Fungi associated with the aerial parts of Malaysian mangrove plants

The leaf surface fungi associated with nine species of mangrove plants includingAvicennia alba, A. officinalis, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sonneratia alba, andXylocarpus mollucensis were studied using direct observation techniques and leaf washings. Over 40 fungal taxa were isolated from the leaf washings. Of these, species ofAspergillus, Choanephora, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Trichoderma, andZygosporium were frequently encountered in the washings of all nine mangrove plants. Fewer species of fungi includingCladosporium oxysporum, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, andZygosporium were capable of growth on the washed leaves. The major phylloplane fungus on plants with higher leaf tannin content (e.g.B. parviflora, C. tagal, Rhizophora spp., andX. mollucensis) wasPestalotiopsis. Leaves with relatively lower amounts of tannin supported the proliferation ofFusarium as the major fungus. Fungi were present on the plumule and cotyledonous sheath even before the leaves opened.Pestalotiopsis persisted throughout the development and growth of the leaves. Many of the fungi encountered on senescent leaves have been reported in earlier studies to be the primary colonisers of submerged decaying leaves.     

Fungi associated with the aerial parts of Malaysian mangrove plants

The leaf surface fungi associated with nine species of mangrove plants includingAvicennia alba, A. officinalis, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sonneratia alba, andXylocarpus mollucensis were studied using direct observation techniques and leaf washings. Over 40 fungal taxa were isolated from the leaf washings. Of these, species ofAspergillus, Choanephora, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Trichoderma, andZygosporium were frequently encountered in the washings of all nine mangrove plants. Fewer species of fungi includingCladosporium oxysporum, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, andZygosporium were capable of growth on the washed leaves. The major phylloplane fungus on plants with higher leaf tannin content (e.g.B. parviflora, C. tagal, Rhizophora spp., andX. mollucensis) wasPestalotiopsis. Leaves with relatively lower amounts of tannin supported the proliferation ofFusarium as the major fungus. Fungi were present on the plumule and cotyledonous sheath even before the leaves opened.Pestalotiopsis persisted throughout the development and growth of the leaves. Many of the fungi encountered on senescent leaves have been reported in earlier studies to be the primary colonisers of submerged decaying leaves.     

钦州湾红树林丛枝菌根初步研究

海漆 (Excoecaria agallocha)、桐花树 (Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄 (Kandlia candel)、白骨壤 (Avi-cennia marina)是钦州湾分布广、生长量大的 4种红树植物 ,该项研究初步调查了丛枝菌根真菌在这四种植物根系的定居情况。在这四种植物的根际土壤均分离到丛枝菌根真菌孢子 ,其孢子密度以海漆根际的最高 ,其次为桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤。同时 ,海漆根系的侵染率和物种丰富度也最高 ,但在所取的白骨壤根样中没有观察到丛枝菌根的侵染。菌根侵染主要是以根内菌丝、胞内菌丝膨大扭曲、泡囊等形态出现。海水和土壤质地是影响菌根侵染率的主要因素。在所采土样中仅发现球囊霉属 (Glomus)、无梗囊霉属 (Acaulospora)丛枝菌根真菌 ,计有 1 7种和多个未确定种。     

2008年南方低温对我国红树植物的破坏作用

2008年初, 我国南方19个省经历了50年一遇的持续低温雨雪冰冻天气。极端气候对华南沿海各省的红树林区造成不同程度的危害。2008年3月, 在我国南方各省红树林区的10个代表性地点, 对这次寒害造成的红树植物伤害程度进行了系统的调查。结果表明: 冬季低温对红树林的影响极为显著, 特别是在低纬度的海南、广西和广东湛江, 由于极端低温正值夜间退潮, 对红树林的影响更为显著; 在纬度较高的福建, 本地红树种类秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina)及引种的木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)等, 由于长期适应于冬季较低的气温或在种植前经过抗寒锻炼, 具有较强的抗寒能力。各地主要红树植物中, 广布种秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤最为耐寒, 其耐寒性均大于红树科的木榄、海莲(Bruguiera sexangula)和红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)。海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)对温度的敏感性最强, 抗寒能力最低, 因此, 即使在其原产地海南也受到较为严重的寒害, 在纬度更高的引种地出现大面积受害甚至全部死亡, 而从孟加拉国引种的无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)却显示出一定的抗寒能力。同一地点的红树植物幼苗的抗寒能力低于大树。此次寒害也造成了苗圃场的种苗大量死亡, 成熟的植株提前落花落果, 这势必会影响后继一两年内红树林的自然更新和人工造林。因此, 在未来红树林造林或人工引种中, 一定要考虑到红树植物的抗寒能力。     

