2002~2004年兰州市流感疫苗免疫效果分析

2002~2004年每年9~11月在兰州市对我省使用流感疫苗进行血清学考核,3年用血凝抑制试验(H I)分别检测44、52、49人疫苗免疫前后不同4种血清型流感病毒的抗体水平。结果显示,接种疫苗者30~35 d后流感病毒4个血清型流感病毒H I抗体均有不同程度的增长,H1N1、H3N2、B(Yam agata)、B(V ictorian)保护率(≥1∶40)分别为91.72%、91.72%、81.63%和59.38%;免疫后人体H I抗体滴度的几何均数(GMT)分别为1∶221.76、1∶189.58、1∶71.04和1∶43.04;较接种前H I抗体滴度≥4倍的分别占53.79%(78/145)、58.62%(84/145)、75.51%(37/49)和58.37%(56/96)。血清学检测表明流感疫苗免疫效果好,免疫成功率高。     

A（H1N1）疫苗免疫的血清中和抗体的交叉免疫反应分析

目的分析接种A（H1N1）疫苗人群血清的中和抗体对2009年A（H1N1）的抗病毒作用和相关病毒的交叉免疫保护作用。方法利用MDCK细胞的细胞病变检测接种A（H1N1）疫苗的人血清和未免疫的对照血清对甲型流感病毒A/Brisbane/10/2007（H3N2）,A/Brisbane/59/2007（H1N1）,A/California/07/2009（H1N1）和A/Shenzhen/406H/2006（H5N1）等病毒的中和作用。结果通过细胞病变观察,证实接种A（H1N1）疫苗的人血清稀释度为1∶40时,30份免疫血清可以中和H3N2（Brisbane）,H1N1（Brisbane）和H1N1（CA7）而不产生细胞病变,中和保护率分别均为100%,而相同稀释度的未免疫对照血清的中和保护率分别为100%,100%,40%;而当稀释度为1∶400时,30份免疫血清分别有13,20和21例未出现细胞病变,中和保护率分别为43%,67%,70%,10份对照血清的中和保护率分别为80%,70%,0%。两种稀释度的免疫血清和未免疫对照血清均不能中和H5N1引起细胞病变,中和保护率均为0%。结论接种2009年A（H1N1）疫苗可以诱导能中和CA7 H1N1的抗体产生,但该中和抗体对H3N2（Brisbane）,H1N1（Brisbane）,H5N1（SZ）高致病禽流感病毒等甲型流感病毒无交叉保护作用。     

甲型H1N1流感疫苗中神经氨酸酶含量双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

目的建立甲型H1N1流感疫苗中神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)含量双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法,并对其进行验证及初步应用。方法以HCA3通用抗体作为包被抗体,N1抗血清作为显示抗体建立双抗体夹心ELISA,确定线性范围,验证该方法的准确度及精密度,并用该方法对3个厂家共9批次甲型H1N1流感疫苗中的NA含量进行测定。结果 NA质量浓度在0~50 ng/m L时线性良好(r20.99);回收率为97.54%~104.02%;实验内CV10%,实验间CV15%。不同厂家的甲型H1N1流感疫苗中NA含量差异很大,NA与HA(血凝素)的百分比最高达到29.85%,而最低的只有7.00%;而同一厂家各批次疫苗间的NA与HA的比例较为稳定。结论成功建立了甲型H1N1流感疫苗中NA含量双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法,该法具有良好的线性及灵敏度,准确度和精密度高,能满足甲型H1N1流感疫苗NA含量的检测需求。     

季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中针对同型与异型流感病毒的免疫保护效力

为了研究季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中针对甲型流感病毒同型同株、同型异株、异型异株攻击的免疫保护效力及其与诱发的血凝抑制(HI)抗体滴度的关系,本研究使用我国2008~2009年度季节性流感裂解疫苗中不同剂量的甲1型流感病毒H1N1(疫苗株病毒A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)-like)和甲3型流感病毒的H3N2(疫苗株病毒A/Brisbane/10/2007(H3N2)-like)疫苗组分免疫BALB/c小鼠,首先确定了能在小鼠中诱发血HI抗体滴度达到40的疫苗免疫剂量;然后以此剂量免疫小鼠,分别使用同型同株流感病毒(鼠肺适应株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)-like virus(MA))(简称A1)和同型异株流感病毒(鼠肺适应株A/Purto Rico/8/34(H1N1))(简称PR8)攻击H1N1疫苗免疫小鼠,使用异型异株流感病毒A1攻击H3N2疫苗免疫小鼠,通过体重变化和存活率情况,探讨季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中针对甲型流感病毒同型同株、同型异株、异型异株攻击的保护效力。结果显示,季节性流感裂解疫苗H1N1和H3N2组分按照HA不同剂量0.15μg、0.5μg、1.5μg、5μg和15μg免疫小鼠后,所诱发的HI抗体滴度随免疫剂量的增加而增强,1.5μgHA即可以诱发免疫小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40;以此剂量免疫小鼠,分别使用3LD50、10LD50、30LD50、100LD50、300LD50、1 000LD50和3 000LD50的同型同株流感病毒A1进行攻击,1.5μgH1N1疫苗可以100%保护小鼠抵御高至1000LD50同型同株流感病毒A1的攻击,15μg甚至可以100%保护3 000LD50同型同株流感病毒A1的攻击,但是这两个剂量免疫的小鼠在低至3LD50同型异株流感病毒PR8的攻击后都全部死亡;使用可以诱发HI抗体滴度达到140的15μg H3N2疫苗免疫小鼠,在低至3LD50异型异株流感病毒A1的攻击后亦全部死亡。以上结果表明,季节性流感疫苗可使小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40的疫苗免疫剂量为1.5μg,该免疫剂量可以有效保护小鼠抵御同型同株流感病毒的攻击,但是难以保护小鼠抵御同型异株与异型异株流感病毒的攻击,这一结果为建立以季节性流感疫苗为参考的免疫保护评价体系提供了实验依据。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒佐剂疫苗小鼠免疫效果

