Book Review

Book Reviewed in this article:
Hock, B., C. Fedtke and R. R. Schmidt , Herbizide-Entwicklung, Anwendung, Wirkungen Nebenwirkungen.     

云南汉族HLA-DRB1多态性分析及与9个汉族群体的比较

主要应用聚合酶链反应—微孔板杂交(Polymerase Chain Reaction and Microtitre Plate Hybridization,PCR-MPH)的方法对云南129个无亲缘关系的汉族样品进行了HLA-DRB1的遗传多态性分析,对MPH初分出的DRB1*15组的样品进行了单链构象多态（Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism, SSCP）检测。共发现36种等位基因,其中等位基因频率大于0.05的有DRB1*1501(0.1240),DRB1*09012(0.0969),DRB1*08032(0.0930),DRB1*1202(0.0891),DRB1*1201(0.0814),DRB1 *1401(0.0775),DRB1 *0701(0.0620)。云南汉族HLA-DRB1等位基因频率与中国其他9个汉族群体进行χ²检验,结果显示与云南汉族比较χ²>10的有西安汉族（DR8,χ²=13.9712）、上海汉族（DR4,χ²=10.1632）、广东汉族（DR9,χ²=12.6121）和南京汉族（DR4,χ²=10.5796）。从遗传距离分析发现,在9个国内汉族群体中云南汉族与辽宁汉族有最近的距离（0.0541）,而与广东汉族最远（0.1851）。云南汉族在构成上可能与辽宁汉族更为接近,尽管地处南方,但已不属典型的南方汉族。这也可能因云南汉族与当地的少数民族存在基因交流,从而形成了一个较为特殊的群体。     

九个汉族群体和四个少数民族群体中腺苷酸激酶的遗传多态性

用淀粉凝胶电泳及特异的染色方法,调查了我国九个汉族和四个少数民族群体的腺苷酸激酶-1(AK1)的遗传多态性在这十三个群体中AK1*2频率都远低于AK1*1频率,未达到0.01的多态水平,分别为：兰州汉族0.0096,郑州汉族0.0023,呼和浩特汉族0.0024,西安汉族0.0025,漳州汉族0.0024,羌族0.0024;而在广东客家人、成都汉族、哈尔滨汉族、贵阳汉族以及哈尼族、瑶族、布依族中均为0。在兰州汉族群体中观察到国内第一例AK1*2-2表型。     

五个汉族及三个少数民族人群的腺苷脱氨酶分布

用淀粉胶电泳及特异性酶染色方法测定了五个汉族及三个少数民族人群的红细胞腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)分布。ADA~2基因频率分别为:成都汉族0.0492,漳州汉族0.0240,哈尔滨汉族0.0386,贵阳汉族0.0343,西安汉族0.0302,布依族0.0584,瑶族0.0190,哈尼族0.0136。南方人群的ADA~2基因频率一般低于北方人。未发现罕见变异型。     

城市汉族的瘦体质量和脂肪质量

2009-2013年测量了城市汉族成人10451例(男性5048例,女性5403例)的16项指标值,研究了不同纬度地区汉族城市成人的瘦体质量、脂肪质量值的变化规律。研究发现:1)31个族群脂肪质量、瘦体质量均数彼此相差较大,脂肪质量最大值男性、女性均为保定汉族;最小值男性为宜春汉族、女性为宁乡汉族。瘦体质量最大值男性为呼兰汉族、女性为南阳汉族;最小值男性为赣州汉族,女性为琼海汉族。2)各族群女性脂肪质量值均大于男性,而瘦体质量值均小于男性。3)胸部、臀部(女性还有腹部)围度的发育以及全身的皮下脂肪发育水平影响着城市汉族脂肪质量的发育水平,躯干与下肢围度(男性还有上肢骨骼)发育情况影响着城市汉族人的瘦体质量发育水平。4)随纬度的增加,即从中国的南方到北方,城市汉族人的体质量、脂肪质量、瘦体质量均呈线性增大。脂肪质量、瘦体质量随纬度增加而增大共同引起了体质量规律性的变化。     

Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago

The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in the world, and their origins, development, and expansion are complex. Many genetic studies have shown that Han Chinese can be divided into two distinct groups: northern Han Chinese and southern Han Chinese. The genetic history of the southern Han Chinese has been well studied. However, the genetic history of the northern Han Chinese is still obscure. In order to gain insight into the genetic history of the northern Han Chinese, 89 human remains were sampled from the Hengbei site which is located in the Central Plain and dates back to a key transitional period during the rise of the Han Chinese (approximately 3,000 years ago). We used 64 authentic mtDNA data obtained in this study, 27 Y chromosome SNP data profiles from previously studied Hengbei samples, and genetic datasets of the current Chinese populations and two ancient northern Chinese populations to analyze the relationship between the ancient people of Hengbei and present-day northern Han Chinese. We used a wide range of population genetic analyses, including principal component analyses, shared mtDNA haplotype analyses, and geographic mapping of maternal genetic distances. The results show that the ancient people of Hengbei bore a strong genetic resemblance to present-day northern Han Chinese and were genetically distinct from other present-day Chinese populations and two ancient populations. These findings suggest that the genetic structure of northern Han Chinese was already shaped 3,000 years ago in the Central Plain area.     

中国汉族人群CYP4F3基因多态性的研究

目的:研究CYP4F3基因单核苷酸多态性(SNP)在中国汉族人群中的分布,为进一步研究该基因群体遗传学特征及与疾病易感性的相关性提供更为详实的数据。方法:对CYP4F3基因进行重测序,构建连锁不平衡模式,选择标签SNP在192例北京和424例广州汉族个体中进行基因分型。结果:CYP4F3基因重测序共检出30个SNP,连锁不平衡分析显示广州和北京地区人群的连锁不平衡模式不同,但选择的8个标签SNP的等位基因和基因型频率分布在2个人群中的差异无统计学意义。结论:中国北京地区汉族与广州地区汉族人群CYP4F3基因多态性无显著差异,但不同种族间存在差异。     

Forensic characteristic and population structure dissection of Shaanxi Han population in the light of diallelic deletion/insertion polymorphism data

The genetic polymorphisms of diallelic deletion/insertion polymorphic (DIP) loci in the Shaanxi Han population are still not clearly characterized. Herein, allele frequencies and forensic application efficiencies for 30 diallelic DIP loci were investigated in 506 unrelated healthy Han individuals from Chinese Shaanxi province. Based on population data of the same 30 diallelic DIP loci, the genetic differentiations, hierarchical clustering relationships and population architectures among Shaanxi Han and other 50 populations were further dissected through genetic and bioinformatics analyses. Results indicated that most of the 30 diallelic DIP loci were relatively high polymorphisms in the Shaanxi Han population; and there were the genetically intimate relationships between Shaanxi Han and the East Asian populations. In summary, this study provided significant insights into genetic background of Shaanxi Han population, and the multiplex amplification of these 30 diallelic DIP loci was appropriate for forensic individual identification and population genetic research in Shaanxi Han population.     

Fine-scale north-to-south genetic admixture profile in Shaanxi Han Chinese revealed by genome-wide demographic history reconstruction

The Han Chinese are the world's largest ethnic group residing across China. Shaanxi province in northern China was a pastoral–agricultural interlacing region sensitive to climate change since Neolithic times, which makes it a vital place for studying population dynamics. However, genetic studies of Shaanxi Han are underrepresented due to the lack of high-density sampling and genome-wide data. Here, we genotyped 700 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 200 Han individuals from nine populations in Shaanxi and compared with available modern and ancient Eurasian individuals. We revealed a north–south genetic cline in Han Chinese with Shaanxi Han locating at the northern side of the cline. We detected the western Eurasian-related admixture in Shaanxi populations, especially in Guanzhong and Shanbei Han Chinese in proportions of 2%–4.6%. Shaanxi Han were suggested to derive a large part of ancestry (39%–69%) from a lineage that also contributed largely to ancient and present-day Tibetans (85%) as well as southern Han, supporting the common northern China origin of modern Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations and southwestward expansion of millet farmers from the middle-upper Yellow River Basin to the Tibetan Plateau and to southern China. The rest of the ancestry of Shaanxi Han was from a lineage closely related to ancient and present-day Austronesian and Tai-Kadai speaking populations in southern China and Southeast Asia. We also observed a genetic substructure in Shaanxi Han in terms of north–south-related ancestry corresponding well to the latitudes. Maternal mitochondrial DNA and paternal Y-chromosome lineages further demonstrated the aforementioned admixture pattern of Han Chinese in Shaanxi province.     

