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1.
Brent Tisserat Toshio Mursahige 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1977,13(11):785-789
Summary The embryogenetic responseof culturedDaucus carota L. ‘Queen Anne's Lace’ callus was employed to attempt fractionation and identification of a repressive factor produced byCitrus medica L. ovules. The factor was evidently synthesized and released into the medium continuously, inasmuch as citron ovules that
had been autoclaved with the medium were completely infeffective. The inhibition could be attributed to volatile and nonvolatile
components. A substantial part of the inhibition was prevented by continuously refereshing the atmosphere within the cultures
with filtered air. Monitoring of the gases produced by citron ovule sections under conditions simulating bioassays disclosed
significant evolution of carbon dioxide, ethylene and ethanol. Repression of embryogenesis was not averted by trapping the
liberated ethylene. On the other hand, ethanol in concentrations equivalent to those released by citron ovules suppressed
asexual embryogenesis dramatically. The adverse effect of ethanol was reversed immeditaley upon transfer to ethanol-free medium.
Another investigation had disclosed anti-embryogenetic effects of auxin, abscisic acid and gibberellin. Analysis ofCitrus ovules excised from young fuits disclosed those of monoembryonic citron to contain concentrations of IAA, ABA and GA3 several times higher than those of polyembryonic Ponkan mandrain. The nonvolatile protion might be identified with these
hormonal substances.
This paper is part of B. Tisserat's PhD. dissertation in Botany at the University of California, Riverside. The research was
supported in part by the Elvenia J. Slosson Fellowship in Ornamental Horticulture awarded to T. Murashige. 相似文献
2.
Summary Anthers and ovaries of six grapevine cultivars (three Vitis vinifera L., two V × Labruscana L. H. Bailey, and one complex hybrid) were extracted from flower buds over 2 yr and cultured on three media reported to promote
somatic embryogenesis in Vitis tissues. The highest percent embryogenesis from the hybrid ‘Chancellor’ and V. vinifera ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’, and ‘Pinot Noir’ occurred on medium C [Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969, basal medium with 3.0% (w/v) sucrose,
0.01% (w/v) inositol. 0.3% (w/v) Phytagel, 2.5 μM 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2.5μM β-naphthoxyacetic acid, 5.0μM N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea, and 0.05% (w/v) glutamine]. Regardless of the media, the labrusca cultivars ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ produced
soft non-embryogenic callus that was sometimes mixed with well-developed somatic embryos. Nine vinifera genotypes were further
tested for several different years on medium C. Embryogenic cultures suitable for transformation were obtained from all genotypes
in more than 1 yr. The average percent embryogenesis from ovaries was 7-fold higher than from anthers. There was significant
annual variation in percent embryogenesis, demonstrating the need for media comparisons to be replicated for more than one
season. Suspension cultures suitable for use in genetic transformation were initiated from ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot,’ and ‘Pinot
Noir’ pro-embryogenic masses. ‘Chardonnay’ suspension cultures plated and grown under conditions developed for recovery of
plants after biolistic transformation yielded approximately 500 non-transformed embryos per plate after 4 mo. of culture,
with 68.6% of the embryos converting to plants. This is the first reported protocol for embryogenesis from ‘Concord,’ ‘Cabernet
Franc,’ and ‘Pinot Noir’ grapevines. 相似文献
3.
Summary An in vitro protocol has been developed for callus indiction, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration from stigma-style culture
of grapevine. Four different grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.: cvs. ‘Bombino Nero’, ‘Greco di Tufo’, ‘Merlot’, and ‘Sangiovese’) were tested. Exlants were cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch
medium (NN) supplemented with various combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA: 4.5 and 9.0 μM) and β-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA; 5.0 and 9.9 μM). Sucrose (88 mM) was used as the carbon source. Somatic embryogenesis was induced within 3–7 mo. after culture initiation. Even though explants
of different origin (unfertilized ovules and anthers) regenerated somatic embryos, the higher embryogenic potential was observed
in stigma and style explants, with the exception of ‘Merlot’, which regenerated somatic embryos only from unfertilized ovules.
The percentages of stigma-style explants producing somatic embryos was 7% in ‘Bombino Nero’ (cultured on NN medium supplemented
9.0 μM BA and 9.9 μM NOA). 14% in ‘Greco di Tufo’ (4.5 μM BA and 9.9 μM NOA), and 8% in ‘Sangiovese’ (9.0 μM BA and 9.9 μM NOA). The presence of growth regulators (BA and NOA) in the medium was essential for induction of somatic embryogenesis.
