Structure, Pattern and Mechanisms of Formation of Seed Banks in Sand Dune Systems in Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China

A comparison of structure and pattern of the soil seed bank was made between active and stabilized sand dunes in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. The objective of this paper was to determine the significance of seed bank in vegetation restoration of sand dunes. The results showed that (1) average seed density decreased from stabilized sand dune to interdune lowland of stabilized sand dune, to interdune lowland of active sand dune, and to active sand dune; (2) horizontally, along the transect from interdune lowland to ecotone and to sand dune top, a ‘V’ shaped pattern was presented in the active dune system, and a reverse ‘V’ shaped pattern in the stabilized sand dune system; (3) vertically, the proportion (accounting for the total seeds) of seeds found in 0–20 mm soil profile decreased from stabilized sand dune to interdune lowland of stabilized sand dune, to interdune lowland of active sand dune, and to active sand dune. The same order was also found in 20–50 mm and 50–100 mm soil profiles; (4) the Sokal and Sneath similarity indices in the species-composition between soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation were ranked as: the stabilized sand dune (24%) > the interdune lowland of active sand dune (21%) > the interdune lowland of stabilized sand dune (18%) > the active sand dune (5%); and (5) vegetation restoration of active sand dunes depends on the dispersal of seeds from nearby plant communities on the interdune lowlands. Much effort must be made to preserve the lowlands, as lowlands are the most important seed reservoir in the active sand dune field.     

生物结皮影响下沙漠土壤表面凝结水的形成与变化特征

在水资源匮乏的沙漠生境,凝结水是植物、生物结皮、无脊椎和脊椎小动物的重要水分来源之一.采用微渗计法对比研究3种生物结皮类型(藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮)和自然裸沙对地表凝结水量及凝结水蒸散过程的影响.微渗计的规格为内径6 cm,高3.5 cm的PVC管.研究结果表明:不同类型地表的总凝结水量之间存在极显著的差异(P < 0.01),总凝结水量随生物结皮发育水平呈显著增加的趋势,依次为:裸沙 < 藻结皮 < 地衣结皮 < 苔藓结皮,即生物结皮的存在有利于沙漠地表凝结水的形成.不同类型地表凝结水量的日均值有所差异.对于同一地表类型,凝结水量的最大值为最小值的数倍.黎明时,苔藓结皮的凝结水量最大,而裸沙的凝结水量最小,地衣结皮和藻结皮居中.凝结现象自20:00～22:00,次日8:00～9:00结束.大多数日出后凝结现象仍继续发生.不同类型地表的凝结及蒸散过程经历2个阶段:日出前凝结水量呈缓慢增加的趋势,日出后随温度的升高凝结水量快速减少,其中以苔藓结皮凝结水量下降最为迅速.凝结水量主要受温度、大气湿度、凝结面类型、气象条件和生境等方面因素的影响.     

Gait choice in desert-living black-backed jackals

Gait selection is a strategy used by quadrupeds to meet the demands of locomotion under variable environmental conditions. The movement of black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas within a desert area was investigated. The usage and distribution of gaits in three distinct desert environments in the Namib Desert, Namibia, were analysed. The areas were chosen based on topographical differences: a bare, a featureless sand plain in an interdune valley, a large sand dune and a narrow dune valley with clumped plant growth. Fresh jackal tracks were recorded by GPS once a week for 1 year. Gait types, gait segment lengths and the rate of switches between gaits were analysed. Trot was the most frequently used gait in all areas, followed by walk and the two types of gallop. Jackals used faster gaits, with the lowest number of gait switches in the interdune plain. Movements on the sand dune were characterized by shorter gait segment lengths and frequent gait changes. In the dune valley, movements were slower and the rate of gait changes was intermediate between the other two areas. The strongest influence on gait choice and on gait changes was found to be the terrain topography, mainly the grade. Gait and track choice can be seen as a dynamic adaptation to a demanding environment like the Namib Desert.     

