens (Thaxter) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), two nucleopolyhedroviruses and one larval parasitoid, Meteorus communis (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The percentages of dead larvae infected by virus or fungus were significantly higher than the other causes of mortality, regardless of the year. Furthermore, the percentage of larvae that died due to virus contamination was generally higher than the percentage of larvae infected by fungus. Significant correlations between the environmental factors and the percentage of larvae infected by virus or by fungus, were only observed during 2001. In 2001, the prevalence of fungal infection was negatively correlated with that of viral infection although prevalences of these two agents were positively correlated in both 1999 and 2000. These results show that virus and fungus are potential biological control agents for S. littoralis in Azores. 相似文献
7.
Photorhabdus temperata is an entomopathogenic bacterium that is associated with nematodes of the Heterorhabditidae family in a symbiotic relationship. This study investigated the effects of P. temperata infection on the intestinal microbiota of the sugarcane stalk borer Diatraea saccharalis. Histopathology of the infection was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Groups of 20 larvae were infected by injection of approximately 50 bacterial cells directly into the hemocoel. After different periods of infection, larvae were dissected and different tissues were used for bacterial cell quantification. P. temperata was highly virulent with an LD50 of 16.2 bacterial cells at 48 h post-infection. Infected larvae started dying as soon as 30 h post-infection with a LT50 value of 33.8 h (confidence limits 32.2–35.6) and an LT90 value of 44.8 h (CL 40.8–51.4). Following death of the larvae, bacteria from the midgut did not invade the hemocoel. In the midgut epithelium, P. temperata occupied the space underneath the basal lamina. The cultivable intestinal bacterial populations decreased as soon as 1 h post-infection and at 48 h post-infection, 90% of the gut microbiota had died. The role of P. temperata in control of the midgut microbiota was discussed. 相似文献
8.
Otto Nielsen 《BioControl》2003,48(4):431-446
Isolates of different Steinernema species (S. affine, S. bicornutum, S. feltiae and Steinernema C1) were used in mortality assays with third instar larvae of Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The nematode isolates had been obtained by baiting soil regularly grown with cabbage. One isolate (S. feltiae) was the result of a natural infection of a D. radicum puparium. The highest mortality (77%) was obtained with an isolate of S. feltiae (DK1). The isolate DK1 was also used in tests with all larval stages of D. radicum. Mortality around 60% was observed for second and third instar larvae, while first instar larvae showed very low or no susceptibility. Maximum mortality of second and third instar larvae was reached applying only 25 nematodes per larva. Observations of larvae that pupated revealed that some of these puparia contained nematodes. Experiments with hatching puparia showed that a high proportion was infected by nematodes if the flies were prevented from leaving nematode-containing soil. In addition to mortality, the ability of the nematodes to successfully reproduce in the insects was studied. It was found that the species S. feltiae and S. bicornutum reproduced in D. radicum larvae and adults with S. feltiae being the most successful. 相似文献
9.
We investigated relationships between endophytic fungi and a leaf-mining moth, Phyllonorycter sp., along an elevational gradient from 2255 to 2895 m. The fungi and moth larvae inhabit leaves of Quercus gambelii. Fungal frequencies and larval densities varied with elevation. However, larval densities were not associated with the frequencies of infection by endophytic fungi. Survival of larvae was positively associated with the most dominant fungus, Gnomonia cerastis, owing to reduced parasitism of moth larvae on trees with high frequencies of Gnomonia. 相似文献
10.
