笼养状态下棕噪鹛华南亚种鸣声的初步研究

2005年10月至2006年6月对从四川省洪雅县野外捕获的10只(4♀,6♂)棕噪鹛华南亚种(Garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemy)的鸣声进行了记录并对主要鸣声进行了声谱分析。其鸣声复杂多变,可分为单声鸣叫、双声鸣叫、鸣唱和效鸣4类。研究中获得了6种单声鸣叫、3种双声鸣叫、7种鸣唱和1种效鸣的语谱图及其频谱特征。棕噪鹛雌、雄个体的鸣唱声有明显的差异,雄鸟的5种鸣唱中有3种是繁殖期所特有的。文中还对棕噪鹛鸣声的生物学意义进行了讨论。     

鸟类鸣声初探

对鸟类鸣声的研究是生物声学研究中最为活跃的领域之一,对鸟鸣声的应用在很多方面具有十分广阔的前景。鸟类的鸣声可分为鸣唱和鸣叫,不同鸟类具有不同的鸣叫能力,可据此将鸟类分为鸣禽类和非鸣禽类两大类。文章初步综述了鸟类鸣声的相关知识,对鸣禽和非鸣禽发声器官的结构功能进行了比较。     

褐鹛属鸟类的鸣声特征及种间比较

在雀形目鸟类系统分类和进化研究中,鸣声有重要作用。褐鹛属（Fulvetta）是近年从雀鹛类（Alcippe）独立的属,其鸣声特征及种间差异尚缺乏定量研究。我们于2016至2022年在野外录制了该属7种463只个体的鸣声,包括棕头雀鹛（F. ruficapilla,n=64）、褐头雀鹛（F. manipurensis,n=71）、白眉雀鹛（F. vinipectus,n=124）、中华雀鹛（F. striaticollis,n=64）、路氏雀鹛（F. ludlowi,n=33）、灰头雀鹛（F. cinereiceps,n=84）和玉山雀鹛（F. formosana,n=23）。基于野外行为观察,将鸣声区分为鸣叫和鸣唱,并将鸣叫分为联络鸣叫、呼唤鸣叫、报警鸣叫及觅食鸣叫4种类型。对鸣唱的声谱图进行人工检视,划分为1～8种鸣唱型。采用多变量方差分析（MANOVA）比较鸣声参数种间差异,显示最高频率、最低频率、峰频率、句子持续时间、频率宽度、平均熵6个参数在该属7种间均有显著性差异。将7种褐鹛鸣声特征的马氏距离与种间遗传距离进行Mantel检验,表明鸣唱特征与种间遗传距离呈正相关（r=0.51...     

两栖爬行动物发声的神经及内分泌基础

动物的鸣声可分为鸣叫和鸣唱。鸣唱为一系列连续发出的由不同音节组成的固定序列。一般而言,音节数多于两个,由雄性个体在繁殖季节发出。鸣叫多为单音节重复发音,偶尔也有两个音节。除鸣禽外,陆生脊椎动物的鸣声都归为鸣叫类型。鸣唱主要被用于宣告领域或求偶。同时,也被用于亲缘识别和刺激异性同步发情。鸣叫的功用较多,所以包括鸣禽在内的大多数陆生脊椎动物都能发出此类叫声。鸣叫也可用于宣告领域或求偶,如蛙类。鸣叫还可以恐吓竞争对手或敌害,报告敌害或食物的方位以及表达情绪等。1　两栖动物蛙类的绝大多数种类都能鸣叫,有尾类的少数…     