Possible role of pectin-containing mucilage and dew in repairing embryo DNA of seeds adapted to desert conditions

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Repair of damage to DNA of seed embryos sustained during long periods of quiescence under dry desert conditions is important for subsequent germination. The possibility that repair of embryo DNA can be facilitated by small amounts of water derived from dew temporarily captured at night by pectinaceous surface pellicles was tested. These pellicles are secreted during early seed development and form mucilage when hydrated. METHODS: Seeds of Artemisia sphaerocephala and Artemisia ordosica were collected from a sandy desert. Their embryos were damaged by gamma radiation to induce a standard level of DNA damage. The treated seeds were then exposed to nocturnal dew deposition on the surface of soil in the Negev desert highlands. The pellicles were removed from some seeds and left intact on others to test the ability of mucilage to support repair of the damaged DNA when night-time humidity and temperature favoured dew formation. Repair was assessed from fragmentation patterns of extracted DNA on agarose gels. KEY RESULTS: For A. sphaerocephala, which has thick seed pellicles, DNA repair occurred in seeds with intact pellicles after 50 min of cumulative night dew formation, but not in seeds from which the pellicles had been removed. For A. ordosica, which has thin seed pellicles, DNA repair took at least 510 min of cumulative night dewing to achieve partial recovery of DNA integrity. The mucilage has the ability to rehydrate after daytime dehydration. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of seeds to develop a mucilaginous layer when wetted by night-time dew, and to repair their DNA under these conditions, appear to be mechanisms that help maintain seed viability under harsh desert conditions.     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响

在水分极度匮乏的荒漠生态系统,凝结水是除降雨之外最重要的水分来源之一,它对荒漠生态系统结构、功能和过程的维持产生重要的影响。为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮表面的凝结水形成和蒸发特征,采用自制的微型蒸渗计(直径7 cm、高5 cm的PVC管)实验观测了不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮)对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)观测期间共有20次凝结水形成记录,除降雨天气外,几乎每天都能观测到水分凝结现象;(2)不同类型地表凝结水总量依次为(1.998±0.075),(2.326±0.083),(2.790±0.058)和(3.416±0.068) mm,生物结皮表面的凝结水总量显著大于裸沙(P < 0.05);随生物结皮的发育,不同类型生物结皮表面的凝结水总量呈增加的趋势,凝结水总量之间差异显著(P < 0.05);观测期间不同类型地表日平均凝结水量依次为(0.100±0.003),(0.116±0.004),(0.140±0.002)和(0.171± 0.003) mm,不同类型地表日平均凝结水量之间差异极显著(P < 0.01);(3)凝结水形成过程的观测结果显示,凝结水19:00开始形成,23:00-凌晨1:00形成不明显,1:00-7:00继续形成,除浅灰色藻类结皮外,太阳升出后在黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮表面继续形成少量的凝结水;凝结水7:30开始蒸发,10:30到11:00之间结束蒸发,凝结水在裸沙和浅灰色藻类结皮中的保持时间显著大于黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮中的保持时间(P < 0.05);(4)凝结水的形成受大气温度、地表温度、空气相对湿度和大气地表温度差等气象因素的影响,但其形成过程不与某一个气象因素呈简单的线性关系。     

陕北黄土丘陵区露水量及影响因子

为探明中国黄土丘陵半干旱区露水量特征及其影响因子,利用叶片湿度传感器(LWS)在陕西安塞县进行1年的监测试验.结果表明: 安塞地区2015—2016水文年露水总量为29.85 mm,日最大露水量可达0.82 mm.露水凝结量主要呈现日变化和季节变化两种特征,日变化过程中露水凝结量大多发生在18:00至次日7:00;季节变化中露水在秋季凝结量最大,夏季次之,春、冬季最少.在时空分布上,露水和降雨高度互补,露水大多产生于晴朗无云夜间,但降雨前后几天更有利于露水凝结.空气相对湿度和气温-露点差是影响露水凝结的主要因素,露水量与相对湿度呈显著正相关(r=0.726,P<0.01),与气温-露点差呈显著负相关(r=-0.725,P<0.01);风速、风向在一定程度上影响露水凝结,但风速(r=0.133,P<0.01)、风向(r=0.219,P<0.01)与露水量之间的相关性较弱.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘融雪水土壤入渗量