Christen JM Campbell JF Zurek L Shapiro-Ilan DI Lewis EE Ramaswamy SB 《Journal of invertebrate pathology》2008,99(1):35-42
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae and their mutualistic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp.) are lethal endoparasites of insects. We hypothesized that growth of the nematode’s mutualistic bacteria in the insect host may contribute to the production of cues used by the infective juveniles (IJs) in responding to potential hosts for infection. Specifically, we tested if patterns of bacterial growth could explain differences in CO2 production over the course of host infection. Growth of Xenorhabdus cabanillasii isolated from Steinernema riobrave exhibited the characteristic exponential and stationary growth phases. Other non-nematode symbiotic bacteria were also found in infected hosts and exhibited similar growth patterns to X. cabanillasii. Galleria mellonella larvae infected with S. riobrave produced two distinct peaks of CO2 occurring at 25.6–36 h and 105–161 h post-infection, whereas larvae injected with X. cabanillasii alone showed only one peak of CO2, occurring at 22.8–36.2 h post-injection. Tenebrio molitor larvae infected with S. riobrave or injected with bacteria alone exhibited only one peak of CO2 production, which occurred later during S. riobrave infection (41.4–64.4 h post-infection compared to 20.4–35.9 h post-injection). These results indicate a relationship between bacterial growth and the first peak of CO2 in both host species, but not for the second peak exhibited in G. mellonella. 相似文献
11.
Luciana Helena T. Freitas João Luiz H. Faccini Marcelo B. Labruna 《Experimental & applied acarology》2009,47(4):321-345
The present study consisted of two experiments that evaluated experimental infections of Haemaphysalis leporispalustris ticks by a Brazilian strain of Rickettsia rickettsii, and their effect on tick biology. In experiment I, ticks were exposed to R. rickettsii during the larval, nymphal or adult stages by feeding on rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) needle-inoculated with R. rickettsii, and thereafter reared on uninfected rabbits for the entire next tick generation. Regardless of the tick stage that acquired
the infection, all subsequent tick stages were shown to be infected by PCR (infection rates varying from 1.3 to 41.7%), and
were able to transmit R. rickettsii to uninfected rabbits, as demonstrated by rabbit seroconversion, guinea pig inoculation with rabbit blood, and PCR on rabbit
blood. In Experiment II, ticks were exposed to R. rickettsii during the larval stage by feeding on rabbits co-infested with R. rickettsii-infected adult ticks, and thereafter reared on uninfected rabbits until the next generation of larvae. Again, all subsequent
tick stages were shown to be infected by PCR (infection rates varying from 3.0 to 40.0%), and were able to transmit R. rickettsii to uninfected rabbits. Thus, it was demonstrated that larvae, nymphs, and adults of H. leporispalustris were able to acquire and maintain the R. rickettsii infection by transstadial and transovarial transmissions within the tick population, with active transmission of the bacterium
to susceptible rabbits by all parasitic stages. Analyses of biological parameters of uninfected and R. rickettsii-infected tick lineages were performed in order to evaluate possible deleterious effects of R. rickettsii to the infected tick lineages. Surprisingly, all but one of the four R. rickettsii-experimental groups of the present study showed overall better biological performance than their sibling uninfected control
ticks. Results of the present study showed that H. leporispalustris could support infection by a high virulent strain of R. rickettsii for at least two generations, in which infected tick lineages tended to have better performance than uninfected ticks. Our
results support a possible role of H. leporispalustris in the enzootic maintenance of R. rickettsii in Latin America, as previously suggested by earlier works. 相似文献
12.
J. S. Gray O. Kahl C. Janetzki-Mittman J. Stein E. Guy 《Experimental & applied acarology》1994,18(8):485-491
A hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, was found to be heavily infested with larval and nymphal Ixodes ricinus in a forest park in Co. Galway, Ireland. A large proportion of the ticks that engorged and detached were infected with the spirochacte, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of human Lyme borreliosis. The identity of these spirochaetes was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay with B. burgdorferi-specific monoclonal antibody and by polymerase chain reaction test and they were transmitted from the hedgehog to laboratory-reared ticks and from the ticks obtained from the hedgehog to gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). The high infection rate of the larvae that fed on the hedgehog in comparison with unfed larvae from the same habitat was interpreted as strong evidence that this host species is reservoir competent. Since hedgehogs can evidently feed adult ticks as well as many immature stages, they may well have an important role in the ecology of Lyme borreliosis in some habitats. 相似文献
13.
