徒手淋巴引流对全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀程度及血液炎性指标的影响

目的:探讨徒手淋巴引流对全膝关节置换术(TKA)后肢体肿胀程度及血液炎性指标的影响。方法:选取2018年12月～2019年12月广东省中医院珠海医院收治的拟行初次TKA手术的膝骨关节炎(KOA)患者70例,随机分为观察组和对照组各35例,对照组按TKA术后常规方案治疗,观察组在对照组基础上增加徒手淋巴引流术,比较两组术前,术后1 d、4 d、7 d、2周、4周、8周肤温、肿胀程度及血液炎性指标,评估患者术后康复情况及不良事件发生情况。结果:两组术后2周肤温低于术后7 d,术后4周低于术后2周,术后8周低于术后4周,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后2周、4周、8周肤温均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后1 d肢体肿胀度低于术后4 d,术后2周低于术后7 d,术后4周低于术后2周,术后8周低于术后4周,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后7d、2周、4周、8周肢体肿胀度均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后4 d白细胞计数(WBC)水平低于术后1 d,而超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平高于术后1 d;两组术后7 d WBC、hs-CRP及血沉(ESR)水平均低于术后4 d,且术后2周低于术后7 d,术后4周低于术后2周,术后8周低于术后4周,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后7 d hs-CRP水平均低于对照组,术后2周、4周、8周hs-CRP、ESR水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:TKA术后应用徒手淋巴引流手法能有效减轻患者术后肢体肿胀程度,缩短炎症周期,降低炎症反应,在临床上值得推广应用。     

Changes in blood glutathione concentrations, and in erythrocyte glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activity after running training and after participation in contests

Previously sedentary men (n = 23) and women (n = 18) were trained to run a half marathon contest after 40 weeks. Total blood glutathione had increased by 20 weeks of training and had returned to normal after 40 weeks. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity had increased by 20 weeks and remained elevated after 40 weeks. This effect was accompanied by decreases in glutathione reductase coefficients, which indicated that increases in the presence of riboflavin may have been responsible for the changes in reductase activity. Erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase activity had increased slightly after 20 weeks of training and a much more marked increase was found after 40 weeks. This may have been indicative of the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in this phase of training. The participants ran a 15-km race after the first 20 weeks of training and a half marathon after 40 weeks. Blood glutathione tended to decrease after the 15-km race and increased after the half marathon. In both cases it had returned to normal values 5 days after the race. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase was elevated 1 day after the races, and had returned to normal after 5 days. This could also have been explained from concurrent changes in the riboflavin content of the erythrocytes. Erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase activity decreased after both races, but was restored 5 days after the half marathon while such was not the case after the 15-km race.     

Effects of liquid carbohydrate ingestion on markers of anabolism following high-intensity resistance exercise

We examined the effects of liquid carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on markers of anabolism following high-intensity resistance exercise. Nine resistance-trained men consumed either CHO or placebo (PLC) 10 minutes before and immediately following 2 resistance exercise sessions. Cortisol (CORT), insulin (INS), ammonia (AMM), and glucose (GLU) were measured before, immediately after, and 1.5 and 4 hours after exercise. Urinary nitrogen (NH(+3)) was measured 24 hours before and after exercise. There was a significant difference in INS levels immediately after exercise and 1.5 hours after exercise. No significant differences were observed for CORT, AMM, GLU, or NH(+3)between treatments. Significant within-group differences were found for the PLC group: CORT before compared with immediately after exercise; INS before compared with immediately after exercise and before compared with 1.5 hours after exercise; and AMM before compared with immediately after exercise and before compared with 1.5 hours after exercise. Significant within-group differences were found for the CHO group: CORT immediately after compared with 1.5 hours after exercise and immediately after compared with 4 hours after exercise; INS before compared with 1.5 hours after exercise; and AMM before compared with immediately after exercise. Liquid CHO ingestion leads to a more favorable anabolic environment immediately following a resistance exercise bout; however, our indirect measures of protein degradation were not altered by CHO ingestion.     

Relationship between the self-incompatibility and cAMP level in Lilium longiflorum.

