磷脂酶A2对中性粒细胞趋化和粘附的影响

胰源性１４×１０￣３ｕ磷脂酶Ａ＿２（ＰＬＡ＿２）在体外同大鼠中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）培养６０ｍｉｎ后,细胞对ＴＮＦ趋化增强,培养１０ｍｉｎ后上清液中血栓素（ＴＸＢ＿２）含量比正常增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。前列环素（ＰＧＩ＿２）含量不变。ＰＬＡ＿２激动剂Ａ２３１８７也能显著加强中性粒细胞对ＴＮＦ的趋化,并伴有ＴＸＢ＿２释放增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外,ＰＬＡ＿２和Ａ２３１８７还显著增强ＰＭＮ对玻璃珠的粘附活性。使用ＰＬＡ＿２抑制剂二溴苯乙酮（ＰＢＰＢ）和ＰＬＡ＿２多克隆抗体可抑制外源性ＰＬＡ＿２对ＰＭＮ趋化和粘附的增强作用,但对Ａ２３１８７的调节作用无效。以上结果表明ＰＬＡ＿２激活及其代谢产物可能介导ＰＭＮ趋化和粘附作用。     

磷脂酶A2介导肿瘤坏死因子诱发的中性粒细胞趋化和粘附增强

肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）对外周中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）具有重要调节作用。本文采用生化及放射免疫技术,观察体外重组ＴＮＦ对ＰＭＮ趋化、粘附及血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）和前列环素（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ）释放的改变。ＴＮＦ（１００ｍｇ／ｍｌ）处理６０ｍｉｎ后,ＰＭＭ对白细胞趋化因子（ＦＭＬＰ）趋化和玻璃珠粘附性均显著增加,同时伴有ＴＸＢ２释放增多,６－Ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ不变。这提示ＴＮＦ体外促ＰＭＭ趋化和粘     

磷脂酶A2活性对中性粒细胞凋亡的影响

细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）是一种机体保持内环境稳定的特殊方式。正常情况下,中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）绝大部分通过凋亡而被清除,避免因坏死而造成组织损伤。我们在研究磷脂酶２（ＰＬＡ２）激活介导创伤和感染的机理时,发现其活性介导ＴＮＦ对ＰＭＮ的激发作用。其它证据也显示ＰＬＡ２及其代谢产物在细胞凋亡过程中发挥作用,我们推测ＰＬＡ２活性对ＰＭＮ凋亡或坏死的影响,可能是控制炎症反应的主要途径。这方面的工作尚少见,本文初步报告如下。１　材料和方法（１）材料和主要试剂　雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠由本院动物中心提供。Ｐ…     

钙离子对江浙蝮蛇蛇毒中性磷脂酶A2溶液构象的研究

用荧光光谱方法研究了钙离子对江浙蝮蛇毒中性磷脂酶Ａ２（简称ＮＰＬＡ２）构象的影响。结果表明,Ｃａ２＋能使酶中唯一的色氨酸残基的荧光增强：只有在Ｃａ２＋存在时,底物卵磷脂才明显改变酶分子中Ｔｒｐ周围的环境,使其光谱的兰移达７ｎｍ,荧光增强约一倍：酶中唯一的Ｈｉｓ残基被修饰以后,则没有上述两种现象发生;结合在ＮＰＬＡ２上的ｂｉｓＡＮＳ的荧光强度,随Ｃａ２＋浓度的增加而增强,提示Ｃａ２＋对ｂｉｓ－ＡＮＳ结合区域的构象有明显影响。     

江浙蝮蛇毒中性磷脂酶A_2的荧光光谱学研究

用荧光光谱方法研究了江浙蝮蛇毒中性磷脂酶A_2(NPLA_2).研究结果表明NPLA_2分子中确实含有一个色氨酸残基.且位于NPLA_2分子表面;我们还发现荧光探针bis-ANS在NPLA_2分子上有一结合区,其解离平衡常数为11.6μmol/L ;利用结合了的bis-ANS与NPLA_2分子中色氨酸残基之间的能量传递计算出两者之间的距离为17.7(?).     

磷脂酶A2的应用

磷脂酶Ａ2 (ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ2 ,ＰＬＡ2 ,ＥＣ 3 .1 .1 .4)即磷脂 2 酰基水解酶 ,是专一催化 3 Ｓｎ 磷酸甘油脂Ｃ 2位酯键的水解反应的酶 ,酶解产物为溶血磷脂和脂肪酸。ＰＬＡ2 不仅在生物体内具有很重要的生理功能 ,而且具有很高的应用价值 ,可广泛地应用在科学研究、磷脂改性、油脂精练、饲料添加剂、医疗等诸多方面。1 .用ＰＬＡ2 研究酶学、脂代谢和生物膜结构与功能ＰＬＡ2 (尤其是外分泌型的ＰＬＡ2 )的分子量较小 ,一般在 1 0～ 2 0ｋＤ之间 ,相对而言 ,结构较为简单。在蛇毒中 ,存在许多ＰＬＡ2 的同工酶 ,它们之…     

江浙蝮蛇蛇毒中性磷脂酶A2的结构模拟研究

从我国江浙蝮蛇蛇毒纯化出的中性磷脂酶Ａ２（ＡＴＸ）不仅具有酶催化活性,还具有突触前神经毒性。用图象模拟和能量极小化及分子动力学方法,根据美国西部菱斑响尾蛇（Ｃ．ａｔｒｏｘ）蛇毒ＰＬＡ２的晶体结构构建了ＡＴＸ二体和单体模型,它们的基本折叠与Ｃ．ａｔｒｏｘＰＬＡ２是很相似的。能量计算表明,二体的总势能比单体相应能量的两倍低２６３．６ｋｃａｌ／ｍｏｌ;ＡＴＸ二体模型中两亚基间的作用与Ｃ．ａｔｒｏｘＰＬＡ     

蜂毒过敏原磷脂酶A2

蜂毒 (ｂｅｅｖｅｎｏｍ)是由工蜂毒腺和副腺分泌的、具有芳香气味的一种透明液体 ,贮藏在毒囊中 ,在蜜蜂蛰刺时由蛰针排出[1] 。蜂毒具有抗菌、消炎、镇痛、降血压、抗辐射、预防癌症等药理作用 ,可用于治疗风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、哮喘、神经痛等多种疑难杂症。目前世界上许多国家都已开展蜂针疗法 ,并有各种类型的蜂毒软膏和针剂生产。但由于蜂毒易使人产生过敏反应 ,致使蜂针疗法不能得到广泛推广。鉴于这一点 ,国内外许多学者对主要引起人类过敏的蜂毒组分———磷脂酶Ａ2 (ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ2 )进行了研究 ,并且取…     

Microfluidic Platform for Measuring Neutrophil Chemotaxis from Unprocessed Whole Blood

Neutrophils play an essential role in protection against infections and their numbers in the blood are frequently measured in the clinic. Higher neutrophil counts in the blood are usually an indicator of ongoing infections, while low neutrophil counts are a warning sign for higher risks for infections. To accomplish their functions, neutrophils also have to be able to move effectively from the blood where they spend most of their life, into tissues, where infections occur. Consequently, any defects in the ability of neutrophils to migrate can increase the risks for infections, even when neutrophils are present in appropriate numbers in the blood. However, measuring neutrophil migration ability in the clinic is a challenging task, which is time consuming, requires large volume of blood, and expert knowledge. To address these limitations, we designed a robust microfluidic assays for neutrophil migration, which requires a single droplet of unprocessed blood, circumvents the need for neutrophil separation, and is easy to quantify on a simple microscope. In this assay, neutrophils migrate directly from the blood droplet, through small channels, towards the source of chemoattractant. To prevent the granular flow of red blood cells through the same channels, we implemented mechanical filters with right angle turns that selectively block the advance of red blood cells. We validated the assay by comparing neutrophil migration from blood droplets collected from finger prick and venous blood. We also compared these whole blood (WB) sources with neutrophil migration from samples of purified neutrophils and found consistent speed and directionality between the three sources. This microfluidic platform will enable the study of human neutrophil migration in the clinic and the research setting to help advance our understanding of neutrophil functions in health and disease.     

A Monoclonal Antibody Modulates Neutrophil Adherence While Enhancing Cell Motility

A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to human neutrophils, designated 3H9, was established by screening for the inhibition of neutrophil adherence to plastic plates containing a medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS medium). The antigen recognized by 3H9 was shown to be present on human leukocytes and found at the highest levels on granulocytes. On Western blotting, 3H9 reacted with a molecule having a molecular weight of 80 kDa. When this MoAb was added at the same time as a neutrophil stimulant (fMLP), the inhibition of neutrophil adherence to plastic plates in the presence of FCS medium was observed after 60 min incubation. Furthermore, this MoAb enhanced not only fMLP-induced chemotaxis but random migration of neutrophils as well. The mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.     

Phospholipase Cγ Activation,Phosphotidylinositol Hydrolysis,and Calcium Mobilization are Not Required for FGF Receptor-Mediated Chemotaxis

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a potent angiogenic factor that stimulates several cell types to migrate along a chemotactic gradient. Most chemoartractant receptors appear to share a common mechanism that involves activation of phospholipase C (PLC), hydrolysis of phosphotidylinositol, and mobilization of intracellular calcium. We transf ected two different cell lines with either human FGF receptor-1 cDNA or chimeric FGF receptor cDNA. Ligand stimulation induced chemotaxis, activation of PLOγ, phosphotidylinositol hydrolysis, and calcium mobilization in both wild-type receptor cell lines. No such response was elicited in control cells. Mutation of the two fibroblast growth factor receptors at residue 766, replacing tyrosine with phenylalanine, made the receptors incapable of associating with and activating PLCγ following ligand stimulation. These mutant receptors also failed to mediate phosphotidylinositol hydrolysis and calcium mobilization. However, cells transfected with the mutant fibroblast growth factor receptors were as chemotactically responsive to the appropriate ligand as were cells transfected with the wild-type receptors. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the fibroblast growth factor receptor to promote chemotaxis is not dependent on increased activation of PLCγ, increased hydrolysis of phosphotidylinositol, or increased global mobilization of calcium.     

精子顶体反应期间磷脂酶A2的信号转导及其调节

磷脂酶A2是精子重要的脂解酶类,包括多种不同亚型。在精子顶体反应期间磷脂酶A2受天然激动剂卵透明带、孕酮和γ-氨基丁酸激活,引起胞外Ca2 内流,使磷脂水解为花生四烯酸和溶血磷脂酰胆碱,从而促进膜的融合即顶体反应。天然激动剂引起PLA2激活受Gi蛋白、甘油二酯、蛋白激酶A、蛋白激酶C、促分裂原蛋白激酶和活性氧等多条信号通路的调节,此外,磷脂酶A2与特异性磷酯酶C之间可以发生信号串话。研究PLA2的信号通路为了解受精机制、男性不育之病因和开发男性避孕药提供依据。     

Autoproteolytic Activation of a Symbiosis-regulated Truffle Phospholipase A2

Fungal phospholipases are members of the fungal/bacterial group XIV secreted phospholipases A₂ (sPLA₂s). TbSP1, the sPLA₂ primarily addressed in this study, is up-regulated by nutrient deprivation and is preferentially expressed in the symbiotic stage of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii. A peculiar feature of this phospholipase and of its ortholog from the black truffle Tuber melanosporum is the presence of a 54-amino acid sequence of unknown functional significance, interposed between the signal peptide and the start of the conserved catalytic core of the enzyme. X-ray diffraction analysis of a recombinant TbSP1 form corresponding to the secreted protein previously identified in T. borchii mycelia revealed a structure comprising the five α-helices that form the phospholipase catalytic module but lacking the N-terminal 54 amino acids. This finding led to a series of functional studies that showed that TbSP1, as well as its T. melanosporum ortholog, is a self-processing pro-phospholipase A₂, whose phospholipase activity increases up to 80-fold following autoproteolytic removal of the N-terminal peptide. Proteolytic cleavage occurs within a serine-rich, intrinsically flexible region of TbSP1, does not involve the phospholipase active site, and proceeds via an intermolecular mechanism. Autoproteolytic activation, which also takes place at the surface of nutrient-starved, sPLA₂ overexpressing hyphae, may strengthen and further control the effects of phospholipase up-regulation in response to nutrient deprivation, also in the context of symbiosis establishment and mycorrhiza formation.     

Phospholipase Cγ Activation, Phosphotidylinositol Hydrolysis, and Calcium Mobilization are Not Required for FGF Receptor-Mediated Chemotaxis

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a potent angiogenic factor that stimulates several cell types to migrate along a chemotactic gradient. Most chemoartractant receptors appear to share a common mechanism that involves activation of phospholipase C (PLC), hydrolysis of phosphotidylinositol, and mobilization of intracellular calcium. We transf ected two different cell lines with either human FGF receptor-1 cDNA or chimeric FGF receptor cDNA. Ligand stimulation induced chemotaxis, activation of PLOγ, phosphotidylinositol hydrolysis, and calcium mobilization in both wild-type receptor cell lines. No such response was elicited in control cells. Mutation of the two fibroblast growth factor receptors at residue 766, replacing tyrosine with phenylalanine, made the receptors incapable of associating with and activating PLCγ following ligand stimulation. These mutant receptors also failed to mediate phosphotidylinositol hydrolysis and calcium mobilization. However, cells transfected with the mutant fibroblast growth factor receptors were as chemotactically responsive to the appropriate ligand as were cells transfected with the wild-type receptors. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the fibroblast growth factor receptor to promote chemotaxis is not dependent on increased activation of PLCγ, increased hydrolysis of phosphotidylinositol, or increased global mobilization of calcium.     

微生物的运动性和趋化性在共生体系中的作用

许多共生关系依赖于宿主从环境中募集微生物相互作用后形成,而共生微生物的发现和定殖宿主的机制尚不清楚。通常认为环境共生体的获得往往需要运动和趋化作用来使微生物主动迁移和定殖。这些行为在建立和维持共生相互作用方面的关键性已经在少数模式系统中得到了很好地确立和证实。但在大多数环境共生体中,这些行为在很大程度上仍被忽视了。基于对模式案例的分析,总结了宿主应用共生微生物的趋化性和运动性在何时、何地、如何实现共生募集以及有哪些影响募集的因素。强调了这些共生行为在大范围的宿主和环境中的重要性,并对共生关系中微生物的运动性和趋化性的作用研究进行了展望,旨在为今后的相关研究和实际应用提供参考。     

磷酸肌醇磷脂酶C在DREB2表达调控中的作用

环境胁迫对植物的生长不利。转录因子DREB2对干旱、高温、低温等非生物胁迫应答基因的表达具有重要的调控作用。磷酸肌醇磷脂酶C对 DREB2 基因有双向调节机制。深入了解 DREB2 和磷酸肌醇磷脂酶C的研究进展及其在生物工程上的应用,以及磷酸肌醇磷脂酶C对 DREB2 基因的表达调控机理,可以为磷酸肌醇磷脂酶C和 DREB2 基因在提高植物胁迫耐受性中的利用提供基础。     

脓毒血症大鼠心肌II型磷脂酶A_2活性变化及其调控

观察了脓毒血症大鼠心肌ＩＩ型ＰＬＡ２ 活性、蛋白质含量及其ｍ ＲＮＡ 的变化。结果发现, 脓毒血症早期与晚期心肌ＩＩ型ＰＬＡ２ 活性较对照组分别降低２５ ．０ ％ （Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５）及增高４７．６ ％ （Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１）,ＩＩ型ＰＬＡ２ 蛋白质含量分别降低２７．０％ 及增高４８ ．０ ％（ 均Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１）; 心肌ＩＩ型ＰＬＡ２ ｍ ＲＮＡ合成率与含量呈现类似的双相变化, 在脓毒血症早、晚期ｍＲＮＡ 合成率分别降低４５．０％ 和升高７０．０ ％ （均Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１）,ｍＲＮＡ含量分别降低３４．１ ％ 和增加１５７ ．０％ （均Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。脓毒血症早、晚期心脏ＩＩ型ＰＬＡ２ ｍ ＲＮＡ半衰期无显著变化（Ｐ ＞ ０．０５） 。实验结果表明大鼠脓毒血症发生过程中心肌ＩＩ型ＰＬＡ２ 活性呈现出先下降后升高的变化, 这一变化受其ｍＲＮＡ 转录水平的调节。