Interspecific Variations in Responses of Mangrove Seedlings to Two Contrasting Salinities

The growth performance of seedlings of seven species of true mangroves (Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Sonneratia caseolaris) in response to two contrasting salinity regimes, low (i.e., 3–5) and medium (i.e., 25–27), was studied. Species represented all categories relevant to vivipary (i.e., true viviparous species, cryptoviviparous species and non‐viviparous species), and included closely related pairs as well as species commonly used in replanting in Sri Lanka. Species could be ranked in descending order of salinity tolerance as A. marina > R. mucronata > R. apiculata >B. gymnorrhiza > A. officinalis > B. sexangula > S. caseolaris, hence taxonomically similar species and those sharing vivipary characteristics may be distant in salinity tolerance. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

人工生境条件下几种红树植物的净初级生产力比较研究

选择3种红树植物海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum),每种分别按45%、30%和15%的面积比例种植于滩涂海水养殖塘.种植后连续2年对红树植物进行生态监测.结果表明,海桑增高457.0cm,基径增加86.1mm,成活率92.9%;桐花树高、基径分别增长2.1cm和36.5mm,成活率93.9%;秋茄成活率44.7%,增高20.4cm、基径增加2.4mm,说明在不受自然潮汐影响的人工生境条件下,海桑和桐花树对环境的适应能力强,生长较好,秋茄的生长适应性较差.据不同时期树高、基径与干、枝、叶、根的生物量,求得植物各器官生物量与树高、基径的回归方程,分析了3种红树植物的生物量与净初级生产力.海桑单位面积生物量5597.8g·m^-2,桐花树962.5g·m^-2,秋茄66.0g·m^-2.生物量在植物各器官的分配按大小排序,海桑为树干＞树枝＞树根＞树叶;桐花树为树叶＞树枝＞树干＞树根;秋茄为树干＞树根＞树叶＞树枝.单位面积净初级生产力海桑为7051.5g·m^-2,桐花树1105.8g·m^-2,秋茄93.0g·m^-2.高生产力伴随高归还量,凋落物归还量占净初级生产力的比重为海桑20.5%、桐花树15.4%、秋茄7.%.     

Wood-inhabiting filamentous fungi in 12 high-altitude streams of the Western Ghats by damp incubation and bubble chamber incubation

The diversity and distribution of fungi on naturally submerged wood from 12 high-altitude streams of the Western Ghats in India were studied by damp chamber incubation and bubble chamber incubation. The damp chamber incubation of wood samples yielded 29 fungal taxa (17 anamorphs, 11 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete). Acrogenospora sphaerocephala, Canalisporium sp., Dictyosporium heptasporum, Leptosphaeria ginimia, L. typharum, Massarina australiensis, Sporoschisma saccardoi, and Sporoschismopsis australiensis were the most common taxa and were widely distributed on wood in streams of the Western Ghats. The bubble chamber incubation of bark and cambium revealed 30 aquatic hyphomycetes (bark, 28; cambium, 18). Anguillospora longissima, Flagellospora curvula, F. penicillioides, and Lunulospora curvula were most common in bark as well as cambium. There was only 1 species (Helicomyces roseus) that was identified following both incubation methods, indicating that methodology influences the detection of fungal communities. It is recommended that studies on freshwater fungi should incorporate both damp incubation and bubble chamber techniques.     

人工湿地污水处理系统三种红树植物抗性生理特性

研究了淡水条件下潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统中红树植物海桑、桐花树和木榄的抗性生理特性.结果表明,在为期1年的试验中,人工湿地污水处理系统3种红树植物超氧物歧化(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性持续升高并维持在较高水平,脯氨酸含量在7～9月达到最高水平,质膜透性没有明显的变化规律.对人工湿地与深圳福田自然保护区3种红树植物抗性生理指标进行比较,前者SOD、POD和CAT活性明显低于后者,脯氨酸含量前者明显高于后者,而丙二醛（MDA）含量和质膜透性则两者没有差别.3种红树植物能较好地适应淡水条件下潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统.     