The elongation of pollen tubes in Lilium longiflorum cv. Hinomoto after self-incompatible pollination stopped halfway, but that after cross-compatible pollination (cross with cv. Georgia) did not. The elongation of pollen tubes after self-pollination was enhanced by exogenous cAMP and by pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, which activates adenylate cyclase. The level of endogenous cAMP in pistils after self-pollination was approximately one half of that after cross-pollination. Furthermore, the activity of adenylate cyclase in pistils after self-pollination was also approximately one half of that after cross-pollination. By contrast, cAMP phosphodiesterase in pistils after self-pollination was approximately 2 times as high as that after cross-pollination. A possible correlation between self-incompatibility and the low level of endogenous cAMP in lily pistils is discussed on the basis of these results.     

Capacitation status of hamster spermatozoa in the oviduct at various times after mating

Female hamsters were mated shortly after the onset of oestrus or immediately after ovulation. At various times after mating, spermatozoa were flushed from the isthmus of the oviduct using a modified Tyrode's medium supplemented with 20% hamster serum. Cumulus oophorus-free eggs were introduced into the suspensions of isthmic spermatozoa. Some eggs were removed every 30 min and examined for evidence of fertilization. For females mated shortly after the onset of oestrus, spermatozoa recovered from the oviducts 8 h after mating (about 1.5 h after ovulation) could penetrate eggs within 30 min and were considered fully capacitated. When spermatozoa were recovered at earlier times (1, 2, 4 and 6 h after mating) they required additional time (2, 1.5, 1 and 1 h respectively) in vitro before penetrating eggs. Therefore, when mating occurs shortly after the onset of oestrus, spermatozoa in the oviduct do not appear to become fully capacitated until about the time of ovulation. For females mated immediately after ovulation, spermatozoa recovered from the oviducts at 4 h after mating could penetrate eggs within 30 min. Spermatozoa recovered at 1 and 3 h after mating required 2 and 1 h respectively in vitro before penetrating eggs. These results suggest that sperm capacitation proceeds at a faster rate when mating occurs after ovulation.     

Sex hormones metabolism in the brain: influence of central acting drugs on 5 alpha-reduction in rat diencephalon.

Rats after adrenalectomy-testectomy showed a gradual increase in diencephalon 3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid: (acceptor) delta4-oxidoreductase (5 alpha-reductase) activity for 3 days. The activity then returned near to the normal range on the 4th postoperative day. When rats were given testosterone propionate (TP) 3 days after adrenalectomy-testectomy, diencephalon 5 alpha-reductase activity returned to the preoperative range 2 hr after TP administration. Diencephalon 5 alpha-reductase activity showed a highly significant increase (p less than 0.01) after a single administration of carbamazepine, reserpine, diazepam, phenytoin, phenobarbital or disulfiram. A significant increase (p less than 0.05) was also found after a single administration of methylphenidate, caffeine or methamphetamine. Plasma testosterone decreased concurrently after administration of all these agents, except diazepam. Diencephalon enzyme activity decreased significantly after repeated disulfiram administrations (p less than 0.01) but increased significantly after methamphetamine administrations (p less than 0.05). Plasma testosterone showed a tendency to decrease after repeated methamphetamine administrations but tended to increase after repeated disulfiram administrations.     

西藏双须叶须鱼早期发育特征

通过双须叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon Regan)早期发育特征研究, 旨在为该鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供技术支撑。结果显示: 双须叶须鱼卵径3.7—3.9 mm, 吸水后的卵径可达5.1—5.3 mm。在水温10℃左右的条件下, 经历336.02h孵化出膜。根据胚胎的外部形态特征可将胚胎发育分为准备卵裂阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠阶段、神经胚阶段、器官分化阶段、孵化阶段共7个阶段34个时期。初孵仔鱼全长12.4 mm, 第1天体色素出现, 胸鳍上翘, 鳃盖骨出现, 下颌原基出现; 第2天鳃弓原基出现; 第3天消化道出现, 肝胰脏原基出现; 第4天鳃耙出现, 体表色素细胞带出现; 第5天口凹形成, 鳃丝形成; 第6天胸鳍褶, 背鳍褶, 腹鳍褶出现; 第7天鼻凹出现, 星芒状色素团出现; 第9天鳔前原基出现; 第11天尾鳍鳍条开始出现, 胸鳍开始颤动; 第13天鳔1室出现, 半规管形成; 第17天背鳍分化出来; 第21天腹部鳍褶变大, 舌颌骨清晰可见; 第28天脾脏出现; 第33天出现腹鳍鳍条; 第34天鳞片出现; 第85天稚鱼的形态与成鱼无异。双须叶须鱼是已报道裂腹鱼类卵径最大, 较四大家鱼卵周隙小, 是对高原隆起所导致的高寒自然环境的一种适应。     

Convulsive Activity of α-Guanidinoglutaric Acid and the Possible Involvement of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the α-Guanidinoglutaric Acid-Induced Seizure Mechanism

alpha-Guanidinoglutaric acid (alpha-GGA) was first found in cobalt-induced epileptogenic focus tissue in the cerebral cortex of cats. We examined the effect of alpha-GGA on the electroencephalogram and on the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) level after intraventricular administration into rats. Sporadic low-voltage spikes appeared 4 min after the administration of alpha-GGA. Spikes increased in voltage 6 min after the administration. Multiple spikes appeared 10 min after the administration, and they reached maximal frequency 30 min after the administration. The epileptic discharges disappeared 100 min after the administration. The 5-HT level increased in the right and left cortices 3 min after the administration. The 5-HT level decreased in the mid-brain 5 min after the administration and subsequently in all regions of the brain 10 min after the administration. No change in the 5-HT level was found 30 min and 100 min after the administration. These results show that alpha-GGA induces epileptic seizures in rats after intraventricular administration. The results also suggest that alpha-GGA-induced seizures are associated with abnormal serotonergic function and that they are initiated by a decrease in the 5-HT level.     

Perinatal changes in amylase and serum corticosterone levels in rats

In rats amylase activity in the pancreas increased greatly from day 15 of gestation to a maximum on day 21. Then it decreased to less than one-tenth of this maximum value on about day 5 after birth. It increased again about 15 days after birth and reached the adult level about 30 days after birth.No amylase activity was in the parotid gland before birth: it appeared about 12 days after birth and reached the adult level, which was higher than that in the pancreas, about 30 days after birth.The serum corticosterone level was as high as the adult level before birth. Then it decreased to less than one-tenth of the adult level 5 days after birth and increased again from 15 to 25 days after birth to the adult level. The developmental change in the serum corticosterone level seemed to influence amylase activity in the pancreas both before and after birth, and that in the parotid gland only after birth.The serum contained both pancreatic and paratoid type isozymes of amylase until 1 day after birth but only the parotid type from 3 days after birth.     

Eosinophilia in Ascaris suum-reinfected mice

The secondary response of eosinophilia has been studied in mice infected with A. suum. In mice infected orally with 1000 A. suum eggs, larvae disappeared from the body within two weeks after infection. The number of peripheral blood eosinophils decreased to the pre-infection level within eight weeks. A typical secondary response of IgG antibody production to egg antigen was found after reinfection with 1000 eggs. The number of peripheral blood eosinophils increased more rapidly after reinfection than after the primary infection. However, the peak number of eosinophils after reinfection was similar to that after primary infection, and the long-lasting characteristics of eosinophilia after reinfection did not differ from those after primary infection. These results suggest that the secondary response of eosinophilia is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of eosinophils in A. suum-reinfected mice.     

Cancer during adolescence: negative and positive consequences reported three and four years after diagnosis

Persons diagnosed with cancer during adolescence have reported negative and positive cancer-related consequences two years after diagnosis. The overall aim was to longitudinally describe negative and positive cancer-related consequences reported by the same persons three and four years after diagnosis. A secondary aim was to explore whether reports of using vs. not using certain coping strategies shortly after diagnosis are related to reporting or not reporting certain consequences four years after diagnosis. Thirty-two participants answered questions about coping strategies shortly after diagnosis and negative and positive consequences three and four years after diagnosis. Answers about consequences were analysed with content analysis, potential relations between coping strategies and consequences were analysed by Fisher's exact test. The great majority reported negative and positive consequences three and four years after diagnosis and the findings indicate stability over time with regard to perceived consequences during the extended phase of survival. Findings reveal a potential relation between seeking information shortly after diagnosis and reporting a more positive view of life four years after diagnosis and not using fighting spirit shortly after diagnosis and not reporting good self-esteem and good relations four years after diagnosis. It is concluded that concomitant negative and positive cancer-related consequences appear stable over time in the extended phase of survival and that dialectical forces of negative and positive as well as distress and growth often go hand-in-hand after a trauma such as cancer during adolescence.     

Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. II. Antigen-binding capacity and affinity of lymphoid receptors after immunization.

We examined the kinetics and affinity of antigen binding in lymphoid populations in mice after immunization. There is increased binding capacity in lymphoid cells from animals that have undergone primary immunization. This increase would seem to be related to increased numbers of antigen-binding cells (rosette-forming cells). The serum antibody titers rise after the increasing binding capacity and numbers of BSA rosette-forming cells have increased. There is an increased amount of antigen bound per antigen-binding cell at certain times after immunization with two peaks in this capacity being demonstrable--one occurring at 4 days after immunization and the second occurring approximately 12 days after immunization and persisting for prolonged periods after that. With time, after immunization two separable peaks of increased antigen-binding cells become apparent, one very early (before Day 4) and one later (after Day 20 to 30). The affinity constants for antigen-binding cells have been measured and found to be high, and to increase with time after immunization. It appears that the heterogeneity of the affinity constants for antigen-binding cells is high early in immunity and becomes more homogeneous with time after immunization.     

Time relations of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) sperm capacitation and ovum maturation in an in-vitro fertilization system

First polar body expulsion in the squirrel monkey ovum occurred at an average of 13.1 h after hCG injection when observed in culture but could occur as early as 5 h after hCG. the mean time for extrusion of the second polar body was 4.7 h after insemination of the culture with freshly ejaculated spermatozoa (16.3 h after hCG). The earliest time, and therefore also that of sperm capacitation, was 2 h after insemination. First cleavage occurred 16.2 h after insemination.     

Influence of the reinforcement magnitude on omission effects

Reinforcement Omission Effects (ROEs), indicated by higher rate of responses after nonreinforced trials in a partial reinforcement schedule, have been interpreted as behavioral transient facilitation after nonreinforcement induced by primary frustration, and/or behavioral transient inhibition after reinforcement induced by demotivation or temporal control. The size of the ROEs should depend directly on the reinforcement magnitude. The present experiment aimed to clarify the relationship between reinforcement magnitude and the omission effects manipulating the magnitude linked to discriminative stimuli in a partial reinforcement FI schedule. The results showed that response rates were higher after omission than after reinforcement delivery. Besides, response rates were highest immediately after the reinforcement omission of a larger magnitude than of a smaller magnitude. These data are interpreted in terms of ROEs multiple process behavioral facilitation after nonreinforcement, and behavioral transient inhibition after reinforcement.     

Role of leukotrienes in the genesis and healing of water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats

We investigated the role of leukotrienes (LTs) in the genesis of water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers. Peptide LTs were detected after 4 h stress (3.7 +/- 0.5 ng/g tissue), although they were not detected after 2 h stress, and considerable amounts (20.3 +/- 2.3 ng/g tissue) were detected after 6 h stress. In contrast, AA-861 (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, reduced ulcer indices significantly after 6 h stress, although no significant changes were observed after 2 or 4 h stress compared with the control group. Peptide LTs were not detected after 4 h and those detected after 6 h stress were remarkably reduced by AA-861 treatment. The role of LTs in the healing of water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers was also investigated. Significant ulcer healing was not observed within 24 h after stress but was significantly recovered after 48 h. Peptide LTs decreased time-dependently and 48 h after treatment they were not detected. In the rats treated with AA-861, ulcer indices and peptide LTs levels were remarkably reduced after 12 h, concomitantly. These results suggest that the increase in mucosal peptide LTs might be an inhibitory factor to ulcer healing.     

Effects of alveolar hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation and lung mechanics after cromolyn sodium and U-60,257 in lambs.

Because alveolar hypoxia (HYP) triggers pulmonary mast cell degranulation with elaboration of vasoactive mediators such as leukotrienes, we investigated the effects of aerosolized cromolyn sodium (CS), a mast cell stabilizing agent, and U-60,257(U) (a leukotriene blocker) on the circulation, lung mechanics and thromboxane (TXB2) levels in 11 lambs during acute exposure to HYP. Studies were performed in awake, chronically instrumented animals, once after placebo (saline) and again after CS (100 mg; n = 5) or U (90 mg; n = 6). Pulmonary arterial pressure increased 42% during HYP after saline, and 32% and 19% after CS and U, respectively. Pulmonary vascular resistance did not change during HYP after CS or U. Systemic arterial pressure was unchanged after saline and CS but decreased after U; systemic vascular resistance dropped after both CS and U. No changes were seen in tidal volume, lung compliance or airway resistance during HYP after saline or either drug, but minute ventilation increased during HYP in all studies. TXB2 increased during HYP after saline in both studies and was not altered by CS. In contrast, after U, TXB2 decreased. Thus, U more effectively blunted the pulmonary vascular response to HYP than CS and resulted in mild systemic hypotension. The drop in TXB2 after U suggests leukotriene-induced thromboxane synthesis contributes to regulation of pulmonary, and possibly, systemic vasoactivity.     

不同发育时期及外源处理后赤霞珠葡萄脂氧合酶活性及脂肪酸含量变化

以酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠为试材,研究了果实发育时期、机械创伤处理与外源茉莉酸甲酯处理对葡萄果皮中脂肪酸组分、含量及LOX活性的变化。结果表明:(1)葡萄果皮的LOX活性在花后12周达到最大值;花后15周对果实进行创伤处理,处理3h后LOX活性达到最高点;花后17周对果实进行MeJA处理,处理后24hLOX活性达到最大值。(2)葡萄果皮脂肪酸组分中,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主,而不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸和亚麻酸为主。(3)葡萄果实脂肪酸含量随葡萄发育先增加后下降,花后15周创伤处理后的葡萄脂肪酸含量波动较大,花后17周茉莉酸甲酯处理后24h葡萄脂肪酸含量显著升高。     

Effect of irradiation on autogenous bone transplantation in rat parietal bone

To determine the appropriate time for bone reconstruction after irradiation, the healing process after autogenous iliac bone transplantation in the irradiated parietal bone was examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Bone transplantation was carried out at the second and the fourth weeks after Cobalt-sixty (60Co) irradiation with calculated dose and fractionation. Animals without irradiation were used as control. The results show the appearance of mesenchymal cells and blood vessels around the transplantation to be extremely few one week after transplantation which was carried out at the second week after irradiation. These inhibitions were still seen two weeks after transplantation. Four weeks after transplantation, there were no differences in the bone formation among the experimental groups. Bone formation in the transplantation at the fourth week after irradiation was similar to that of the control group. Microvascularization in the transplantation at the second week after irradiation was inhibited one week after transplantation. The delay in bone healing was responsible for the retardation of revascularization and caused microcirculatory failures as well as the damage of osteogenic cells. It is quite clear that damaged cells and tissues recovered by the elapse of time under the irradiation procedure employed in this study and also that bone formation was carried out in the physiological process. We think that bone transplantation after irradiation should be done after recovery from the radiation damage to the periosteal cells and the blood vessels.     

Effect of ovulation and sperm motility on the migration of rabbit spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.

Few spermatozoa were present in the ampullae of females 12 h after intravaginal artificial insemination (AI) when there was no ovulation-inducing stimulus. When ovulation was induced, sperm distributions in the female tract 12 h after AI did not differ from those observed 12 h after natural mating. The number of spermatozoa in the oviductal isthmus was similar in all 3 groups as was the percentage of isthmic spermatozoa exhibiting 'activated' motility. When fertile mating was delayed for 8 or 12 h after coitus with a vasectomized male (i.e. 2 h before or after ovulation), spermatozoa were not present in the ampulla 4 h later. The numbers of spermatozoa recovered from the cranial isthmus after delayed matings and 12 h after natural matings did not differ, but after delayed matings the motility of isthmic spermatozoa was non-progressive or poorly progressive and none exhibited 'activated' motility. Flagellar activity of isthmic spermatozoa recovered 4 h after delayed matings and after natural matings was similarly depressed. These observations indicate that sperm ascent to the tubal ampulla in the sustained phase of transport, though enhanced by ovulation, must also depend on changes in flagellar activity and a specific pattern of motility, both of which appear only after spermatozoa have resided for more than 4 h in the female tract.