大鹰鹃鸣声的日节律

鸟类的鸣唱具有吸引配偶和保卫领域的功能,多为雀形目雄性鸟类发出,在其婚配、繁殖中起重要作用。非雀形目鸟类缺乏内鸣肌,发出的声音较为单调。但杜鹃科(Cuculidae)等少数非雀形目鸟类,利用鸣叫来吸引异性和宣示领域,功能上类似雀形目鸟类的鸣唱。鸟类在繁殖期面临觅食等基本生理活动与求偶行为的时间权衡。而鸣唱是雄性鸟类在繁殖期耗能较多的求偶行为,鸣唱的活跃程度受到外界环境和鸟类自身习性的影响。通过研究鸟类鸣声的日节律,有助于了解鸟类对生活史策略的响应。本研究于2016年和2017年鸟类繁殖季在北京小龙门森林公园(40°00′N,115°26′E)进行。2016年和2017年在大鹰鹃(Hierococcyx sparverioides)活动区利用录音机(美国Wildlife Acoustics公司,型号SM4)分别录制了3 d和43 d的录音。通过Kaleidoscope Pro 4.0.3软件(美国Wildlife Acoustics公司),量化录音并提取反应大鹰鹃鸣声特征的参数,进而自动识别出录音中大鹰鹃的鸣声。在优化识别条件后,对大鹰鹃鸣声识别的正确率可以达到60.26%,探测率可以达到44.71%。发现大鹰鹃有两个鸣叫的高峰,一个在3:00时,另一个在19:00时。与同域分布的其他鸟类相比,大鹰鹃鸣声的高峰时段持续的时间更长,且具有夜间鸣叫的特点。结合大鹰鹃的生活史,我们对其鸣声日节律进行了讨论。     

珠颈斑鸠繁殖期占据领域鸣声特征及行为

2003年4～6月,在四川省南充市通过野外观察、录音、室内计算机处理及声谱分析对珠颈斑鸠繁殖期占据领域鸣声特征及行为做了研究。结果表明：珠颈斑鸠有一般占据和召唤配偶共同占据两类鸣声,两类鸣声雌雄不同,但均由3音节组成;其鸣唱具有应答性,且每次在各栖位点的鸣唱顺序大致相同;日鸣唱频次变化大,具3个高峰期;繁殖各时期鸣唱频次变化亦大。     

笼养条件下灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声研究

2005年10月～2006年9月录制了灰头斑翅鹛繁殖期和非繁殖期的16种鸣声,其中雄鸟鸣声有14种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声及4种鸣唱.雌鸟鸣声有10种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声.灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声简单,其鸣叫为单音节或者单音节的重复,鸣唱均为单音节的重复.用北京阳宸公司的VS-99语音工作站对录制的鸣声进行了声谱分析并绘制出鸣声的语谱图.研究发现灰头斑翅鹛对录音回放有应答反应.     

青海西宁大山雀的鸣唱模式分析

2012年4~5月在西宁市录制大山雀的鸣声,用Avisoft-SASLab Pro声音分析软件分析其鸣唱结构。已有的录音记录分析表明西宁大山雀个体拥有1~4种鸣唱型,鸣唱短语由1~5个音素构成。西宁大山雀2音素短语的长度低于低海拔地区,具有较快的鸣唱型转换频率。     

中国大杜鹃的鸣声

一直以来认为广布欧洲大陆和亚洲大陆的大杜鹃 ,其鸣声在地区之间无差异 ,而分布在亚洲的大杜鹃的鸣声至今未有系统的研究报道。本文以分布在中国北部的大杜鹃指名亚种和新疆亚种的广告鸣叫为主要研究对象 ,将其与在四川和云南省分布的大杜鹃华西亚种以及分布在朝鲜、日本、俄罗斯和英格兰的大杜鹃指名亚种的广告鸣叫进行了初步比较。在中国分布的大杜鹃有五种鸣叫类型。中国所有采集地大杜鹃的广告鸣叫都由两个音节组成 ,并且与英国分布种群的广告鸣叫很相似。各地大杜鹃的领域鸣唱呈现出个体质的高度保守性和数量性状的明显差异     

杂色山雀指名亚种繁殖期的鸣声行为

2012年3～7月,对辽宁仙人洞自然保护区9巢18只杂色山雀(Parus varius varius)个体及其雏鸟的鸣声进行了录音,共获取了9种类型鸣叫(呼唤、警戒、报警、恫吓、驱逐、惊叫、喂食、雏鸟乞食、集群)和5种类型鸣唱.通过语图分析得出音节类型18种,频率范围为800 ～18 900 Hz.对杂色山雀不同个体鸣声特征参数的比较发现,鸣声的句子和音节时长在不同个体之间存在显著性差异,而最高频率、最低频率在不同个体间均无显著性差异.本研究实现了对杂色山雀繁殖期鸣声参数的量化,有助于进一步研究其繁殖行为.     