从体质特征看中国南方汉族的人种归属

2009年至2012年研究组调查了中国南方汉族15154例(男性为7340例,女性为7814例)的身高、体重和16项测量指标,并计算出12项指数,将南方汉族与蒙古人种北亚类型族群、南亚类型族群及东亚类型族群的韩国人、日本人进行了比较。结果显示:1)南方汉族头面部主要指标介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间;南方汉族男性更接近于北亚类型族群,而南方汉族女性比男性头面部特征更接近南亚类型族群。2)南方汉族男性头部的长、宽、高、围度小于东亚类型族群,面部比韩国人、日本人狭窄;南方汉族女性头的长、宽、围度、下颌角间宽值小于韩国人、日本人,头较高,面部比韩国人、日本人狭窄。南方汉族男性、女性与韩国人、日本人体质差异较大。3)聚类分析结果提示,中国南方汉族与韩国人、日本人体质差异较大。南方汉族男性体质相对接近于北亚类型族群,女性体质介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间。华南汉族体质在南方汉族中有一定的特殊性。     

黎族、汉族通婚后裔体征的遗传变异

从“t”值测验表明,黎汉通婚后裔在形态特征上有些变化。与黎族相比,蒙古褶出现率显著增多,上眼睑皱褶发育明显减弱;与汉族相比,波形鼻梁明显增加,上翘型鼻尖和鼻基底显著增多,水平型明显减少。从测量性特征的比较表明,通婚后裔在体征上较多地显示汉族的性状,比黎族更接近于汉族。     

Characteristics of the β-Globin Gene Cluster Haplotypes of Three Han Chinese Populations at Beijing, Xi’an, and Kunming as Compared with Those of Other Asian Populations

Haplotype frequencies of the beta-globin gene cluster of Han Chinese at Beijing, Xi'an, and Kunming were estimated, and their mutual genetic relationships were examined and compared to those of Buryats, Khalkhs, Evenkis, Oroqens, Koreans, and Colombian Amerindians. A major 5' subhaplotype (5' to the delta-globin gene), a major 3' subhaplotype (in and 3' to the beta-globin gene), and a major haplotype (combination of 5' and 3' subhaplotypes) are represented as + - - - -, - +, and + - - - - - +, respectively, and found in all three Han Chinese. A rare 5' subhaplotype, - - - - -, which is one of the possible ancestral types, was found only in Han Chinese at Kunming at low frequency (0.013), and a rare 3' subhaplotype, - -, was also observed in all three Han Chinese at low frequencies (0.009-0.014). The present haplotype frequency study suggested that the highest genetic affinity was found between Han Chinese at Beijing and those at Xi'an; the next highest was between Han Chinese at Beijing and Koreans, followed by that between Han Chinese at Beijing and Khalkhs, then that between Han Chinese at Xi'an and those at Kunming or Khalkhs, and finally that between Han Chinese at Beijing and those at Kunming. A genetic boundary between northern and southern Han Chinese was not evident in the present study.     

中国汉族人的身体围度

2009~2013年在中国22个省、自治区测量了26695例(乡村男性8174例,城市男性4791例,乡村女性8327例,城市女性5403例)的头围、颈围、平静胸围、吸气时胸围、呼气时胸围、腹围、臀围、大腿围、小腿围、上臂围、前臂围、上臂最大围值,进行了围度与纬度、经度、年龄的相关分析,城市与乡村汉族、北方与南方汉族身体围度均数的比较。结果发现,男性的上臂围、上臂最大围与纬度无显著相关,其余10项围度均与纬度呈显著正相关。女性12项围度均与纬度呈显著正相关。男性、女性12项围度均与经度呈显著正相关,男性四肢围度多与年龄呈显著负相关。女性下肢围度也与年龄呈显著负相关,但上肢3项围度与年龄呈显著正相关。男性、女性躯干5项围度、颈围随年龄增加而增大。北方男性除头围、上臂围值与南方男性接近外,其余10项围度值均大于南方男性。北方女性12项围度值均大于南方女性。城市、乡村汉族12项围度的差异均具有统计学意义。城市汉族的各项围度均大于乡村汉族。     

STR Polymorphisms of the Henan Population and Investigation of the Central Plains Han Origin of Chaoshanese

Allele frequencies for 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci were obtained from a Chinese Han population in Henan province of middle China. No deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed for the STR loci except for D3S1358. The 15 STR loci are potentially useful for paternity testing and forensic casework in the Henan population. A phylogenetic tree based on CODIS STR allele frequencies of 25 Han populations revealed noticeable but far less clear distinctions between southern and northern Chinese populations; the Henan Han population was located at an intermediate position between south and north Chinese Han populations, relatively closer to Chaoshan and Minnan Han. Moreover, admixture analysis showed a large proportion of Central Plains Han origin in Chaoshanese and Minnanese. Admixture and phylogenetic analysis also reflected the genetic similarity shared by these two groups.     

