黄海棠化学成分的研究

从黄海棠植物中共分离得到15个化合物,并运用质谱、1H NMR和13C NMR等波谱方法将他们的结构鉴定为9,9'-O-di-(E)-feruloyl-(-)-secoisolariciresinol(1),山奈酚(2),槲皮素(3),金丝桃苷(4),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5),山奈酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(6),山奈酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7),原儿茶酸(8),1,7-二羟基-9-氧杂蒽酮(9),对香豆酸(10),对羟基苯甲酸(11),山奈素-3-O-(6"-O-巴豆酰)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12),1,3,6,7-四羟基-9-氧杂蒽酮(13),没食子酸(14)和β-谷甾醇(15)。其中化合物1、4和6~14为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

蒙药多叶棘豆中的黄酮类化学成分

为了进一步研究多叶棘豆的化学成分,本文采用正相硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱法及制备高效液相色谱法,从蒙药多叶棘豆中分离纯化10个黄酮类化合物。经各种波谱分析法鉴定其结构分别为:4,4'-二甲氧基-2'-羟基查尔酮(1)、2',4'-二羟基-4-甲氧基查尔酮(2)、7,8-二羟基二氢黄酮(3)、4,2',4'-三羟基查尔酮(4)、2',4'-二羟基二氢查尔酮(5)、4'-羟基二氢黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、2',4'-二羟基查尔酮(7)、芹菜素(8)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(9)和3',7-二羟基-2',4'-二甲氧基异黄烷(10)。其中,化合物1~9均为首次从该植物中分离。     

蒙药漏芦花中黄酮类化合物的研究

采用大孔树脂柱色谱法及制备高效液相色谱法等分离手段从漏芦花中分离得到10个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱分析并结合文献对照分别鉴定为5,7,3'-三羟基-6,4'-二甲氧基黄酮(1)、5,7,3'-三羟基-4'-甲氧基黄酮(2)、芹菜素(3)、木犀草素(4)、槲皮素(5)、木犀草素-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素-3-O-α-D-鼠李糖苷(7)、芹菜素-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、芦丁(9)、芹菜素-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(10)。除化合物5外,其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

蒙药漏芦花中黄酮类化合物的研究北大核心CSCD

采用大孔树脂柱色谱法及制备高效液相色谱法等分离手段从漏芦花中分离得到10个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱分析并结合文献对照分别鉴定为5,7,3'-三羟基-6,4'-二甲氧基黄酮(1)、5,7,3'-三羟基-4'-甲氧基黄酮(2)、芹菜素(3)、木犀草素(4)、槲皮素(5)、木犀草素-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素-3-O-α-D-鼠李糖苷(7)、芹菜素-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、芦丁(9)、芹菜素-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(10)。除化合物5外,其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

红豆树茎枝中黄酮类成分及其抑菌活性研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究红豆树茎枝抑菌活性成分,采用色谱法分离纯化得到16个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质及波谱技术分别鉴定为圆荚草双糖苷(1)、5,7-二羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、4',8-二甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基异黄酮(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、异樱黄素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、芦丁(6)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、染料木素(10)、异樱黄素(11)、2',4',5,7-四羟基异黄酮(12)、大豆素(13)、柚皮素(14)、二氢染料木素(15)、去甲基化美迪紫檀素(16)。其中化合物1～16为首次从红豆树植物中分离得到;化合物1、3、4、6～9、12、15、16首次从红豆属中分离得到;化合物2,5和14对禾谷镰刀菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌、茄病镰刀菌的菌丝生长显示出了中等强度的抑制作用。     

红豆树茎枝中黄酮类成分及其抑菌活性研究

为了研究红豆树茎枝抑菌活性成分,采用色谱法分离纯化得到16个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质及波谱技术分别鉴定为圆荚草双糖苷(1)、5,7-二羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、4',8-二甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基异黄酮(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、异樱黄素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、芦丁(6)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、染料木素(10)、异樱黄素(11)、2',4',5,7-四羟基异黄酮(12)、大豆素(13)、柚皮素(14)、二氢染料木素(15)、去甲基化美迪紫檀素(16)。其中化合物1～16为首次从红豆树植物中分离得到;化合物1、3、4、6～9、12、15、16首次从红豆属中分离得到;化合物2,5和14对禾谷镰刀菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌、茄病镰刀菌的菌丝生长显示出了中等强度的抑制作用。     