海南岛东寨港几种红树植物种间生态位研究

采用3种常见的生态位宽度和生态位重叠计测公式,以外来种无瓣海桑扩散区的秋茄+桐花树群落演替系列作为资源轴,定量计测了几种红树植物的生态位宽度和重叠值.结果表明,各树种生态位宽度值排序为桐花树(3.8357)＞秋茄(3.3421)＞木榄(3.3180)＞白骨壤(3.0975)＞无瓣海桑(2.9137)＞海桑(2.5724)＞角果木(1.8523)＞红海榄(1.6897)＞海莲(1.0000),很好地表征了其生态适应性和分布幅度.各树种重叠值中,以秋茄、桐花树、木榄、白骨壤之间的生态位重叠较大,表明其间存在较强的资源利用性竞争.无瓣海桑生态位宽度处于中等程度,与中低潮滩红树植物海桑、桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤的重叠值相对较高,与红海榄、木榄有中度重叠,与角果木有少量重叠,与海莲完全没有重叠.     

The Studies on the Development,Structure and Ecological Adaptation of Aboveground Root Apices of the Mangrove Plants

The aboveground root apices of 15 species of the mangrove plants have been observed. The species belong to 9 genera and 6 families, which are distributed in the intertidal region along tropical to subtropical coast in Hainan and Guangdong provinces. The histology of the prop root apices (aerial) of 4 genera of the Rhizophoraceae was characterized markedly by columnar meristematic area, columella and suberized sheath of root cap. The prop root apices (aerial) of Acanthus and Avicennia as well as pneumatophore apices of Avicennia and Sonneratia possessed short columella and thin suberized sheath, or showed growth layer in the phellem of root cap. Most of the mangrove plants started procambial activity very early. Under the epidermis exodermis usually and in the subepidermal layer periderm was developed. All these have shown the selectivity of environment and adaptive convergence in mangrove.     

Host Specialization among Wood-Decay Polypore Fungi in a Caribbean Mangrove Forest1

Host specialization in highly diverse tropical forests may be limited by the low local abundance of suitable hosts. To address whether or not fungi in a low‐diversity tropical forest were released from this restriction, fruiting bodies of polypore basidiomycete fungi were collected from three species of mangroves (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle) in a Caribbean mangrove forest in Panama. Unlike other tropical forests, the polypore assemblage in this mangrove forest was strongly dominated by a few host‐specialized species. Three fungal species, each with strong preference for a different mangrove host species, comprised 88 percent of all fungi collected.     

Ensemble modeling approach to predict the past and future climate suitability for two mangrove species along the coastal wetlands of peninsular India

Mangroves support numerous ecosystem services and help in reducing coastal ecological risks, yet they are declining rapidly due to climate change, sea level fluctuations and human activities. It is important to understand their responses to climate and sea level changes and identify conservation target areas at spatio-temporal scales, specifically in regions of rich mangrove biodiversity. In this study, we predicted the potential impact of past (Middle Holocene, ∼6000 years), current and future (2050s, 2070s; RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) climate change scenarios on the two dominant species in the coastal mangrove forest wetlands of India, i.e., Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia officinalis through an ensemble species distribution modeling approach. The ensemble modeling has been carried out by integrating eight single algorithm methods. Based on the receiver operating characteristics of area under the curve (AUC) and true skill statistics (TSS) values the ensemble modeling has yielded the highest predictive performance for SVM for both the species and lowest by CART for R. mucronata and BIOCLIM for A. officinalis. The internal evaluation metrics of the resulting Species distribution models (SDMs) tested its robustness with AUC-0.97 and TSS-0.89 for A. officinalis and AUC-0.99 and TSS-0.90 for R. mucronata. Precipitation of Wettest Month (Bio 13) and Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter (Bio 10) was the most important variable (54–67%) for the distribution of A. officinalis and Precipitation Seasonality (Bio 15) and Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (Bio 18) for R. mucronata. High precipitation and sea-level highstand during middle Holocene led to the maximum range expansion of suitable habitat for the mangrove species which is also validated in the present study by the fossil pollen datasets. Total mangrove habitat in current and future climatic scenarios decreased in 2.6 and 8.5 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for 2050 and 2070 which indicates the vulnerability of the species to climate change impacts. Mangrove species are projected to shift their ranges more towards land in future experiencing a decrease in the amount of suitable coastal area available to them throughout the Indian coastline. The plausible cause for this range shift may be due to higher precipitation that is usually associated with longer period of soil inundation and because of the rise in sea level. Our findings will assist in formulating species-specific restoration plans for these keystone species in context of climate change in the Indian Subcontinent.     