The cry toxin encoding plasmid pHT73 was transferred from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki KT0 to six B. cereus group strains in three lepidopteran (Spodoptera exigua, Plutella xyllostella and Helicoverpa armigera) larvae by conjugation. The conjugation kinetics of the plasmid was precisely studied during the larval infection using a
new protocol. The infections were performed with both vegetative and sporulated strains. However, larval death only occurred
when infections were made with spore and toxin preparations. Likewise, spore germinations of both donor and recipient strains
were only observed in killed larvae, 44–56 h post-infection. Accordingly, kinetics showed that gene transfer between B. thuringiensis strain KT0 and other B. cereus strains only took place in dead larvae among vegetatively growing bacteria. The conjugational transfer ratios varied among
different strain combinations and different larvae. The highest transfer ratio reached 5.83 × 10−6 CFU/donor between the KT0 and the AW05R recipient in Helicoverpa armigera, and all transconjugants gained the ability to produce the insecticidal crystal. These results indicated that horizontal
gene transfer among B. cereus group strains might play a key role for the acquisition of extra plasmids and evolution of these strains in toxin susceptible
insect larvae. 相似文献
14.
Erica L. Suchman Anna Kononko Emily Plake Malena Doehling Brian Kleker William C. Black IV Leonid Buchatsky Jonathan Carlson 《Biological Control》2006,39(3):465-473
The effects of Aedes Densovirus (AeDNV) infections on survival, fertility, fecundity and vertical transmission in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) were measured in laboratories in Kiev, Ukraine and Colorado, USA and incorporated into a predictive model of the effects of AeDNV on vector capacity. Adult lifespan and daily survival were reduced in AeDNV infected mosquitoes. This effect was dependent on the dose of the virus. Infected females had decreased fecundity. The oviposition rate was less in infected females and the hatch rate declined in eggs laid by infected females. The amounts of AeDNV in infected females and the infection rate of their offspring were measured with real-time PCR. The average filial transmission rate was 70% and larval infection rates from infected females varied between 42 and 62%. Vertically infected larvae, and individual eggs contained 1 × 105 AeDNV genome equivalents (geq). Modeling the effects of AeDNV infection on Ae. aegypti populations suggested a large decrease in the numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults arising from infected mothers and suggested that AeDNV treatment of larvae could cause up to a 76% reduction of infectious mosquito days. 相似文献
15.
Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is an ectoparasitoid of several stored-product insect pests. Very little information
has been published on its biology and development in host larvae, which typically are concealed within seeds. We documented
the development of P. cerealellae within fourth instar larvae of its concealed host, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infesting cowpea seeds. The preimaginal life stages of the parasitoid were characterized
for the first time using morphological structures revealed by microscopic techniques including scanning electron microscopy. Pteromalus cerealellae produces hymenopteriform eggs and larvae. Eggs hatch into 13-segmented first instar larvae with peripneustic condition of
spiracles. The larvae have simple, tusk-like mandibles, whereas the mandibles of the pupae and the adults are of the conventional
toothed types. Using statistical analyses of the sizes of the larval mandibles and head capsules in conjunction with reliable
characters such as the number of exuviae on the body of parasitoid larvae, cuticular folding, and excretion of the meconium,
we recorded four larval instars for P. cerealellae. The data showed significant positive correlations between larval mandible lengths and widths of larval head capsules, as
well as between mandible lengths and larval instars, suggesting that mandible length is a good predictor of the number of
instars in P. cerealellae. Developmental time from egg to adult emergence was ∼12 d for females and ∼11 days for males at 30 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% r.h. and
12L:12D photoperiod. 相似文献
16.