毛茛属刺果毛茛化学成分研究

从刺果毛茛Ranunculus muricatus Linn.全草乙醇提取物分离得到17个化合物,通过MS、NMR等方法鉴定为:小毛茛内酯(1)、阿魏酸(2)、对羟基香豆酸(3)、原儿茶酸(4)、咖啡酰基(5)、丹参素(6)、丹参素甲酯(7)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-α-L-阿拉伯糖-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、山萘酚-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-阿魏酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(14)、山萘酚-3-O-(2’’’-E-对羟基香豆酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(15)、芹菜素-8-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(16)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)。除化合物4外,其他化合物均为首次从刺果毛茛中分离得到。     

细萼扁蕾的化学成分研究

从细萼扁蕾(Gentianopsis barbata var.stennocaryx H.W.Li ex T.N.Ho)全草中分离得到9种化合物,6种(口山)酮成分,1种黄酮甙,2种三萜酸。经化学和光谱方法,分别鉴定为1-羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅰ),1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅱ),1,7,8-三羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅲ),1-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-3,7,8-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅳ),1-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7-羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅴ),1-O-[β-D-吡喃木塘-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅵ),木樨草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙(Ⅶ),齐墩果酸(Ⅷ)和熊果酸(Ⅸ)。     

谷精草抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性成分研究

研究谷精草中α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制成分。采用色谱技术分离鉴定了26个化合物,对所有分离得到的化合物都进行了抗α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的体外筛选试验。其中化合物决明内酯-9-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、万寿菊素(7)、1,3,6,8-四羟基-2-甲氧基口山酮(13)、万寿菊素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(19)显示出显著的抑制活性,IC50分别为106.7、8.73、56.6、80.4μM。     

抱茎苦荬菜水溶性成分的分离与结构鉴定

从抱茎苦荬菜的水溶性成分分离得到5个化合物,根据理化性质和光谱数据分别鉴定为木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(1),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖1→2葡萄糖苷(2),芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(3),菊苣酸(4),(-)3,4-二羟基咖啡酰基酒石酸(5)。化合物3～5为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

32种杜鹃花属植物在迁地保育条件下的自交研究

迁地保育条件下的杜鹃花属植物自交可育性一直缺乏系统的比较研究,该文对5亚属13亚组32种杜鹃花属植物的自交进行了数据采集与分析,初步揭示了迁地保育条件下杜鹃花属植物自交育性特征。结果表明:(1)自交可育与不育是杜鹃花属植物有性生殖中的两个并存现象,自交能育型种类或多于不育型。在受试的32种杜鹃花中,自交不育型10种、弱可育型5种、可育型7种、高可育型10种,其中27种的自交育性为首次报道,涵盖包括杜鹃亚属杜鹃组(sect.Rhododendron)和马银花亚属(subgen.Azaleastrum)及常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen.Hymenanthes)中银叶杜鹃亚组(subsect.Argyrophylla)等5个亚组在内的未被研究的类群。(2)通过与自然授粉有关育性指标的比较,发现不同种类的自交可育性指标有大幅度降低及增高这两类截然不同的现象,从而提出了自交可能是部分杜鹃花属植物的适应策略,或者对不利环境及其媒介条件的主动响应。(3)在云锦杜鹃亚组(subsect.Fortunea)这个被认为最原始的杜鹃花类群中,具备从自交不育到高可育的所有类型,并可能由此奠定整个杜鹃花属的遗传基础,而类群与种类分布的不同区域气候环境长期直接的或通过影响传粉媒介间接的作用,则可能是最终塑造该属植物自交育性多样化的外部动力。(4)该文还依据有关自交的研究结果,对杜鹃花属植物的迁地保育、育种、相关学科发展进行了讨论,并认为后合子期败育的理论不能完美地解释自交不能坐果的现象,而多倍体似不会导致自交不育。     