Plants were regenerated on hormone-free NN medium containing 88 mM sucrose. 相似文献
4.
A factor that represses asexual embryogenesis has been observed in the Rutaceae, with particularly high concentrations in the naturally monoembryonic cultivars. This investigation was an initial step towards identifying the factor. Citrus reticulata Blanco Ponkan mandarin nucellus explants and Daucus carota L. 'Queen Anne's Lace' callus were employed to examine effects of known plant growth regulators and to determine possible identity of one or more of them with the repressive factor. The chalazal halves of ovules of C. media L. 'Citron of Commerce' were used as control repressor source. Embryo initiation and growth of both test tissues were depressed markedly by 2,4-D, abscisic acid and ethephon. Slight inhibitions were obtained with IAA, kinetin and gibberellic acid. Recovery from the repressor did not occur readily in Citrus nucellus following recultures in citron-ovule-free medium; carrot callus resumed normal embryogenesis immediately upon transfer to suppressor-free medium. The repression by natural sources apparently involved the combined action of some or all natural hormones that are generically related to the above. 相似文献
5.
Response of twenty eight cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) to immature embryo culture, callus production and in vitro salt tolerance was evaluated. For assessment of cultivars to salt tolerance, growing morphogenic calli were exposed to different
concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1% w/v) added to the culture medium during two subsequent subcultures
(4 weeks each). Comparison of cultivars for callus induction from immature embryo was based on callus induction frequency
and fresh weight growth of callus (FWG). While, for salt tolerance, the relative fresh weight growth (RFWG) and necrosis percent
of callus were used. There were significant differences among cultivars for potential of regeneration from immature embryo,
and ‘Shahivandi’ a native durum wheat cultivar originating from western Iran was superior among the cultivars tested. The
FWG distinguished cultivars more than callus induction frequency did for callus induction evaluation. Hence, a range of FWG
from 1.23 to 14.65 g was observed in ‘Mexical-75’ and ‘Omrabi-5’ cultivars, respectively. Growing calli derived from cultivars
‘PI 40100’ and ‘Dipper-6’ showed superiority for tolerating salinity under in vitro conditions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Summary Somatic embryos could be induced from embryogenic callus originating from mesocotyl as well as leaf-base segments of Paspalum scrobiculatum on Murashige and Skoog (MS) or Chu et al. (N6) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, and 22.5 μM). N6 medium was better than MS, for both explants, for high-frequency somatic embryogenesis. Also, mesocotyl tissues were relatively
more totipotent than leaf-base segments. The somatic embryos ‘germinated’ and formed plantlets on transfer of embryogenic
calluses to hormone-free MS or N6 regeneration medium. Embryogenic cultures could be maintained on low hormone medium which readily regenerated to form plantlets
on hormone-free medium. A higher frequency of plantlet formation occurred on MS than on N6 medium. In vitro-formed plantlets were gradually acclimatized in the culture room and on transfer to soil flowered and set seed. Somatic embryogenesis
and plantlet regeneration from mesocotyl and leaf-base segments are potentially simpler systems than regeneration from ‘embryonic’
explants such as immature embryos and unemerged inflorescences. 相似文献
7.
In vitro induction, regeneration and analysis of autotetraploids derived from protoplasts and callus treated with colchicine in Citrus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shao-Hua Zeng Chuan-Wu Chen Liu Hong Ji-Hong Liu Xiu-Xin Deng 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,87(1):85-93
In the present paper attempts were made to induce chromosome doubling of ‘Meiwa’ kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia) protoplasts and ‘Frost’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) embryogenic callus via colchicine treatment. Colchicine decreased protoplast viability, delayed protoplast division and inhibited callus growth, indicating presence of toxicity to cells. Cell lines established from ‘Meiwa’ protoplasts treated with 0.01 and 0.1% colchicine for 8, 16 and 24 h at each concentration showed different responses when they were cultured on embryoid-induction medium. Flow cytometry (FCM) demonstrated that tetraploids were detected in cell lines and embryoids from all of the treatments, with the highest frequency being 19.23%. As for ‘Frost’, tetraploid cells were only detected when the callus was treated with 0.1% colchicine for either 4 or 8 days, from which plantlets were regenerated. FCM and chromosome counting confirmed them as true tetraploids. The diploid cells were more active in mitotic division during a 12-day culture and smaller in size than their tetraploid counterpart. Potential applications of the novel tetraploid germplasms obtained through in vitro chromosome doubling to citrus cultivar improvement are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Trabelsi El Bahri Bouzid Sadok Bouzid Monji Elloumi Nedra Belfeleh Zina Benabdallah Abdallah Ghezel Rachida 《Journal of Plant Biology》2003,46(3):173-180
We induced somatic embryogenesis from the cotyledon segments ofOlea europaea (L) cvs. ‘Chetoui’, ‘Chemleli’, and ‘Arbequina’. Calli were established from all three cultvars on OMc media supplemented
with IBA and 2i-R The greatest success was obtained with media that contained zero or low concentrations of growth regulators.