融雪水土壤入渗量是干旱区沙漠重要的水平衡收入项.2012-2013、2013-2014年两个冬季对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘沙丘西坡、东坡和丘间地降雪前和融雪后的土壤含水率进行监测,根据水量平衡原理计算了沙丘西坡、东坡、丘间地和景观尺度上的融雪水土壤入渗量,并与采用筒测法的实测结果进行比较.结果表明： 降雪前土壤含水率较低,未冻层非饱和土壤水对地表冻结层土壤水分的补给可忽略不计;融雪入渗水是表层土壤获得补给的主要水源;冻结期潜水既没有蒸发,积雪融化后潜水也没有获得补给;研究区西坡、东坡、丘间地和景观尺度上的融雪水土壤入渗量分别为20～43、27～43、32～45和26～45 mm.
     

叶片毛尖对齿肋赤藓结皮凝结水形成及蒸发的影响

凝结水(隐匿降水)和降水是荒漠地区两种不同形式的水分来源,对荒漠生态系统极为重要。叶片毛尖(leaf hair points, LHPs)是很多荒漠藓类的重要外部形态结构特征,但它在藓类植物利用凝结水和降水中的作用尚不清楚。齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠藓类结皮的优势种,其叶片顶端具有较长的白色毛尖。本文采用自制微渗计(h=3.5 cm, d=5.7 cm)研究了正常有毛尖和人工去除毛尖的齿肋赤藓结皮的凝结水特征及其在3种模拟降水梯度(1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm)下的短期蒸发特征,结果表明：(1) 在凝结阶段,有毛尖结皮每时段的凝结水量均大于无毛尖结皮,但日出后有毛尖结皮凝结水下降速度稍快;有毛尖结皮的日凝结水量均大于无毛尖结皮,且前者的总凝结水量比后者多10.26%,即毛尖能增加10.26%的凝结水量。(2) 3种模拟降水梯度下,有毛尖结皮在各时段的累积蒸发率始终小于无毛尖结皮,以蒸发前期阶段最为明显,表明毛尖能显著减少和延缓结皮内的水分蒸发、延长植株水合时间,而且降水量越大减缓效果越明显。毛尖对这2种不同形式水分利用的差异是因为利用方式不同：对凝结水的利用主要归因于毛尖增大了结皮表面粗糙度,而减少对降水的蒸发主要是毛尖能反射阳光、形成内部毛细管及减小植株间隙的缘故。因此,毛尖的存在有利于齿肋赤藓结皮对凝结水和降水的利用,增强了藓类结皮对干旱环境的适应能力。     

CONIFEROUS TREES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERDUNE DEPOSITS IN THE JURASSIC NAVAJO SANDSTONE FORMATION, UTAH, USA

Abstract:  The Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone Formation of south-west USA represents one of the largest erg deposits ever to have developed on Earth. Here, we report the widespread occurrence of silicified conifer stumps and trunks within interdune deposits near Moab, south-east Utah. Where present as (par)autochthonous assemblages, trees are associated with the deposits of spring-fed carbonate lakes. A few stumps preserved in growth position are rooted in aeolian sandstone immediately below the lake deposits, and evidently established on interdune soils in response to a rising water table. Following at least several decades of growth, trees were killed as the water table continued to rise forming shallow lakes containing ostracodes. Where present as allochthonous assemblages, randomly orientated tree trunks are associated with massive sandstone beds interpreted as fluidized mass flow deposits. These may have formed when dune slip-faces collapsed during occasional heavy downpours of rain, destroying stands of trees. The occurrence of large conifers over a wide area of the Navajo Sandstone Formation in south-east Utah may record long-lived pluvial episodes during which the dune field stabilized, or reflect the erg-margin position of the localities.     