Paleosols and paleoenvironments of the middle Miocene,Maboko Formation,Kenya

The middle Miocene (15 Ma) Maboko Formation of Maboko Island and Majiwa Bluffs, southwestern Kenya, has yielded abundant fossils of the earliest known cercopithecoid monkey (Victoriapithecus macinnesi), and of a kenyapithecine hominoid (Kenyapithecus africanus), as well as rare proconsuline (Simiolus leakeyorum, cf. Limnopithecus evansi) and oreopithecine apes (Mabokopithecus clarki, M. pickfordi), and galagids (Komba winamensis). Specific habitat preferences can be interpreted from large collections of primate fossils in different kinds of paleosols (pedotypes). Fossiliferous drab-colored paleosols with iron-manganese nodules (Yom pedotype) are like modern soils of seasonally waterlogged depressions (dambo). Their crumb structure and abundant fine root-traces, as well as scattered large calcareous rhizoconcretions indicate former vegetation of seasonally wet, wooded grassland. Other fossiliferous paleosols are evidence of nyika bushland (Ratong), and early-successional riparian woodland (Dhero). No fossils were found in Mogo paleosols interpreted as saline scrub soils. Very shallow calcic horizons (in Yom, Ratong, and Mogo paleosols) and Na-montmorillonite (in Mogo) are evidence of dry paleoclimate (300-500 mm MAP=mean annual precipitation). This is the driest paleoclimate and most open vegetation yet inferred as a habitat for any Kenyan Miocene apes or monkeys. Victoriapithecus was abundant in dambo wooded grassland (Yom) and riparian woodland (Dhero), a distribution like that of modern vervet monkeys. Kenyapithecus ranged through all these paleosols, but was the most common primate in nyika bushland paleosols (Ratong), comparable to baboons and macaques today. Mabokopithecus was virtually restricted to riparian woodland paleosols (Dhero), and Simiolus had a similar, but marginally wider, distribution. Habitat preferences of Mabokopithecus and Simiolus were like those of modern colobus monkeys and mangabeys. A single specimen of Komba was found in dambo wooded grassland paleosol (Yom), a habitat more like that of the living Senegal bushbaby than of rainforest galagids. A shift to non-forest habitats may explain the terrestrial adaptations of Victoriapithecus, basal to the cercopithecid radiation, and of Kenyapithecus, basal to the hominoid radiation. Both taxa are distinct from earlier Miocene arboreal proconsulines, oreopithecines and galagids.     

基于分子证据确认秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属(夹竹桃科)的系统位置

秦岭藤属(Biondia Schltr.)是中国特有属,约13种,驼峰藤属(Merrillanthus Chun&Tsiang)是仅在我国与柬埔寨分布的单种属,目前两个属均被归并到白前属(Vincetoxicum Wolf),由于取样和系统发育分析尚存一些欠缺,因此其系统位置和归属尚需进一步确认。该文使用2个核糖体基因序列片段(ITS、ETS)、5个叶绿体基因序列片段(psbA-trnH、trnG、trnL、trnL-F、trnT-L),以及二者的合并数据,重建娃儿藤亚族(Tylophorinae)(包含属的模式秦岭藤[B.chinensis Schltr.=V.shaanxiense(Schltr.) Meve&Liede]与驼峰藤[M.hainanensis Chun&Tsiang=V.hainanense(Chun&Tsiang) Meve, H. H. Kong&Liede])的系统发育树。结果表明：秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属均包含在白前属中,秦岭藤与青龙藤[B.henryi(Warb.) Tsiang&Li=V.henryi(Warb....     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, member 5

A revised stratigraphy for the early hominid site of Sterkfontein (Gauteng Province, South Africa) reveals a complex distribution of infills in the main excavation area between 2.8 and 1.4 m.y.a, as well as deposits dating to the mid to late Pleistocene. New research now shows that the Member 4 australopithecine breccia (2.8-2.6 Ma) extends further west than was previously thought, while a late phase of Member 4 is recognized in a southern area. The artefact-bearing breccias were defined sedimentologically as Member 5, but one supposed part of these younger breccias, the StW 53 infill, lacks in situ stone tools, although it does appear to post-date 2.6 Ma when artefacts first appear in the archaeological record. The StW 53 hominid, previously referred to Homo habilis, is here argued to be Australopithecus. The first artefact-bearing breccia of Member 5 is the Oldowan Infill, estimated at 2-1.7 Ma. It occupies a restricted distribution in Member 5 east and contains an expedient, flake-based tool industry associated with a few fossils of Paranthropos robustus. An enlarged cave opening subsequently admitted one or more Early Acheulean infills associated in Member 5 west with Homo ergaster. The artefacts attest to a larger site accumulation between ca. 1.7 and 1.4 Ma, with more intensive use of quartzite over quartz and a subtle but important shift to large flakes and heavier-duty tools. The available information on palaeoenvironments is summarized, showing an overall change from tropical to sub-tropical gallery forest, forest fringe and woodland conditions in Member 4 to more open woodland and grassland habitats in the later units, but with suggestions of a wet localized topography in the Paranthropus -bearing Oldowan Infill.     