10种鸣禽控制鸣啭神经核团大小与鸣唱复杂性的相关性

为进一步揭示鸣禽鸣唱行为的神经生物学机制 ,本实验先对 8个科 10种鸣禽的鸣唱行为进行了观察和录音 ,并借助声谱软件分析了每种鸣禽的鸣唱复杂性。鸣唱语句复杂性的评价指标包括 :短语总数、每个短语中所含的平均音节数及音节种类数、所有短语的总音节数及音节种类数、最长短语的音节数及音节种类数。然后 ,测定了前脑三个鸣啭学习控制核团和一个与发声无关的视觉参考核团体积 ,分析了鸣唱语句复杂性和这些核团大小间的相关关系。结果表明 :1)HVC和HVC/Rt与 7种鸣唱语句复杂性指标无关 ;RA和RA/Rt与总音节种类数相关 ;AreaX与总音节数及音节种类数相关 ;2 )HVC/RA和HVC/X比值与多个鸣唱语句复杂性指标相关。结果提示 :鸣禽鸣唱复杂性不同特征可能受不同神经控制     

Vocal Diversity and Taxonomy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nomascus</Emphasis> in Central Vietnam and Southern Laos

Previous researchers suggested that gibbon song repertoire is genetically determined and song characteristics are useful for assessing systematic relationships. The southern white-cheeked crested gibbon is regarded as either a subspecies of Nomascus leucogenys or its own species (Nomascus siki). I studied vocal diversity among different wild populations of Nomascus in central Vietnam and southern Laos to assess their taxonomic relationships and to examine whether their vocal patterns correspond to forms previously described for Nomascus siki. I examined the songs of 7 Nomascus populations in Vietnam and Laos. I analyzed 192 song bouts from different gibbon groups including 173 phrases of 42 females and 192 phrases of 42 males. Linear discriminant analysis, classification trees, and multidimensional scaling revealed marked separation of groups in the northern and southern populations. Within the 2 geographic populations, there is little variability and the vocal characteristics exhibited no apparent cline. I conclude that the northern and southern geographic populations may represent 2 distinct taxa. I postulate that a taxonal boundary such as large rivers existing between southern Quang Binh province and northern Thua-Thien Hue province in Vietnam and northern Phou Xang He NBCA and southern Dong Phou Vieng NBCA in Laos has limited gene flow between the populations. Differing topographic features could also serve as a selective force for improved sound transmission in a highly territorial species, driving the divergence between the 2 populations.     

10种鸣禽鸣唱复杂性与发声核团体积的聚类分析

选用捕自野外和人工繁殖的10种雄性成鸟(一年龄以上)作为实验材料。当鸟适应环境后录音,用VS-99语音工作站软件进行声谱分析。鸣唱的复杂性采用语句短语总数、短语的音节数之和、短语的音节种类数之和、每个短语中所含的平均音节数、每个短语中所含的平均音节种类数、每种鸣禽最长短语的音节数和最长短语的音节种类数7项指标表示。然后测定前脑的上纹状体腹侧尾端(HVC)、古纹状体粗核(RA)以及嗅叶的X核(Areax)3个主要鸣唱控制核团的体积。最后分别对10种鸣禽3个发声控制核团体积和鸣唱复杂性的7项指标进行聚类分析。10种鸣禽的7项指标值相差较大,即使同一科也如此。蒙古百灵的3种核团体积比值均最大,其次是金丝雀和黄喉鹉。10种鸣禽鸣唱语句复杂性的7个指标和3种核团体积聚类分析树形图显示的结果各不相同;仅RA和Areax核团体积的树形图显示蒙古百灵远离其他9种鸣禽,与现代分类学和DNA分析得到的进化树一致。     

