苹果盘二孢的分离培养研究

苹果盘二孢Marssonina coronaria引起的褐斑病是造成我国苹果树早期落叶的主要原因,由于该病菌分离培养困难,阻碍了对其生物学特性的研究,进而影响了对其防治机理和流行规律的研究。本研究应用4种培养基质,探索了3种方法对苹果盘二孢的分离效果。结果表明,3种方法均可分离到病原菌,但组织块分离法和分生孢子团分离法成功率仅有10%左右,而单孢分离法污染少,成功率高达到90%以上,明显优于其他两种方法。不同培养基上菌落形态、大小和产孢情况差异也很大,培养1个月(25℃)后PDA上菌落黑褐色隆起,表面蚯蚓粪状,无气生菌丝,无子实体和基内菌丝;10%V8培养基上菌落中央隆起,黑褐色,表面生少量气生菌丝,边缘放射状,基内菌丝深褐色,有子实体;苹果叶片葡萄糖琼脂培养基(LDA)上菌落平坦,黄褐色,表面生茂密的金黄色气生菌丝,基内菌丝深褐色,有子实体;苹果叶片煎汁葡萄糖琼脂培养基(LEDA)上菌落有明显的不规则隆起,黄褐色至黑褐色,表面生少许气生菌丝,菌落生长缓慢,无基内菌丝,分生孢子盘菌落表面生,菌落直径仅2mm左右,而在其他培养基上的菌落直径可达6-8mm,说明培养基质、分离方法均对苹果盘二孢的分离培养和生长发育有明显的影响。     

Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from environmental samples in Venezuela

The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis frequently found in Latin America. The isolation of this fungus from the environment and other sources has been widely reported. Nevertheless, to our knowledge this fungus has not been isolated from the endemic areas of Venezuela. In studies related to a clinical case of sporotrichosis in "Colonia Tovar", produced by traumatism after manipulating soil samples, the fungus was isolated from the soil of that particular area. This is the first report of the isolation of S. schenckii from environmental sources in an endemic area of Venezuela.     

苹果盘二孢Marssonina coronaria的分离培养研究

苹果盘二孢Marssonina coronaria引起的褐斑病是造成我国苹果树早期落叶的主要原因,由于该病菌分离培养困难,阻碍了对其生物学特性的研究,进而影响了对其防治机理和流行规律的研究.本研究应用4种培养基质,探索了3种方法对苹果盘二孢的分离效果.结果表明,3种方法均可分离到病原菌,但组织块分离法和分生孢子团分离法成功率仅有10%左右,而单孢分离法污染少,成功率高达到90%以上,明显优于其他两种方法.不同培养基上菌落形态、大小和产孢情况差异也很大,培养1个月(25℃)后PDA上菌落黑褐色隆起,表面蚯蚓粪状,无气生菌丝,无子实体和基内菌丝;10%V8培养基上菌落中央隆起,黑褐色,表面生少量气生菌丝,边缘放射状,基内菌丝深褐色,有子实体;苹果叶片葡萄糖琼脂培养基(LDA)上菌落平坦,黄褐色,表面生茂密的金黄色气生菌丝,基内菌丝深褐色,有子实体;苹果叶片煎汁葡萄糖琼脂培养基(LEDA)上菌落有明显的不规则隆起,黄褐色至黑褐色,表面生少许气生菌丝,菌落生长缓慢,无基内菌丝,分生孢子盘菌落表面生,菌落直径仅2mm左右,而在其他培养基上的菌落直径可达6-8mm,说明培养基质、分离方法均对苹果盘二孢的分离培养和生长发育有明显的影响.     

Histoplasma capsulatum isolated from Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

We report the isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from a culture of the viscera of Didelphis albiventris, one of the marsupial species found in Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of this fungus from this mammalian species. This finding confirms the ubiquitous presence of H. capsulatum in nature.     

Noncatalytic docking domains of cellulosomes of anaerobic fungi

A method is presented for the specific isolation of genes encoding cellulosome components from anaerobic fungi. The catalytic components of the cellulosome of anaerobic fungi typically contain, besides the catalytic domain, mostly two copies of a 40-amino-acid cysteine-rich, noncatalytic docking domain (NCDD) interspaced by short linkers. Degenerate primers were designed to anneal to the highly conserved region within the NCDDs of the monocentric fungus Piromyces sp. strain E2 and the polycentric fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2. Through PCR using cDNA from Orpinomyces sp. and genomic DNA from Piromyces sp. as templates, respectively, 9 and 19 PCR products were isolated encoding novel NCDD linker sequences. Screening of an Orpinomyces sp. cDNA library with four of these PCR products resulted in the isolation of new genes encoding cellulosome components. An alignment of the partial NCDD sequence information obtained and an alignment of database-accessible NCDD sequences, focusing on the number and position of cysteine residues, indicated the presence of three structural subfamilies within fungal NCDDs. Furthermore, evidence is presented that the NCDDs in CelC from the polycentric fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2 specifically recognize four proteins in a cellulosome preparation, indicating the presence of multiple scaffoldins.     

红豆杉内生真菌产紫杉醇研究进展

本文综述了近年来产紫杉醇的红豆杉内生真菌分离和筛选、代谢和发酵的研究进展。     

Biological characteristics ofCryptosporiopsis abietina on Hinoki cypress and its antagonistic effect to other microorganisms

In isolation tests on different parts of sound Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), the coelomyceteCryptosporiopsis abietina was isolated, mostly from immature cone scales and inner bark areas of branches and main stems. In isolation tests using branches or stems of 3-yr-old seedlings to 35-yr-old adult cypresses from various localities,C. abietina was isolated in 28 to 100% of the cypresses tested. It was also confirmed that the fungus rarely infects seeds of the cypress, and can survive in dried seeds for several years, though it is not a seed-borne fungus. No symptoms appeared in inoculation tests with the fungus on 8-yr-old cypress. In inoculation test in a greenhouse, reliable infection without symptoms was obtained on wounded cypress seedlings. These results reveal thatC. abietina is a common endophytic fungus in Hinoki cypress. Confrontation and volatile antagonistic tests in Petri dishes indicated that some isolates ofC. abietina produce antifungal substances in vitro. On these isolates, the reproduction of a mycophagous nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilus was retarded. The results of inoculation tests suggest that the possibility ofC. abietina as a primary causal agent of the resinous stem canker of Hinoki cypress is low. The role ofC. abietina in the cypress is briefly discussed.     

内生真菌发酵生产紫杉醇的研究现状与展望

抗癌药物紫杉醇已在临床上广泛应用,但受原料红豆杉树木短缺的制约,存在巨大的供需差距,而内生真菌发酵生产紫杉醇是解决紫杉醇药源问题的很有前景的途径之一.结合课题组多年来开展的科学试验研究工作,概述了内生真菌发酵生产紫杉醇的优势、产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离研究现状和生物多样性及提高内生真菌生物合成紫杉醇量的途径.     

Isolation of Epidermophyton floccosum from a dog in Norway

This report presents a case of dermatomycosis caused by Epidermophyton floccosum in a dog--the first recorded isolation of this fungus from animals in Norway.     

Preliminary report on the isolation of a dysgonic variety ofMicrosporum canis together with the normal variety from a cattery

The isolation of a dysgonic variety ofMicrosporum canis from a large number of cats and kittens in a cattery is described. The normal variety of this fungus was isolated at the same time from the same animals. Dysgonic varieties are thought to be mutants of normal strains, but this isolation of both forms together suggests that the relationship may be more complex.     

稻绿核菌(稻曲病菌)分离方法的比较研究

作者对不同情况下稻曲病菌的分离方法进行了比较研究。结果表明成熟早期稻曲球上的绝大多数新鲜的厚垣孢子具有萌发能力,及时进行分离培养是病原菌成功分离的关键。随保存时间的延长,厚垣孢子萌发能力急剧下降;消毒处理可杀死大部分的厚垣孢子。菌核可长期保存并保持极高的萌发生长能力,是稻曲病菌分离最为理想的材料。稻曲球中部的致密菌丝组织分离难度较大,只能作为稻曲病菌分离的一种补救方法。     

一种云南红豆杉内生真菌的分离

本文首次报道从云南红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)树皮中分离出一种内生真菌,并用薄层层析技术对该真菌培养物进行了分析,初步结果表明该真菌能合成抗癌药物紫杉醇。     

Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species

Background and AimsInterspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors.MethodsWe evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established ten experimental plots including the five Arisaema species in high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using a unified formula for reproductive isolation.Key ResultsEach Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history.ConclusionsOur results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.     

The demonstration of growth stimulating substances forHistoplasma capsulatum andBlastomyces dermatitidis in infusions of starling (Sturnis vulgaris) manure

Summary A hitherto unknown keratinophilic fungus is described. The English and Latin diagnoses of the new species are given, and the circumstances of its isolation are discussed.     

冬虫夏草的研究进展、现存问题与研究展望

冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis是传统的名贵中药材,具有非常重要的食用与药用价值。本文从天然冬虫夏草的地理分布与形态特征,冬虫夏草菌的分离、分类、遗传与进化、大量培养,寄主昆虫蝠蛾的分类、分布、生物学与人工饲养,冬虫夏草的化学成分与药效作用等方面综述了冬虫夏草的研究进展,分析了冬虫夏草研究现存的问题,并展望未来的研究方向。     

Effect of culture conditions on mycelial growth, antibacterial activity, and metabolite profiles of the marine-derived fungus Arthrinium c.f. saccharicola

The effects of culture conditions and competitive cultivation with bacteria on mycelial growth, metabolite profile, and antibacterial activity of the marine-derived fungus Arthrinium c.f. saccharicola were investigated. The fungus grew faster at 30°C, at pH 6.5 and in freshwater medium, while exhibited higher antibacterial activity at 25°C, at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 7.5, and in 34 ppt seawater medium. The fungus grew faster in a high-nitrogen medium that contained 0.5% peptone and/or 0.5% yeast extract, while exhibiting higher bioactivity in a high-carbon medium that contained 2% glucose. The fungal growth was inhibited when it was co-cultured with six bacterial species, particularly the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas piscida. The addition of a cell free culture broth of this bacterium significantly increased the bioactivity of the fungus. Metabolite profiles of the fungus revealed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry showed clear difference among different treatments, and the change of relative area of three peaks in GC profile followed a similar trend with the bioactivity variation of fungal extracts. Our results showed clear differences in the optimal conditions for achieving maximal mycelial growth and bioactivity of the fungus, which is important for the further study on the mass cultivation and bioactive compounds isolation from this fungus.     

A new species of peyronellaea from Indian soil

Summary A new species of genusPeyronellaea, P. indianensis sp. nov., has been described. Its isolation from the soil is the first record to science. It differs from previously recorded five species parasitizing various host plants. As it is isolated on a filter paper buried in the soil, it is a cellulose decomposing fungus     

产紫杉醇(Taxol)内生真菌的生物多样性

主要阐述了产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离和生物多样性的研究状况 ,紫杉醇产生菌的生物多样性意义及微生物发酵法生产紫杉醇的研究进展 ,并结合内生真菌的特点 ,阐述了紫杉醇产生菌的宿主、生境和生态以及物种的生物多样性     

Fruit body formation ofBoletus reticulatus in pure culture

The ectomycorrhyzal fungusBoletus reticulatus formed young fruit bodies in pure culture on liquid and solid media. