中药砂仁类资源植物药理活性的比较

本文对6种砂仁类中药水煎液及挥发油进行了抑菌作用和对小鼠小肠运动影响的比较研究。结果表明春砂仁、壳砂仁和建砂仁的水煎液对革兰氏阳性菌（G+）有抑制作用;川砂仁挥发油、建砂仁水煎液对革兰氏阴性菌（G-）有抑制作用;红壳砂仁挥发油及水煎液对革兰氏阳性菌（G+）与革兰氏阴性菌（G-）均有抑制作用,而绿壳砂均无抑制作用。砂仁类的水煎液对促进肠管运动有明显作用,而挥发油即使在稀释100倍的情况下对肠管运动仍起抑制作用。     

Structure and functional analysis of a marine bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster and astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway proposed at the gene level.

A carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster for the production of astaxanthin was isolated from the marine bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum. This cluster contained five carotenogenic genes with the same orientation, which were designated crtW, crtZ, crtY, crtI, and crtB. The stop codons of individual crt genes except for crtB overlapped the start codons of the following crt genes. Escherichia coli transformants carrying the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid biosynthesis genes provide suitable substrates for carotenoid biosynthesis. The functions of the five crt genes of A. aurantiacum were determined through chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses of the pigments accumulated in some E. coli transformants carrying various combinations of the E. uredovora and A. aurantiacum carotenogenic genes. As a result, the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway is proposed for the first time at the level of the biosynthesis genes. The crtW and crtZ gene products, which mediated the oxygenation reactions from beta-carotene to astaxanthin, were found to have low substrate specificity. This allowed the production of many presumed intermediates of astaxanthin, i.e., adonixanthin, phoenicoxanthin (adonirubin), canthaxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, and 3-hydroxyechinenone.     

Composition and presumed biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Abstract The carotenoid composition of the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum was analysed under different culture conditions. Ten kinds of carotenoids, β-carotene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, 3-hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, zeaxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin and astaxanthin, were identified by HPLC and spectroscopical techniques. A. aurantiacum synthesized astaxanthin from β-carotene through two hydroxylation steps at C-3 and 3', and oxidation steps at C-4 and 4'. The order of these reactions appeared to be controlled by the culture conditions. A new pathway for astaxanthin formation, different from that of other astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, is proposed.     

Records of the Light Dusky Rockfish Sebastes variabilis (Pallas) (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastiidae) and Lesser Prickleback Alectridium aurantiacum (Perciformes: Stichaeidae) in the Western Bering Sea

Journal of Ichthyology - Two species, light dusky rockfish Sebastes variabilis (Pallas) and lesser prickleback Alectridium aurantiacum Gilbert et Burke, rare in the western Bering Sea were found in...     

A new lichenicolous teleomorph is related to plant pathogens in Laetisaria and Limonomyces (Basidiomycota, Corticiales)

Molecular and morphological data were used to assess the taxonomic placement of an undescribed lichenicolous basidiomycete teleomorph collected in Luxembourg, Belgium and Germany. The new species is ecologically and morphologically similar to Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, teleomorph of the common bulbilliferous lichen pathogen Marchandiomyces aurantiacus. However phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial rDNA sequences indicated a close relationship of the new species-not to M. aurantiacum but to turf grass pathogens in genera Laetisaria and Limonomyces, including the generic type of Laetisaria. We are including the new species in Laetisaria based on strong statistical support for the clade containing these teleomorphs and several Marchandiomyces anamorphs. The morphological and ecological diversity of this clade indicates a potentially significant evolutionary role played by lichen-associated species in the Corticiales.     

Aflatoxin B1 Uptake by Flavobacterium aurantiacum and Resulting Toxic Effects

Removal of aflatoxin B(1) from liquid cultures by resting and growing cells of Flavobacterium aurantiacum NRRL B-184 was studied. Spectrophotometic and thin-layer techniques served as aflatoxin assays. Cells grown in the presence of 5 ppm or higher levels of aflatoxin developed aberrant morphological forms. These toxin concentrations partially inhibited growth, and the nature of the inhibition suggested that aflatoxin interfered with cell wall synthesis. Incubation of 1.0 x 10(11) resting cells per milliliter with 7.0 mug/ml of aflatoxin B(1) during a 4-hr period facilitated complete toxin removal from a buffered aqueous medium. Autoclaved cells and cell wall preparations could remove a fraction of the aflatoxin of a test system. However, the toxin removed by autoclaved cells and cell walls could be extracted by washing with water but the aflatoxin B(1) removed by intact cells could not be extracted into the liquid phase. The uptake of aflatoxin B(1) by resting cells was sensitive to temperature and pH. Ruptured preparations of F. aurantiacum were not able to remove or modify the aflatoxin in an aqueous solution.     

三株杀粘虫放线菌的分类鉴定

菌株YIM31331、YIM31333、YIM31355是从云南省丽江、中甸采集的土壤样品中分离得到的具有产杀粘虫活性物质菌株。根据其形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析结果,认为菌株YIM 31331属于链霉菌属的Streptomyces subrutilus,YIM31333属于指孢囊菌属Dactylosporangium aurantiacum,YIM31355属于链孢囊菌属Streptosporangium vulgare。     

Humic acid-like material from sewage sludge stimulates culture growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi<Emphasis Type="Italic">in Vitro</Emphasis>

Significant effects of humic acid-like material (HALM) extracted from sewage sludge on dry matter production of cultures of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes were found in vitro. Mycelial growth of the majority of isolates tended to increase in the presence of the HALM and this effect was significant for 6 isolates. Strongest stimulation was observed in the case of Amanita muscaria, Leccinum aurantiacum and Lactarius deterrimus. The results suggest that the HALM can be used as an additive to media for cultivation of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes.     

中国绒泡菌属的分类学研究II.产自新疆的新种和稀有种

关于新疆的粘菌,过去仅知８种,且无一为绒泡菌。本文第一作者于１９９４年在新疆进行了粘菌资源调查,在随后的研究中共明确了５０多个种,有１０种为绒泡菌,其中的几个种,如垂头绒泡菌Ｐｈｙｓａｒｕｍｎｕｔａｎｓ（Ｂｕｌｌ．）Ｐｅｒｓ．是常见和广布的,但也有几种是特殊的和稀有的。本文报告了５种绒泡菌：橙红绒泡菌Ｐ.ａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃｕｍ　Ｓ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ,Ｙ．ＬｉｅｔＨ．Ｚ．Ｌｉ和侧扁绒泡菌Ｐ．ｌｏｒａｔｕｍＳ．Ｌ．ＣｈｅｎＹ．Ｌｉ　ｅｔＨ．Ｚ．Ｌｉ是新种,黄白绒泡菌Ｐ．ａｌｂｅｓｃｅｎｓＥｌｌｉｓｅｘＴ．Ｍａｃｂｒ．和团聚绒泡菌Ｐ．ｃｏｎｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔｕｍ（Ｆｒ．）Ｒｏｓｔａｆ．是中国新记录种,已知种黄绿绒泡菌Ｐ．ｖｉｒｅｓｃｅｎｓＤｉｔｍａｒ显然少见,国内此前仅知分布于福建。橙红绒泡菌Ｐ．ａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃｕｍＳ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ,Ｙ．ＬｉｅｔH.Ｚ．Ｌｉ的孢丝近似钙丝菌状,由或大或小的石灰结将许多细短的孢丝线联成致密的白色网体,这使其被归入绒泡菌属,并与同属其它种相区分;侧扁绒泡菌Ｐ．ｌｏｒａｔｕｍＳ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ,Ｙ．ＬｉｅｔＨ．Ｚ．Ｌｉ的联囊体虽发达而侧扁,但顶部无预成开裂线,在相似种中也易识别。本文对这两个新种     