Testosterone Induces Sexual Release Quality in the Song of Female Canaries

We tested the sexual responsiveness of female canaries, Serinus canaria, to two sets of different types of female conspecific songs versus an adult male conspecific song. Female songs were either spontaneously emitted (‘S-songs’) or were testosterone-induced (‘T-songs’). Copulation-solicitation displays (CSD) were used as an index of female sexual response. Playbacks were performed several days before and during egg laying, a period of natural sexual responsiveness of the females to song. We demonstrated that the weaker sexual displays of female canaries were recorded to S-songs, thus suggesting that these types of female songs do not contain fully functional sexual releasers. Three T-songs elicited high levels of sexual displays, thus demonstrating that testosterone treatment may induce sexual release quality in the female songs. Study of the phonology of these three T-songs strongly suggested that special song phrases may be good candidates as powerful sexual releasers. To test the sexual value of these female song phrases, we carried out a third experiment, using hybrid songs where each of these special T-song phrase types was included in a well-known heterospecific context. Two phrases elicited high levels of sexual responses in females. Essential features of the male full song, such as broadband rapid frequency modulations and high repetition rate, are retrieved in both female song phrases. Taken together, these data demonstrate that testosterone treatment not only induces a male-like structure in the songs of females, but also induces functionally ‘male-like’ songs. This result allows features of the vocal control network of testosterone-treated females to be compared with those of adult males singing full songs, to distinguish neural correlates of testosterone-dependent full songs. However, because testosterone does not induce functionally male-like songs in all the females, neuroanatomical structure-function correlations need detailed behavioural analysis.     

Mechanisms of song differentiation in introduced populations of Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in New Zealand

Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs were introduced to New Zealand from Great Britain over 100 years ago, and since then their songs have diverged from British ones in both syllable structure and basic organization of syllable sequences. The New Zealand populations seem to be unique in that their songs have undergone differentiation of trill segments by progressive elaboration of syllable morphology and hp ascending and descending changes of pitch. Published sonagrams of British song types have significantly more trill phrases and significantly fewer syllables in the end phrase than do Yew Zealand ones. Many New Zealand song types have much elaborated end phrases and concomitantly simpler trill segments, with songs quite commonly having only one trill phrase. This reversal of complexity between the trill and end phrase in New Zealand seems to have been derived by progressive reduction of the ultimate trill phrase to one syllable, and by recombination of end phrase syllables from different song types into one compound end phrase. The significance of the increased complexity in the end phrases of many song types may relate to the sound transmission properties of dense pine forests in New Zealand, in which Chaffinches are ubiquitous. Elaborate end phrases degrade much less from reverberation in pine forests because individual syllables have more dispersed temporal patterning.
Recombination of syllables to form new song types is a major mechanism of song differentiation in New Zealand. Although whole song copying is the predominant mode of replication, very few song types in a locality sample are composed of a unique set of syllables. Rather, song types in an area are interconnected by different combinations of shared syllables, suggesting that the incorporation of some local syllables in a bird's repertoire is sufficient to signal its status as a member of a neighbourhood and also allows the evolution of broadcast complexity.     

Experimental evidence that distinct song phrases in the Grey‐cheeked Fulvetta Alcippe morrisonia permit species and local dialect recognition

Birds with small song repertoires have a limited number of song types which may serve multiple functions. The Grey‐cheeked Fulvetta Alcippe morrisonia is a non‐migratory species of lowland forests in Taiwan. Its song consists of two distinct phrases: a whistled phrase and a harmonic one. Each individual usually sings only one type of whistled phrase, and the geographical patterns of songs can be distinguished by the motif of this phrase. We proposed a dual adaptation hypothesis for the functions of these two phrases. Playback experiments including six sound stimuli (familiar whistled phrases, familiar harmonic phrases familiar complete songs, foreign whistled phrases, foreign harmonic phrases and foreign complete songs) were conducted at 12 sites in the Shoushan Nature Park of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Grey‐cheeked Fulvettas came closer to the playback speaker and increased counter‐singing more in response to the familiar whistled phrase (local dialect) than to a foreign whistled phrase (distant dialect). However, birds responded equally to the playback of harmonic stimuli from familiar and foreign sources. We suggest that in this species, whistled phrases are used for local recognition and harmonic phrases are used for species recognition in short‐range communication.     