荨麻科三新种

该文描述了荨麻科三新种:(1)自中国重庆市发现的荨麻科荨麻属一新种,城口荨麻。此种与异株荨麻有亲缘关系,区别特征为此种的茎被少数刺毛,叶片多为心形,雄、雌花序均不分枝,瘦果在中央稍凹陷。(2)自中国广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3~4枚花被片,其中1~2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。(3)自缅甸北部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,克钦楼梯草。此种在体态上与骤尖楼梯草甚为相似,与后者的区别在于本种的每一茎节具正常叶和一退化叶,托叶狭披针状条形和无脉,雌总苞苞片无角状突起,雌小苞片较大,呈楔状长圆形,雌花具一小花被片,以及雌蕊具一宽倒卵球形柱头。     

利用DNA片段测序方法探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位

富民枳(Poncirus polyandra)属于芸香科(Rutaceae)枳属(Poncirus Raf.).自发表以来,分类地位一直备受争议,其中在Flora of China中认为富民枳为柑橘杂交种(Poncirus polyandra),把枳属归并于柑橘属(Citrus).该研究选取枳属的富民枳、枳(Ponci...     

酮型广藿香MVA途径基因表达分析及与主要成分合成相关性研究

广藿香药材以广藿香酮含量较高的酮型广藿香为最优质。而广藿香酮为一种萜类成分,其生物合成途径尚未明确。MVA(甲羟戊酸)途径是萜类化合物生物合成的重要途径。为了分析MVA途经基因表达与化学成分的相关性从而获得促进广藿香酮合成的潜在基因,该文以2种酮型广藿香栽培品种(石牌广藿香、高要广藿香)为材料,通过实时定量PCR分析基因表达和主要成分含量测定,并研究了供试材料不同时期的茎、叶中与甲羟戊酸代谢途径相关的HMGR、MK、MDD基因表达及化学成分。结果表明：(1)HMGR基因在石牌广藿香嫩叶中表达更明显;MK基因在石牌广藿香和高要广藿香中表达模式相似,主要在老茎中表达;MDD基因在石牌广藿香叶中比高要广藿香表达量更高,在两种广藿香的茎中表达模式相似。(2)同属于酮型广藿香,石牌广藿香与高要广藿香的化学成分相似,老叶广藿香醇含量最高,老茎的广藿香酮含量更高。(3)MDD和MK基因与广藿香酮的合成正相关。综上结果所述,酮型广藿香两个栽培种MVA途径的基因表达模式相似,MDD和MK基因可能为酮型广藿香萜类代谢途径的关键基因。     

Reconstructing the history of Campanulaceae with a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses

We reconstruct here the spatial and temporal evolution of the Campanula alliance in order to better understand its evolutionary history. To increase phylogenetic resolution among major groups (Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae), new sequences from the rbcL region were added to the trnL-F dataset obtained in a previous study. These phylogenies were used to infer ancestral areas and divergence times in Campanula and related genera using a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses that takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. The new phylogenetic analysis confirms Platycodoneae as the sister group of Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae, the two last ones inter-graded into a well-supported clade. Biogeographic and dating analyses suggest that Western Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean have played a major role as centers of migration and diversification within the Campanula alliance, probably in relation to the intense orogenic activity that took place in this region during the Late Neogene, and that could have promoted isolation and allopatric speciation within lineages. Diversification rates within several Campanula lineages would have increased at the end of the Miocene, coinciding with the Messinian Stage. Strong selective pressures from climate changes and the expansion of mountainous regions during this period are suggested to explain the adaptation to drought, cold or disturbed environments observed in many Campanula species. Several independent long-distance dispersal events to North America are inferred within the Rapunculus clade, which seem to be related to high ploidy levels.     

华西南毛茛科六新种和二新变种

该文描述了自华西南东部发现的毛茛科翠雀属2新种和1新变种、唐松草属1新种、银莲花属1新种和1新变种,以及毛茛属2新种。