The achene mucilage hydrated in desert dew assists seed cells in maintaining DNA integrity: adaptive strategy of desert plant Artemisia sphaerocephala

Despite proposed ecological importance of mucilage in seed dispersal, germination and seedling establishment, little is known about the role of mucilage in seed pre-germination processes. Here we investigated the role of mucilage in assisting achene cells to repair DNA damage during dew deposition in the desert. Artemisia sphaerocephala achenes were first treated γ-irradiation to induce DNA damage, and then they were repaired in situ in the desert dew. Dew deposition duration can be as long as 421 min in early mornings. Intact achenes absorbed more water than demucilaged achenes during dew deposition and also carried water for longer time following sunrise. After 4-d dew treatment, DNA damage of irradiated intact and demucilaged achenes was reduced to 24.38% and 46.84%, respectively. The irradiated intact achenes exhibited much higher DNA repair ratio than irradiated demucilaged achenes. Irradiated intact achenes showed an improved germination and decreased nonviable achenes after dew treatment, and significant differences in viability between the two types of achenes were detected after 1020 min of dew treatment. Achene mucilage presumably plays an ecologically important role in the life cycle of A. sphaerocephala by aiding DNA repair of achene cells in genomic-stressful habitats.     

短命植物分布与沙垄表层土壤水分的关系——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

于2002年3月至2002年8月,对古尔班通古特沙漠南部短命植物分布和沙垄表层30cm厚土壤水分间的关系进行了系统监测和研究．结果表明,早春表层土壤水分在个体沙丘表面的分异直接影响到短命植物的分布．4月下旬,垄间、两坡和垄顶土壤含水率依次为4．62％、3．98％和2．01％,相应的短命植物平均盖度于5月中上旬依次为51．8％、38．2％和4．4％．5月中旬后,短命植物的分布又改变了表层土壤水分分布,上述各地貌部位的土壤含水率依次为1．0096、1．9096和2．45％,形成垄顶最高、两坡次之、垄间最差的新的空间分布格局。     

Dew fall in sand dune areas of India

An attempt has been made to study the significance of dew in the sand dune areas of India. Dew data recorded by Duvdevani dew gauges at three India Meteorological Stations (Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Ganganagar) with dew so recorded at four different heights i.e., 5 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm above the ground from 1973 to 1976 is taken for analysis. Mean monthly dew amount per dew night for the three stations at all the four heights is presented and discussed. Variation of mean seasonal (September to April) dew amount with height is also presented. It is found that higher amounts of dew deposit occur during the three months December to February. The data for the year having maximum dew fall (1975–76) is taken and analysed in terms of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration during the season. Ganganagar shows highest percentage of dew in 1975–76 when compared to actual seasonal rainfall (37%) and normal seasonal rainfall (27%); which is about 14% of the actual potential evapotranspiration and 18% of the normal potential evapotranspiration. Techniques standardized for afforesting shifting sand dunes are mentioned and recommended tree species for afforestation are presented.     

Climate and coastal dune vegetation: disturbance, recovery, and succession

The sand dune habitats found on barrier islands and other coastal areas support a dynamic plant community while protecting areas further inland from waves and wind. Foredune, interdune, and backdune habitats common to most coastal dunes have very different vegetation, likely because of the interplay among plant succession, exposure, disturbance, and resource availability. However, surprisingly few long-term data are available describing dune vegetation patterns. A nine-year census of 294 plots on St. George Island, Florida suggests that the major climatic drivers of vegetation patterns vary with habitat. Community structure is correlated with the elevation, soil moisture, and percent soil ash of each 1 m² plot. Major storms reduce species richness in all three habitats. Principle coordinate analysis suggests that changes in the plant communities through time are caused by climatic events: changes in foredune vegetation are correlated with temperature and summer precipitation, interdune vegetation with storm surge, and backdune vegetation with precipitation and storm surge. We suggest that the plant communities in foredune, interdune, and backdune habitats tend to undergo succession toward particular compositions of species, with climatic disturbances pushing the communities away from these more deterministic trajectories.     

科尔沁沙地植物群落圆环状分布成因地统计学分析

调查发现,在科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘的丘顶、丘坡和丘间地,植物群落依生境梯度而分布,呈典型圆环状分布格局．沙层水分状况分析表明,同一沙丘不同部位的沙层含水量为丘顶低于丘坡地,且二者均低于丘间地．地统计学分析表明,无论是流动沙丘还是固定沙丘,从丘顶、丘坡到丘间地,沙层含水量的空间异质性呈规律性的变化,块金值与基台值之比逐渐减小,变程逐渐减小,分维数逐渐增大,表明随机部分引起的空间异质性逐渐降低,而由空间自相关部分引起的空间异质性逐渐增高．因此,沙丘不同部位沙层含水量及其空间异质性的有规律变化是科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘植物群落呈圆环状分布格局的一个重要原因．     

陕北安塞县黄土丘陵区露水凝结时间与频率

露水凝结时间和频率是开发利用气态水资源的基本参数.根据2015和2016年黄土丘陵典型地区陕西安塞县的实地近地表露水监测数据,分析露水凝结时间和发生频率及其大气影响因子.结果表明: 研究区露水凝结时间长且具有周期性.就日周期而言,露水呈现“昼伏夜出”的典型特点,主要凝结时段为21:00至次日8:00,其中,4:00—6:00是露水最易凝结时段;就季周期而言,夏秋季是露水的频发期,春冬季是露水低发期;就年周期而言,6—11月是露水最易凝结时段.相比降雨,露水具有发生频率高、稳定性强的特点.露水的形成是下垫面和多种气象因素综合作用的结果,在相对湿度>80%、气温-露点差为1～3 ℃及风速为0～1 m·s^-1时露水发生频率更高.单就安塞地区而言,风向为120°～150°和240°～300°时更有利于露水凝结.     

Effects of leaf hair points of a desert moss on water retention and dew formation: implications for desiccation tolerance

Leaf hair points (LHPs) are important morphological structures in many desiccation-tolerant mosses, but study of their functions has been limited. A desert moss, Syntrichia caninervis, was chosen for examination of the ecological effects of LHPs on water retention and dew formation at individual and population (patch) levels. Although LHPs were only 4.77% of shoot weight, they were able to increase absolute water content (AWC) by 24.87%. The AWC of samples with LHPs was always greater than for those without LHPs during dehydration. The accumulative evaporation ratio (AER) showed an opposite trend. AWC, evaporation ratio and AER of shoots with LHPs took 20 min longer to reach a completely dehydrated state than shoots without LHPs. At the population level, dew formation on moss crusts with LHPs was faster than on crusts without LHPs, and the former had higher daily and total dew amounts. LHPs were able to improve dew amounts on crusts by 10.26%. Following three simulated rainfall events (1, 3 and 6 mm), AERs from crusts with LHPs were always lower than from crusts without LHPs. LHPs can therefore significantly delay and reduce evaporation. We confirm that LHPs are important desiccation-tolerant features of S. caninervis at both individual and population levels. LHPs greatly aid moss crusts in adapting to arid conditions.     

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分与化学性质的空间分布

区域尺度上,气象和水文状况是影响植被分布格局和土壤性状的主要因子,当然,局部的地貌特征及植被分布对土壤性质的影响也是不能忽视的。以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究对象,对其南缘至腹地约25 km的土壤水分与化学性质的空间分布及其相互关系进行研究,结果显示:水平方向上,从沙漠南缘至腹地,土壤水分在丘底呈减小趋势,尤其是距边缘10 km以外,且在距边缘6—7 km出现1个峰值。同时土壤pH值和电导率的大小以及有机碳,全氮,有效氮,全磷和有效磷含量与土壤水分的变化状况相似,在丘底呈减小趋势,而在丘坡和丘顶上均呈波动分布。这说明丘底土壤性质的空间格局受到气象和水文状况的显著影响,而丘坡和丘顶土壤性质并没有受到气象和水文状况的显著影响,这种波动分布主要由采样点的设置及植物的分布状况所引起。丘底土壤水分及化学性质均显著高于丘坡和丘顶,这说明地貌特征对土壤性质的空间分布有显著影响。垂直方向上,不同深度土层土壤性质也存在显著差异,土壤水分,pH值和电导率随着土层深度增加而增加,而土壤养分随土层深度增加而减小。相关分析结果表明:仅4、5月份的土壤含水量及年平均土壤含水量与丘底土壤化学性质显著正相关,这可能由于冬季积雪的融化导致了土壤水分在4、5月份的聚集比较明显,使土壤水分对土壤化学性质发挥作用。总之,土壤空间异质性是由气象和水文以及地貌特征共同影响的,而土壤空间异质性的变异进而影响到植被的分布,植被的分布反过来又影响土壤的空间分布,因此土壤的空间分布和植被的空间分布是相互影响,共同作用的。     