Life history of Aulacaspis marina Takagi and Williams(Hom., Coccoidea), a new pest of mangrove plantations in Indonesia, and its damage to mangrove seedlings

Scale insects of a newly described species, Aulacaspis marina Takagi and Williams, have killed a large number of mangrove ( Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.) saplings planted in abandoned shrimp ponds on Bali island, Indonesia. The mean fecundity of A. marina was 141 eggs. The generation time of this species was between 34 and 42 days, based on four generations, suggesting that the species has nine to 10 generations a year on Bali island where the temperatures are seasonally constant. When crawlers of A. marina were transferred to potted seedlings of R. mucronata , they settled on all leaves of the seedlings. Newly expanded leaves were not infested by the first generation crawlers but were attacked by the following generations. The insect attack induced browning of the leaves and finally caused leaf fall; the leaves fell 25–159 days after the crawler transfer. Consequently, the seedlings died on average 128 (range 82–159) days after infestation. This suggests that once a large number of crawlers attack R. mucronata seedlings, A. marina can kill them within several months. When crawlers were transferred to potted seedlings of three mangrove species ( R. mucronata , Rhizophora apiculata Bl. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L.), which were the main species planted at the study site, the numbers that developed into adult females did not differ significantly among these species. This suggests that these mangrove species are almost equally susceptible to A. marina.     

深圳福田无瓣海桑与海桑人工林鸟类群落研究及生态评价

报道深圳福田无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林和天然林树林鸟类群落的组成特征、密度、相似性、生物多样性等方面的调查研究结果。并通过比较的方法,从鸟类群落学的角度,对无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林的生态功能进行了初步分析和评价。认为：从目前情况看,无瓣海桑和海桑作为深圳沿海人工造林的主要引进树种,对原有红树林生态系统的结构和功能暂时没有不利影响,对尽快恢复和发展红树林地的面积,提高原有红树林生态系统的生物多样性具有积极的作用。建议：①必须采取有效措施防止生态的入侵;②在大面积种植无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林时间种适当面积的当地红树树种。     

Fungal endophyte assemblages from ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal trees

Endophytic fungi represent an interesting group of microorganisms associated with the healthy tissues of terrestrial plants. They represent a large reservoir of genetic diversity. Fungal endophytes were isolated from the inner bark segments of ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal tree species, namely Terminalia arjuna, Crataeva magna, Azadirachta indica, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Terminalia chebula, and Butea monosperma (11 individual trees), growing in different regions of southern India. Forty-eight fungal species were recovered from 2200 bark segments. Mitosporic fungi represented a major group (61%), with ascomycetes (21%) and sterile mycelia (18%) the next major groups. Species of Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Chaetomium were frequently isolated. Exclusive fungal taxa were recovered from five of the six plant species considered for the study of endophytic fungi. Rarefaction indices for species richness indicated the highest expected number of species for bark segments were isolated from T. arjuna and A. indica (20 species each) and from C. magna (18 species).     

红树植物地上根根端的发育,结构与生态适应

观察了分布于海南和广东省热带、亚热带海岸潮间带的６ 科９ 属１５ 种红树植物各种地上根根端与胚轴顶端的发育及结构。红树科（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｈｏｒａｃｅａｅ）４ 属的支柱根根端,以显著的柱状分生组织区、根冠柱、栓质化的根冠为特征。老鼠簕属（Ａｃａｎｔｈｕｓ）、海榄雌属（Ａｖｉｃｅｎｎｉａ）的支柱根和海榄雌属、海桑属（Ｓｏｎｎｅｒａｔｉａ）的出水通气根根端都有短的根冠柱,薄的栓质化根冠或根冠的木栓层具有生长层。大多数红树植物的根端很早开始原形成层的活动,表皮之下常见外皮层,周皮常在表皮下层出现等独特的发育式样、结构特征,显示了环境的选择作用和红树植物的趋同适应     

The current status of mangroves along the Kenyan coast: a case study of Mida Creek mangroves based on remote sensing

Mangroves form a unique ecosystem of limited extent covering an area of about 53 000 ha along the Kenyan coast which need protection from overexploitation. Background information on the areal extent and status of these mangroves is limited and makes their protection and management difficult.A model study has been carried out on the Mida Creek mangroves based on a double sampling approach starting with SPOT multispectral satellite imagery followed by ground checks to provide information on species composition, density and distribution of mangroves. The utilization of mangroves and uses around and within the mangroves were determined.During this study, seven mangrove species were identified in Mida Creek, namely:Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum andLumnitzera racemosa. This report briefly outlines the present utilisation of mangrove species. It is recommended that a multidisciplinary management plan be developed in order to conserve and manage the mangroves of Kenya on a sustainable yield basis.     