内蒙古汉族、蒙古族与日本学生身高和体质量的最大发育年龄段差异

分析2014年7-18岁内蒙古汉族、蒙古族和日本学生身高及体质量最大发育年龄差异。汉族和蒙古族数据来自《2014年内蒙古自治区学生体质与健康调查研究》;日本数据来源于"平成26年(2014年)度体育与运动调查统计情报"。结果显示:7-18岁各年龄段汉族男女生身高分别比蒙古族高出1.98 cm和1.54 cm;高出日本2.59 cm和2.91 cm(P<0.05)。汉族男生体质量平均高出蒙古族1.97 kg、高出日本4.01 kg;汉族和蒙古族女生体质量分别比日本高出2.59 kg(P<0.05)和2.67 kg(P<0.05)。2014年内蒙古汉族和蒙古族学生身高和体质量发育水平优于日本学生。汉族男生身高最大发育年龄分别提前蒙古族和日本1.73岁和0.9岁;汉族和蒙古族男生体质量最大发育年龄分别比日本滞后1.17和1.07岁;日本女生身高最大发育年龄比汉族和蒙古族提前0.68岁和0.37岁。     

MICA基因微卫星多态在中国13个群体中的分布

通过对中国13个群体（云南汉族、广东汉族、山东汉族、白族、傣族、拉祜族、黎族、纳西族、撒拉族、畲族、土族、佤族和云南藏族）共577例无亲缘关系的研究对象的DNA样本进行MICA基因微卫星扫描分型,获得了该微卫星的不同等位基因在各群体中的遗传数据。结果表明,该微卫星在不同群体中的分布存在差异,并有较高的多态信息含量（PIC）,是一个有用的遗传标记,在人类进化研究、个体识别、亲子鉴定、基因作图与定位以及疾病诊断方面可能有较大的潜在应用价值。     

BMPR-IB和BMP15基因作为小尾寒羊多胎性能候选基因的研究

以控制BooroolaMerino羊多胎性能的BMPR IB基因 ,以及影响Invedale和Hanna羊排卵数的BMP15基因作为候选基因 ,从分子水平上对小尾寒羊的多胎机制进行研究 ,分析突变位点的特性 ,并通过大规模的群体检测统计推断其遗传效应。实验结果表明 :多胎品种小尾寒羊在BMPR IB基因的相应位置上发生了与BooroolaMerino羊相同的突变 (A74 6G) ,该基因的BB基因型在小尾寒羊群体内为优势基因型 ,且小尾寒羊初产和经产母羊的BB基因型比 ++基因型分别多产 0 97羔 (P <0 0 5 )和 1 5羔 (P <0 0 1) ,推测BMPR IB基因与控制小尾寒羊多胎性能的主效基因存在紧密的遗传连锁。而BMP15基因在小尾寒羊中不存在V31D或Q2 3Ter突变 ,说明小尾寒羊的多胎遗传机制与Romney羊不同 ,因此排除了BMP15突变影响小尾寒羊排卵数的可能性。     

我国瑶、汉、壮、苗、维五个民族补体成份B因子多态性的调查报告

用琼脂糖凝胶高压电泳及免疫固定技术对我国瑶、汉、壮、苗、维五个民族人群的补体B因子(Bf)的多态性进行了检测,结果显示,这五个民族的Bf基因频率均以s型最高,但参差不齐。从高到低的顺序是瑶0.9071,汉0.8727,壮0.8426,苗0.7667,维0.6622。BfF基因频率其次,但也高低不一,从高到低的顺序是维0.2680,苗0.2000,壮0.1343,汉0.1159,瑶0.0929。频率居第三位的是BfSO7,差别显著,维0.0586,苗0.0333,壮0.0232,汉0.0091,瑶0.0000。在罕见型方面,220例份汉族人中发现一例SO45杂合子,222例份维族中检出4例FO65及1例F1杂合子。本文结合我国其他民族及全球大量检测数据进行了一些对比讨论。