中国东北地区流动沙丘生态系统丘间低地地下芽库的时空变化

中国东北地区流动沙丘生态系统丘间低地地下芽库的时空变化 地下芽库在半干旱区沙丘生态系统植被恢复中起着重要作用。然而,目前针对流动沙丘丘间低地地下芽库时空变化的研究却很少。本研究通过调查一个生长季内5个不同面积流动沙丘丘间低地地下芽库的大小和组成,确定流动沙丘丘间低地地下芽库的时空变化。研究结果显示,中等面积丘间低地的总芽库密度与分蘖芽密度最高,茎基部芽密度呈相反趋势,而根茎芽密度不随丘间低地的面积变化而变化。地下芽库大小具有明显的季节变化特征。总芽密度在8月份达到高峰,10月份最低,根茎芽密度变化趋势与总芽密度相似,而茎基芽密度变化趋势与总芽密度相反,分蘖芽密度的变化不明显。以上结果表明,地下芽库密度随丘间低地的面积和季节变化而变化。这一结果有助于认识流动沙丘生态系统中植物生长的适应策略,并可为半干旱区沙丘植被恢复和保护提供理论指导。     

Chlorophytes of biological soil crusts in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China

In this paper, chlorophytes collected from 253 biological soil crust samples in Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China were studied by field investigation and microscopical observation in lab. The flora composition, ecological distribution of chlorophytes in the desert and dynamic changes of species composition of chlorophytes in different developing stages of biological soil crusts are preliminarily analyzed. Results showed that there were 26 species belonging to 14 genera and 10 families, in which unicellular chlorophytes were dominant. There existed some differences in distribution of varied sand dune positions. The taxa of chlorophytes in leeward of sand dunes are most abundant, but the taxa in windward, interdune and the top of sand dunes reduced gradually. Chlorophytes were mainly distributed within the crust and the taxa of chlorophytes decrease obviously under the crust. In the devel-oping stages of the biological soil crust, species diversity of chlorophytes changed a little, but species composition pre-sented some differences. Chlorococcum humicola, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas ovalis and Chlamydomonas sp. nearly existed in all developing stages of biological crusts. In several former stages of the biological soil crust there were spherical chlorophytes and filamentous ones. When moss crust formed, filamentous chlorophytes disappeared, such as Microspora and Ulothrix.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘固定沙丘坡面土壤水分动态随机模拟

为揭示土壤水分动态对干旱沙区坡面尺度水文和生态过程的影响机理,基于Rodriguez-Iturbe土壤水分动态随机模型,通过修正模型输入项参数,获取干旱沙区坡面土壤水分动态随机模型,并利用2015—2016年古尔班通古特沙漠南缘固定沙丘坡面生长季根系层土壤水分观测数据及2000—2016年日降水资料,分析研究区生长季坡面土壤水分动态与土壤水分概率密度函数特征,探讨该坡面随机模型参数敏感性及应用可行性.结果表明: 研究区生长季降水分布极不规则,以<5 mm降水为主,降水量主要源于>10 mm降水,降水间隔期以<10 d为主,且东坡次降水量略大于西坡;东、西坡面生长季土壤水分年际变化与降雨分布基本一致,西坡根系层土壤含水率略低于东坡,且各坡面生长季根系层土壤水分均服从正态分布;该坡面随机模型模拟得到的不同坡面生长季根系层土壤水分概率密度函数的曲线特征(峰值及其位置、95%置信区间)与观测结果基本一致,一致性指数(CM)均大于0.5,说明该坡面随机模型能对研究区坡面土壤水分概率密度函数进行高效模拟,具有较好的适用性,可为干旱沙区植被生存或恢复研究及实施荒漠化防治生态建设工程提供理论基础和科学方法.