深圳福田无瓣海桑与海桑人工林鸟类群落研究及生态评价

报道深圳福田无瓣海桑+海桑人工林和天然红树林鸟类群落的组成特征、密度、相似性、生物多样性等方面的调查研究结果。并通过比较的方法,从鸟类群落学的角度,对无瓣海桑+海桑人工林的生态功能进行了初步分析和评价。认为从目前情况看,无瓣海桑和海桑作为深圳沿海人工造林的主要引进树种,对原有红树林生态系统的结构和功能暂时没有不利影响,对尽快恢复和发展红树林地的面积,提高原有红树林生态系统的生物多样性具有积极的作用。建议①必须采取有效措施防止生态的入侵;②在大面积种植无瓣海桑+海桑人工林时应间种适当面积的当地红树树种。     

三种泌盐红树植物对盐胁迫的耐受性比较

在盐度 0、5、15、2 5和 35 (% )下种植泌盐红树植物老鼠 (Acanthus ilicifolius)、桐花树 (Aegiceras corniculatum)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina)的繁殖体 ,以繁殖体萌发、幼苗生长、叶片泌盐量、叶片组织液盐含量和蒸腾蒸发量为指标 ,比较其对盐胁迫的耐受性。盐度提高对胎生种类桐花树和白骨壤的萌根速率无显著影响 ,但高盐度明显抑制非胎生种类老鼠的萌根。白骨壤的萌苗率不受盐度影响 ,但 2 5以上的盐度导致桐花树和老鼠的萌苗率下降。在盐度范围 5～ 35内 ,白骨壤幼苗的茎高生长随盐度的增加而减少 ,但减少量比桐花树小 ,而老鼠的减少量最大。老鼠因盐度提高而导致的叶片长度的减少量最大。在盐度提高的情况下 3种植物均具有泌盐量增加的效应 ,在任一盐度下泌盐能力的顺序均为白骨壤 >桐花树 >老鼠。淡水培养时 ,3种红树植物的叶片组织液盐含量 (约 2 % )均高于环境盐度 0。在盐度范围 5～ 35内 ,白骨壤的叶片组织液盐含量维持在较稳定的水平 (4 .3%～ 5 .0 % ) ,桐花树的变化范围为 2 .4 %～ 4 .5 % ,老鼠 2 .3%～ 5 .3%。淡水培养时 ,3种植物的蒸腾蒸发量类似 ,但盐性条件下白骨壤的蒸腾蒸发量显著高于桐花树和老鼠。随着盐度的增加 ,老鼠的蒸腾蒸发量下降最多。这些结果均表     

Frequency of occurrence of fungi on wood in Malaysian mangroves

Over one hundred fungi have been reported on mangrove wood (Hyde and Jones, 1988; Jones and Kuthubutheen, 1989; Hyde and Jones, unpublished) from tropical and subtropical locations. A variety of factors affect the frequency of occurrence of these fungi, e.g . salinity, length of exposure of substrate, wood species and location within the mangrove. Two aspects are addressed in this paper: a) Comparison of the fungi present at three mangroves in Malaysia (Morib, Kuala Selangor, Port Dickson); and b) The fungi colonising specific mangrove wood, e.g. Avecennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Species diversity was greatest at Port Dickson with 63 fungi recorded while species composition varied from site to site. Common fungi at Morib and Kuala Selangor were Halocyphina villosa and Leptosphaeria australiensis along with Kallichroma tethys and Lulworthia grandispora at the latter site. None of these were common at Port Dickson, the dominant species at this site were Hypoxylon oceanicum and Massarina ramunculicola. A comparison of the fungi occurring on Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza indicated that Halocyphina villosa was common on both timbers. Species diversity and abundance were greatest on Avicennia with the following fungi listed as common: Eutypa sp., Kallichroma tethys, Marinosphaera mangrovei, Phoma sp. and Julelia avicenniae.