为了探讨甲型H1N1流感病毒氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗对小鼠的免疫作用及对小鼠繁殖性能的影响,以不同剂量、不同免疫程序免疫小鼠后定期采血;用血凝抑制(HI)方法检测血清H1N1流感病毒HI抗体滴度,观察H1N1流感病毒佐剂疫苗对小鼠受孕、产仔、哺乳的影响;比较孕鼠及非孕鼠的抗体滴度,免疫后孕鼠所产仔鼠的体重及H1N1胎传抗体水平。结果显示,以0.5μg组开始的不同剂量、不同免疫程序均可使小鼠产生90倍以上水平的H1N1流感病毒抗体;免疫后的小鼠不影响受孕、产仔及哺乳;仔鼠保护性抗体可持续1个月以上。H1N1流感病毒佐剂疫苗是一种高免疫原性的制剂,用低剂量免疫,即可产生90倍以上持续时间较长的保护性抗体。这种佐剂疫苗对小鼠的繁殖性能无明显影响,免疫产生的抗体经胎盘可垂直传递给仔鼠。     

云南省首例人感染G4基因型欧亚类禽H1N1猪流感病毒病原学特征分析

2020年云南发现了首例人感染G4基因型欧亚类禽H1N1(EA H1N1)猪流感病毒,针对分离到的A/YunnanMengzi/1462/2020(H1N1v)病毒分析其血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）氨基酸变异位点、生物学耐药、受体亲和力及抗原性变异特征,并对2020-2021年度季节性流感疫苗对该病毒的交叉保护效果进行评价。结果显示,EA H1N1猪流感病毒A/Yunnan-Mengzi/1462/2020(H1N1v)与世界卫生组织推荐的疫苗株A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1v)HA和NA氨基酸位点同源性分别为97.9%和97.4%;A/Yunnan-Mengzi/1462/2020(H1N1v)病毒对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感,以结合人流感病毒唾液酸受体α2,6为主,与疫苗株抗原性存在8倍以上差异。接种季节性流感疫苗的儿童、成人和老年组人群针对季节性流感疫苗株A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019(H1N1pdm)抗体滴度≥40者占比分别为80.0%、76.7%和63.3%;而对A/Yunnan-Mengzi/1462/2020(H1N1v)抗...     

甲型H1N1流感疫苗神经氨酸酶含量测定参考品的建立

目的建立甲型H1N1流感疫苗神经氨酸酶含量测定参考品。方法对甲型H1N1流感疫苗原液进行还原电泳后,采用免疫印迹,糖蛋白染色,方法初步确定甲流H1N1疫苗原液中神经氨酸酶SDS-PAGE条带位置,切取条带后通过edman N端测序法进行确认。采用Lowry法进行总蛋白定量,SDS-PAGE密度扫描的方法确定神经氨酸酶比例,计算出疫苗原液中神经氨酸酶含量。结果确定甲流疫苗原液中神经氨酸酶在SDS-PAGE中相对分子质量约71 000,对多批次疫苗原液进行测定后,选取神经氨酸酶含量较高的批次进行测定,总蛋白质量浓度为1046.00μg/m L,神经氨酸酶质量分数11.78%。二者相乘得出该批次疫苗原液神经氨酸酶含量为123.22μg/m L。结论研究成功建立了甲型H1N1流感疫苗神经氨酸酶含量测定参考品,其他毒株生产的流感疫苗也可以参考该方法建立NA含量测定参考品。     

一株2011年出现的季节性甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因特性的研究

本文通过比较2011年分离培养的1株季节性甲型H1N1流行性感冒(简称流感)病毒(A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1))与历年季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒的血凝素(HA)基因,追溯该病毒的基因变异与来源,探讨该毒株的出现对流感防控工作的意义.采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增病毒的HA和神经氨酸酶(NA)片段,并进行测序;应用分子生物学软件对获得的序列进行分析,绘制基因进化树;同时,通过血凝抑制试验检测2011年下半年健康人群中该流感病毒的抗体水平.结果显示,A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1)的HA基因序列与世界卫生组织(WHO)2007～2008年季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)最接近,同源性达99.2%,与新型甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/07/2009疫苗株同源性仅为72.4%.其HA基因裂解位点为PSIQSR↓GLF,尚未出现高致病性的分子特征.HA片段共编码557个氨基酸,有9个潜在的糖基化位点,序列与2009年前WHO疫苗株A/NewCaledonia/20/1999(H1N1)、A/SolomonIslands/3/2006(H1N1)和/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)相比,分别有15、12和4处不同,这些差异分布在Sa、Sb、Ca1、Ca2、Cb 5个抗原决定簇的氨基酸差异分别有5、5和2处.该毒株在健康人群血清的抗体阳性率为34.33%,几何平均效价(GMT)为10.38.A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1)是2011年出现在上海地区的一个季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株,其抗原变异与既往季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒相比不大,但在以A(H1N1)pdm09为主要流行株的年份检测到散在发生的既往季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株应当引起重视,其在人群中的抗体水平较低,易引起流行,需要提高对类流感人群中此种毒株的持续监测.     

深圳市龙岗区流感监测及健康人群流感抗体水平分析

对深圳市龙岗区近几年流感病原学及人群流感抗体水平的分析,为流感防控提供科学依据。通过流感监测系统对流感进行病原学和血清学监测的结果显示,2007年流感病毒分离率为1.08%(3/277),2009年分离率为6.68%(56/838),两年流感病毒分离率差别具有统计学意义(χ2=13.03,P=0.000)。2007年健康人群血清样本中H1N1、H3N2、BY、BV流感抗体阳性率分别为60.5%、82.1%、59.3%、50.2%,2010年健康人群血清样本中H1N1、H3N2、BY、BV、甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性率分别为36.2%、37.6%、40.2%、21.9%、37.6%,2007年和2009年各亚型流感抗体阳性率具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两年中均表现H3N2亚型抗体阳性率最高,BV抗体阳性率最低。2007年和2010年H1N1、H3N2、BY、BV抗体阳性率均高于2010年,差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。因此应加强流感病毒抗原变异株和人群流感水平的监测,对5岁以下及20岁以上的易感人群加强流感疫苗的接种,预防流感大流行。     

流感病毒裂解疫苗上市后再评价研究

目的评价流感病毒裂解疫苗上市后在较大范围人群中接种的安全性和免疫原性。方法回顾分析2013年和2015年分别在四川省和湖北省开展的安全性再评价中收集的疑似预防接种异常反应(adverse events following immunization, AEFI)数据,分析AEFI报告发生率。分析2007年和2015年分别在江苏省盐城市和湖北省汉川市开展的免疫原性再评价,招募≥6月龄健康受试者,接种流感病毒裂解疫苗,检测受试者免疫前及全程免疫后28 d血清H1N1、H3N2和B型流感病毒血凝抑制(haemagglutination inhibition, HI)抗体,进行免疫原性分析。结果 2013年四川省安全性再评价中,AEFI报告发生率为11.78/10万;其中,一般反应、异常反应、偶合症的发生率分别为8.50/10万、2.62/10万、0.65/10万;2015年湖北省安全性再评价中,AEFI报告发生率为7.46/10万;其中,一般反应、异常反应的发生率分别为5.70/10万、1.76/10万;无偶合症未发现可疑的罕见严重不良反应;2次免疫原性再评价中,2007年盐城市319名受试者免疫后H1N1、H3N2和B型流感病毒HI抗体阳转率分别为95.0%、87.1%、88.1%,抗体几何平均滴度(geometric mean titer, GMT)分别比免疫前增加33.3、7.8、26.0倍,抗体保护率分别为100.0%、99.7%、98.4%;2015年汉川市591名受试者免疫后H1N1、H3N2和B型流感病毒HI抗体阳转率分别为73.3%、86.3%、65.8%,抗体GMT分别比免疫前增加10.9、20.2、8.0倍,抗体保护率分别为97.5%、100.0%、96.6%。结论流感病毒裂解疫苗具有良好的安全性和免疫原性,可用于相关人群的流感免疫预防。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

DEC1 and MIC-1

Comment on: Qian Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109:11300-5.     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Generation of 'humanized' hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) mouse line

Human/rodent CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 orthologs are well known to exhibit species-specific differences in substrate preferences and rates of metabolism. This lab previously characterized a BAC-transgenic mouse carrying the human CYP1A1_CYP1A2 locus; in this line, human dioxin-inducible CYP1A1 and basal vs dioxin-inducible CYP1A2 have been shown to be expressed normally (with regard to mRNAs, proteins and three enzyme activities) in every one of nine mouse tissues studied. The mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes are oriented head-to-head and share a bidirectional promoter region of 13,954 bp. Using Cre recombinase and loxP sites inserted 3' of the stop codons of both genes, we show here a successful interchromosomal excision of 26,173 bp that ablated both genes on the same allele. The Cyp1a1/1a2(-) double-knockout allele was bred with the "humanized" line; the final product is the hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) line on a theoretically >99.8% C57BL/6J genetic background-having both human genes replacing the mouse orthologs. This line will be valuable for human risk assessment studies involving any environmental toxicant or drug that is a substrate for CYP1A1 or CYP1A2.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.