Grant St. Julian Lee A. Bulla Robert W. Detroy 《Journal of invertebrate pathology》1978,32(3):258-263
Bacillus popilliae spores were stored for about 7 years under three separate conditions: frozen in sterile distilled water, smeared on glass microscope slides, and stored in loam soil at room temperature. In separate experiments, each of the 7-year-old preparations was fed to Popilla japonica larvae at concentrations of 103, 105, 107, and 109 spores/g of soil. A significant decrease in the percentage of larvae infected occurred in all of the aged spore tests. B. popilliae spores stored in soil, for the extended period, produced 3% larval infection only at the 109 spores concentration; similar results were obtained from frozen spores. When P. japonica larvae were fed spores stored dried on slides, about 20% of the larvae developed milky disease. When aged frozen spores were artificially injected into larvae, 12% became infected at concentrations of 1 × 106 spores/larvae; dried spores at the same concentration infected about 38% of the insect larvae. We conclude from these data that aged B. popilliae spores are significantly less infective against P. japonica larvae than young spores. 相似文献
17.
Heavy mortalities reaching 100% among larvae of the Japanese mitten crab,Eriocheir japonicus, occurred in Yamaguchi Prefectural Naikai Fisheries Experimental Station, Yamaguchi, Japan. Under the microscope, infected
zoeal larvae were seen to be filled with numerous aseptate hyphae. An investigation was carried out to identify the pathogenic
fungus and determine its pathogenicity under laboratory conditions. The pathogenic fungus was identified asAtkinsiella dubia. Its optimum growth temperature was 25°C, and it grew only at 2.5% NaCl. Under laboratory conditions, it showed pathogenicity
to the larvae of the swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus. This is the first report of mass mortality in crustaceans due toA. dubia infection in Japan. 相似文献
18.
【目的】长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)可通过竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ce RNA)等多种方式发挥重要的调控作用,但蜜蜂lncRNA的功能研究至今依然缺失,lncRNA在蜜蜂免疫应答中的作用尚不清楚。本研究旨在揭示中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂)幼虫响应蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)侵染的免疫应答中lncRNA的调控功能及作用机制。笔者团队前期通过深度测序和生物信息学分析发现,lncRNA13164与ace-miR-4968存在靶向关系且潜在参与在中蜂幼虫对蜜蜂球囊菌侵染的应答。【方法】利用实时荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)检测蜜蜂球囊菌接种后中蜂幼虫肠道内lncRNA13164的表达谱。采用ILoc-Lnc RNA软件预测lncRNA13164的亚细胞定位。联用RNAhybrid、Miranda和Target Scan软件预测lnc... 相似文献
19.
Fungi belonging to the genus Coelomomyces can infect mosquito larvae and develop within the larval hemocoel. To examine fungal development, Aedesaegypti larvae infected with Coelomomyces stegomyiae Keilin were fixed, embedded and sectioned for both light and electron microscopy. While fungal hyphae of C. stegomyiae did not invade cells other than the cuticular epithelial cells, they did penetrate a number of tissues including muscles,
midgut, hemopoietic organ, imaginal discs, and Malpighian tubules.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Nabis roseipennis Reuter nymphs demonstrated a preference for nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) — infected over healthyAnticarsia gemmatalis Hübner larvae when offered a choice of larval prey in Petri dishes and on soybean. In Petri dishes, small (second-third instar)
and large (fifth-sixth instar) nymphs attacked a significantly greater number of diseased than healthy larvae at all larval
instars tested (first-fifth instars) and exposure periods (2, 5 and 24 h), except that at 2 h the number of 1st and 3rd instar larvae attacked by large nymphs did not differ significantly (P≤0.05).
Nabis roseipennis caged with larvae on individual soybean plants in the greenhouse resulted in a generally low percentage of attack by small
and large nymphs after 2 days, ranging from 5.6 to 36.7%. As in the Petri dishes, the nabids showed a significant preference
for diseased larvae over healthy larvae attacked for all nabid and larval sizes on soybean, with the percentage of diseased
larvae attacked ranging from 28.0 to 65.4% (P≤0.05). This preference for diseased larvae on soybean as well as in Petri dishes
demonstrates that the preference was not due to the close proximity in which the host and prey were found in the Petri dishes.
The preference for diseased larvae may be due to a reduction in a defensive response in late stages of disease.
This material is based upon work supported in part by USDA Grant No. 83-CRCR-1-1212. 相似文献