中国绒泡菌属的分类学研究 Ⅱ.产自新疆的新种和稀有种

关于新疆的粘菌,过去仅知８种,且无一为绒泡菌。本文第一作者于１９９４年在新疆进行了粘菌资源调查,在随后的研究中共明确了５０多个种,有１０种为绒泡菌,其中的几个种,如垂头绒泡菌Ｐｈｙｓａｒｕｍｎｕｔａｎｓ（Ｂｕｌｌ．）Ｐｅｒｓ．是常见和广布的,但也有几种是特殊的和稀有的。本文报告了５种绒泡菌：橙红绒泡菌Ｐ.ａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃｕｍ　Ｓ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ,Ｙ．ＬｉｅｔＨ．Ｚ．Ｌｉ和侧扁绒泡菌Ｐ．ｌｏｒａｔｕｍＳ．Ｌ．ＣｈｅｎＹ．Ｌｉ　ｅｔＨ．Ｚ．Ｌｉ是新种,黄白绒泡菌Ｐ．ａｌｂｅｓｃｅｎｓＥｌｌｉｓｅｘＴ．Ｍａｃｂｒ．和团聚绒泡菌Ｐ．ｃｏｎｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔｕｍ（Ｆｒ．）Ｒｏｓｔａｆ．是中国新记录种,已知种黄绿绒泡菌Ｐ．ｖｉｒｅｓｃｅｎｓＤｉｔｍａｒ显然少见,国内此前仅知分布于福建。橙红绒泡菌Ｐ．ａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃｕｍＳ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ,Ｙ．ＬｉｅｔH.Ｚ．Ｌｉ的孢丝近似钙丝菌状,由或大或小的石灰结将许多细短的孢丝线联成致密的白色网体,这使其被归入绒泡菌属,并与同属其它种相区分;侧扁绒泡菌Ｐ．ｌｏｒａｔｕｍＳ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ,Ｙ．ＬｉｅｔＨ．Ｚ．Ｌｉ的联囊体虽发达而侧扁,但顶部无预成开裂线,在相似种中也易识别。本文对这两个新种     

河南省丛藓科植物新纪录

报道河南省丛藓科植物新纪录4种2变种：尖叶对齿藓芒尖变种(Didymodon constrictus var. flexicuspis (Broth.) Saito),硬叶对齿藓原变种(Didymodon rigidulus var. rigidulus Hedw.),硬叶对齿藓细肋变种(Didymodon rigidulus var. icmadophyllus (Schimp. ex C. Muell.) Zand.),长肋对齿藓(Didymodon longicostata Li),橙色净口藓(Gymnostomum aurantiacum (Mitt.) Jaeg.),硬叶净口藓(Gymnostomum subrigidulum (Broth.) Chen),对这些植物的识别特征、生境和地理分布做了简要讨论,并绘制了形态解剖图。凭证标本存放于河北师范大学植物标本室(HBNU)。     

Microbial detoxification of aflatoxin

Yeasts, molds, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, and fungal spores were screened for their ability to degrade aflatoxin. Some molds and mold spores partially transformed aflatoxin B(1) to new fluorescing compounds. Only one of the bacteria, Flavobacterium (aurantiacum?) NRRL B-184, removed aflatoxin from solution. Both growing and resting cells of B-184 took up toxin irreversibly. Toxin-contaminated milk, oil, peanut butter, peanuts, and corn were completely detoxified, and contaminated soybean was partially detoxified by addition of B-184. Duckling assays showed that detoxification of aflatoxin solutions by B-184 was complete, with no new toxic products being formed.     

Purification and properties of the germination-inducing factor in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Leccinum aurantiacum (Boletaceae)

A diffusion gradient bioassay on agar strips was developed for determination of the germination-inducing activity of exudates from mycelium of Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) S. F. Gray on basidiospores of the same species. The taxon-specific germination-inducing factor, GIF, present in the active exudates, was non-volatile, diffusible, soluble in water, methanol and ethanol, resistant to boiling of short duration, and stable after lyophilization if preserved at −20°C. Gel filtration and adsorption experiments contributed to the chemical and physical characterization of GIF. Passage of an exudate through a Sep-Pak C₁₈ minicolumn removed 99.5% of concomitant substances including germination inhibitors. GIF could then be eluted from the column with methanol without loss of activity.     