蟋蟀常见鸣声类型的比较研究（直翅目：蟋蟀总科）

对蟋蟀的3类常见鸣声（召唤声、求偶声、争斗声）进行了分析比较,同种3类鸣声在频域特征和时域特征上存在差异,但也有一些相似的特征;3类鸣声中,召唤声在分类研究上更有应用价值。     

Peripheral control and lateralization of birdsong

Recent studies on several species of oscine songbirds show that they achieve their varied vocal performances through coordinated activity of respiratory, syringeal, and other vocal tract muscles in ways that take maximum advantage of the acoustic flexibility made possible by the presence of two independently controlled sound sources in their bipartite syrinx (vocal organ). During song, special motor programs to respiratory muscles alter the pattern of ventilation to maintain the supply of respiratory air and oxygen to permit songs of long duration, high syllable repetition rates, or maximum spectral complexity. Each side of the syrinx receives its own motor program that, together with that sent to respiratory muscles, determines the acoustic properties of the ipsilaterally produced sound. The acoustic expression of these bilaterally distinct, phonetic motor patterns depends on the action of dorsal syringeal adductor muscles that, by opening or closing the ipsilateral side of the syrinx to airflow, determine the amount each side contributes to song. The syringeally generated sound is further modified by muscles that control the shape of the vocal tract. Different species have adopted different motor strategies that use the left and right sides of the syrinx in patterns of unilateral, bilateral, alternating, or sequential phonation to achieve the differing temporal and spectral characteristics of their songs. As a result, the degree of song lateralization probably varies between species to form a continuum from unilateral dominance to bilateral equality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 33: 632–652, 1997     

Variability in blue whale acoustic behavior off southern California

To evaluate the acoustic behavior of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) located inshore and offshore of southern California, singular A and B calls, D calls, and AB phrases were analyzed from 12 mo of passive acoustic data collected at four locations within the Southern California Bight. The relative proportions of singular calls and phrases were used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns in sound and song type usage, and singular call and phrase production rates were calculated to investigate spatial and temporal variability in call abundance. Blue whale sounds were recorded from spring through early winter, with the majority of all detections occurring between September and December. The proportions and production rates of singular calls and phrases varied between the inshore and offshore sites. In addition, the percentage of A units within repetitive song phrases was greater inshore than offshore, resulting from a higher proportion of AB song type inshore, in which A and B phrase units were alternating. The ABB song type, in which a single A unit was followed by multiple B units, was more common offshore. The observed differences in calling and singing behaviors may identify distinct and variable acoustic behavioral settings for blue whales off southern California.     

The neuromuscular control of birdsong.

Birdsong requires complex learned motor skills involving the coordination of respiratory, vocal organ and craniomandibular muscle groups. Recent studies have added to our understanding of how these vocal subsystems function and interact during song production. The respiratory rhythm determines the temporal pattern of song. Sound is produced during expiration and each syllable is typically followed by a small inspiration, except at the highest syllable repetition rates when a pattern of pulsatile expiration is used. Both expiration and inspiration are active processes. The oscine vocal organ, the syrinx, contains two separate sound sources at the cranial end of each bronchus, each with independent motor control. Dorsal syringeal muscles regulate the timing of phonation by adducting the sound-generating labia into the air stream. Ventral syringeal muscles have an important role in determining the fundamental frequency of the sound. Different species use the two sides of their vocal organ in different ways to achieve the particular acoustic properties of their song. Reversible paralysis of the vocal organ during song learning in young birds reveals that motor practice is particularly important in late plastic song around the time of song crystallization in order for normal adult song to develop. Even in adult crystallized song, expiratory muscles use sensory feedback to make compensatory adjustments to perturbations of respiratory pressure. The stereotyped beak movements that accompany song appear to have a role in suppressing harmonics, particularly at low frequencies.