High levels of hormones (i.e.,>0.5 mgL-1 IBA and 2i-P) inhibited embryogenesis. Embryos at different maturation stages were observed with continuously proliferating
secondary embryogenesis. Abnormally shaped embryos and teratoma were also noted. Four weeks was the optimal incubation period
for inducing embryogenesis on the auxin-containing medium. In addition, 30 to 40 gL-1 sucrose was more effective than glucose in stimulating the growth and maturation of somatic embryos. Embryogeic efficiency
was also higher when multivariate combinations of nitrogen sources (inorganic and organic nitrogen forms) were used. The plantlets
that were derived from our germinating somatic embryos were similar to those obtained from axillary buds. 相似文献
9.
Summary Turfgrass, like other major crop species, is recalcitrant to manipulation in vitro. To perform efficient genetic transformation of turfgrass, it is necessary to optimize tissue culture conditions. In most
reports, plant tissue culture techniques have been applied to propagate a single cultivar or several cultivars in one species
of turfgrass. In this experiment, four turfgrass genera were used, namely common bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. (California origin); red fescue, Festuca rubra L. var. rubra ‘Shadow’; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ‘Barbal’; and Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L. ‘Merion.’ Mature seeds were surface-sterilized and cultured on basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with
30–250 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus induction. Regeneration media consisted of MS supplemented with 5–10 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). Among the genera, Poa had the higest callus induction percentage (CIP) regardless of 2,4-D concentration, followed by Cynodon, Lolium, and Festuca, respectively. Cynodon and Lolium had the highest callus regeneration percentage (CRP) and overall regeneration rate (ORR). Festuca had a poor CIP, CRP, and ORR compared to other studied genera. Cynodon produced the highest shoot number per explant. Based on the results of the present study, MS medium supplemented with 60
μM 2,4-D (for callus induction) and 7.5 μM BA (for regeneration) can be used in multi-generic transformation studies with the genera used. 相似文献
10.
G. A. Moore M. J. Miller Kenneth Cline 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1988,24(12):1205-1208
Summary The effects of the antibiotics methotrexate and chloramphenicol on somatic embryogenesis inCitrus were evaluated. Relatively low levels (0.1 to 1.0 μg/ml) of these antibiotics did not inhibit embryo production from undeveloped
ovules of ‘Key’ lime [C. aurantifolia) (Christm.) Swing.]. Surprisingly, both antibiotics induced the formation of embryogenic callus in these cultures. This is
usually a rare event in cultures of undevelopedCitrus ovules, and ‘Key’ lime is especially recalcitrant. The effects of these antibiotics on embryogenic callus appeared to be
limited to the induction stage, because there was no consistent effect, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on established,
lines of embryogenic callus.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 8958. This research was supported in part by a grant to Moore and
Cline from the Competitive Grants Office of the SEA, USDA (85-CRCR-1-1623). 相似文献
11.
Summary Callus was initiated from in vitro-grown plants of Gladiolus cultivars ‘Jenny Lee’ and ‘Florida Flame.’ The age of callus used for regeneration of plants was either 9 mo. old or 8 yr
old from ‘Jenny Lee,’ and 4 mo. old from ‘Florida Flame.’ Regeneration medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog’s basal salts
medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l (9.3 μM) kinetin. This medium was supplemented with various concentrations of either bialaphos (Meiji Seika, Tokyo, Japan) or phosphinothricin
(Hoechst-Roussell, Frankfurt, Germany). Bialaphos was more effective than phosphinothricin at stimulating plant regeneration.