Purification and properties of a novel azide-sensitive ATPase of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum

Exiguobacterium aurantiacum BL77/1 possesses at least two distinct membrane-bound ATPases. One of them was solubilized with decanoyl N-methylglucamide, a non-ionic detergent, and purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and hydroxyapatite. The purified ATPase appears to consist of a single polypeptide component with an apparent molecular mass of 54 kDa. Among the triphosphates of various nucleosides tested, ATP was the best substrate. The enzyme exhibited a Km of 0.5 mM for ATP and a Vmax of 109 micromol ATP (mg protein)(-1) min(-1); the optimum pH for activity was near 6.5. The enzyme was sensitive to azide and inactivated by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Analysis of the inhibition kinetics by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide suggested that binding of the drug to a single carboxyl group per ATPase molecule is sufficient for inactivation.     

Cloning, sequencing and functional expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for a P-type Na(+)-ATPase of a facultatively anaerobic alkaliphile, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum

Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding a P-type Na(+)-ATPase of a facultatively anaerobic alkaliphile, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, were conducted. The structural gene was composed of 2628 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence (876 amino acid residues; Mr, 96,664) suggested that the enzyme possesses 10 membrane-spanning regions. When the amino acid sequences of the four putative membrane regions, M4, M5, M6 and M8, of BL77/1 ATPase were aligned with those of fungal Na(+)-ATPase, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, H(+)-ATPases and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, it exhibited the highest homology with Ca(2+)-ATPase except M5 region. By the transformation of Escherichia coli with the expression vector (pQE30) containing the ATPase gene, the enzyme was functionally expressed in E. coli membranes.     

Trypsin-like proteinases and trypsin inhibitors in fruiting bodies of higher fungi

The activity of trypsin-like proteinases and trypsin inhibitors was measured in fruiting bodies of various species of basidial fungi (Basidiomycetes). Fruiting bodies of all fungi contained these enzymes, with the exceptions of polypore (Coriolus versicolor (Fr.) Karst) and hedgehog fungus (Hericium erinaceus (Fr.) Quel), belonging to the families Polyporaceae and Hericiaceae, respectively, in which the enzyme activities were barely detectable. The activity of trypsin-like proteinases was the highest in fruiting bodies of Boletaceae and Agaricaceae. Fruiting bodies of all fungi contained trypsin inhibitors. The highest activity of trypsin inhibitors was detected in basidiomycetes of the families Boletaceae, Agaricaceae, and Pleurotaceae, including Boletus castanus (Fr.) Karst, orange-cap boletus (Leccinum aurantiacum (Fr.) Sing), and brown-cap boletus (Leccinum melanum (Fr.) Karst).     

藓类提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌性研究

以立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia)、尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、苹果轮纹病菌(Macrophoma kawatsukai)、梨黑星病菌(Fusicladium pirina)、草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)等七种植物病原真菌为供试菌,通过生长速率法测定了24种藓类的乙醇提取物对病原真菌的抑制作用.结果表明,在提取物浓度为1.2mg干样/mL,大镰刀藓提取物对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用最强,抑菌率为67.8%.藓类提取物不仅对植物病原真菌有抑菌活性,而且还有多种藓类提取物对病原真菌菌丝有促进生长活性,如锐尖匍灯藓对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长的促进率为95.1%.选出大镰刀藓、扁灰藓、紫萼藓、山地水灰藓、疣小金发藓、橙色净口藓、锐尖匍灯藓和羊角藓对立枯丝核菌和灰霉菌的抑菌性或菌丝生长促进性进行了进一步研究,藓类提取物对病原菌的抑菌性或菌丝生长促进性在一定范围内随浓度的增加而增强,并且抑菌性随时间的延长呈下降趋势.     

Characterization of a P-type Na+-ATPase of a facultatively anaerobic alkaliphile, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum

A facultatively anaerobic alkaliphile, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, possesses a P-type Na(+)-stimulated ATPase in the membrane (Koyama, N. (1999) Curr. Microbiol. 39, 27-30). In this study, we attempted to purify and characterize the enzyme. The ATPase appears to consist of a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 100 kDa. The enzyme exhibited an optimum pH for activity at around 9. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by vanadate (50% inhibition observed at 3 microm) and forms an acylphosphate intermediate, suggesting a P-type ATPase. The enzyme, when reconstituted into soybean phospholipid vesicles, exhibited ATP-dependent (22)Na(+) uptake, which was completely inhibited by gramicidin. The reconstituted vesicles exhibited a generation of membrane potential (positive, inside). The enzyme is likely to be involved in an electrogenic transport of Na(+).