Plants regenerated from 8-yr-old callus of ‘Jenny Lee’ only when the regeneration medium was supplemented with 0.10 mg/l bialaphos.
A bialaphos concentration of 0.01 mg/l stimulated regeneration from 9-mo.-old callus of cultivar ‘Jenny Lee’ and 4-mo.-old
callus of ‘Florida Flame.’ 相似文献
12.
Jameel M. Al-Khayri Feng H. Huang Teddy E. Morelock Tahani A. Busharar 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1992,28(2):64-66
Summary A system for the regeneration of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) from mature dry seed explants has been established. The response of two commercial spinach cultivars, ‘Grandstand’ and
‘Baker’, was examined. Callus proliferation was most prominent on MS medium supplemented with 9.3 μM of 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) and 3.39 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Adventitious shoot formation was observed within 8 wk after callus was transferred
onto regeneration medium. Shoot regeneration was best from callus induced on 9.3 μM kinetin and 4.56 μM 2,4-D. The regeneration medium contained 9.3 μM kinetin, 0.045 μM 2,4-D, and 2.89 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). Shoots were rooted on hormone-free medium, and plants grown in a greenhouse showed normal phenotype. This system is beneficial
in rapid propagation of spinach plants, particularly when only a limited number of seeds are available. 相似文献
13.
Summary Efficient in vitro propagation of Ceropegia candelabrum L. (Asclepidaceae) through somatic embryogenesis was established. Somatic embryogenesis depended on the type of plant growth
regulators in the callus-inducing medium. Friable callus, developed from leaf and internode explants grown on Murashige and
Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.52μM2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), underwent somatic embryogenesis. Compared to solid media, suspension culture was superior
and gave rise to a higher number of somatic embryos. Transfer of the friable callus developed on MS medium containing 4.52μM 2,4-D to suspension cultures of half- or quarter-strength MS medium with lower levels of 2,4-D (0.23 or 0.45 μM) induced the highest number of somatic embryos, which developed up to the torpedo stage. Somatic embryogenesis was asynchronous
with the dominance of globular embryos. About 100 mg of callus induced more than 500 embryos. Upon transfer to quarter-strength
MS agar medium without growth regulators, 50% of the somatic embryos underwent maturation and developed into plantlets. Plantlets
acclimatized under field conditions with 90% survival. 相似文献
14.
Tetraploid plants are essential for interploid hybridization to create triploid seedless citrus. Here we report a simple and
efficient in vitro method for generating autotetraploids for sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Cell-division activity in ‘Anliucheng’ sweet orange callus was analyzed using flow cytometry to determine the peak frequency
of cell division at which time callus in a liquid media and solid media was treated with 1000 mg l−1 colchicine. The percentage of the DNA-content-varied cells in the callus increased markedly from 11.0% to 44.4% and to 59.0%
for liquid and solid media respectively. A total of 20 tetraploid plantlets were recovered via embryogenesis from 47 plantlets
regenerated from the treated callus. All the autotetraploids were derived from different embryoids. Autotetraploids will be
useful parents for interploid hybridization to generate commercially valuable seedless triploid citrus cultivars. 相似文献
15.
Daxu Li Jie Zhang Jian Zhao Yi Zhang Fei Chen Jingqiu Zhu Shujun Liu Zhirong Yang 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,84(3):285-292
The mature seeds, mesocotyls, and young leaf tips of Elymus sibiricus L. cv. ‘chuancao No. 2’ were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) and 0.05 mg/L kinetin in the dark at 26°C, the calluses were produced. The rate of callus regeneration depended on the explants
source and plant growth regulators. Plants regenerated from whitish-yellow-coloured compact nodular callus formed after subculturing
for 8 weeks. Higher frequency (54%) of shoot differentiation was obtained from the embryo tissues of mature seed than from
either mesocotyls (24%) or young leaf tip tissues (6%) when these calluses from different types of explants were cultured
on plant regeneration medium containing half strength MS salts supplemented with 0.1 mg/L kinetin, 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 20 g/L sucrose. The green plants were rooted within 6 weeks in the root regeneration medium, and over 97% of these soil-established
plants were obtained in the greenhouse when potted in a sand and peat mixture medium. 相似文献
16.
Summary Somatic embryogenesis was induced from suspension cultures (derived from leaf callus) of an important medicinal plant, Plumbago rosea L. While acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) alone induced embryogenesis, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) failed to elicit a similar response.
This is the first time that ASA-induced somatic embryogenesis has been reported in cultured cells. Optimal embryogenic response
per culture was observed in Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing a combination of ASA (8.32 μM) and IAA (5.06 μM). but 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid individually did not induce somatic embryogenesis. Increase in the
concentration of ammonium enhanced the number of embryos formed per culture. Accumulation of plumbagin, an important naphthoquinone
and a medicinal compound, was three times higher in embryogenic compared to non-embryogenic suspensions. 相似文献
17.
H. Brittain-Loucas S. R. Bowley B. D. McKersie 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1998,34(4):281-284
Summary The effects of callus inoculation concentration and culture duration on somatic embryogenesis of orchardgrass,Dactylis glomerata L., were evaluated in suspension cultures of an embryogenic genotype Embryogen-P. Somatic embryo formation was induced in
liquid SH medium containing 30 μM dicamba (SH-30 and 1.5% casein hydrolysate; embryo development was in liquid SH medium without plant growth regulators (SH-0);
and embryo maturation and germination occurred on solid SH-0 medium. Callus proliferation in SH-30 suspension cultures was
greatest when callus was inoculated into the liquid medium at a relatively high concentration of 4% (4 g callus/100 ml medium),
but the induction of somatic embryos was highest in this medium if the callus was inoculated at a lower concentration (<2%).
In a second experiment, somatic embryo yield was highest when SH-0 development medium was inoculated with suspension culture
callus at 0.1% concentration and declined markedly as inoculation concentration increased. Cell concentration is a critical
factor in regulating the somatic embryogenesis response in orchardgrass suspension cultures. 相似文献
18.
Karla K. Valenzuela-Sánchez Raul E. Juárez-Hernández Andrés Cruz-Hernández Víctor Olalde-Portugal María Elena Valverde Octavio Paredes-Lopez 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2006,42(4):336-340
Summary Indirect organogenesis was developed in Agave tequilana. Leaf segments and meristematic tissue from the central head (‘pi?a’) were evaluated as explant sources. A minimal-sized
explant with high bud-forming capacity (19.5 BFC) was obtained through a cross section of meristematic tissue from in vitro plantlets. In callus culture, the best growth response was due to naphthalene acetic-acid (NAA) presenting a contrasting
response compared to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Regeneration from meristem segments and callus was obtained using
1.1 μM 2,4-D and 44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The regeneration capacity of callus was maintained for 3 mo. Shoots regenerated were rooted in
a hormone-free MSI medium and acclimatized in a greenhouse with a 100% survival. 相似文献
19.
Alonzo G. Saiano F. Tusa N. Fatta Del Bosco S. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2001,66(1):31-34
Volatile compounds released from callus and nucellar embryo tissues of ‘Valencia late’ and ‘Washington Navel’ sweet oranges
(Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) were collected/concentrated by head space solid phase micro extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Friable, white embryogenic cultures released a number of volatile compounds, including some essential oils.
Different samples of the same embryogenic culture showed variability, possibly related to the presence of tissues undergoing
differentiation. Analyses of the somatic embryos permitted the identification of several components, including limonene and
methyl anthranilate. Considering the simplicity and the very small sample required (0.3 g of fresh tissue) head space solid
phase micro extraction is suitable for studies and comparisons of volatile metabolites released from in vitro Citrus tissue cultures suggesting its potential in Citrus biochemical, genetic and breeding research.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Cyclic somatic embryogenesis and efficient plant regeneration from callus of safflower 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Efficient plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was established for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cv. NARI-6. Embryogenic calli were induced from 10 to 17-d-old cotyledon and leaf explants from in vitro seedlings. High frequency (94.3 %) embryogenic callus was obtained from cotyledon explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s
germination (MSG) basal medium supplemented with thidiazuron, 2-isopentenyladenine and indole-3-butyric acid. Primary, secondary
and cyclic somatic embryos were formed from embryogenic calli in a different media free of plant growth regulators, however,
100 % cyclic somatic embryogenesis was obtained from cotyledon derived embryogenic calli cultured on MSG. Somatic embryos
matured and germinated in quarter-strength MSG medium supplemented with gibberellic acid. Cotyledons with root poles or non
root poles were converted to normal plantlets and produced adventitious roots in rooting medium. Rooted plants were acclimatized
and successfully transferred to the field. 相似文献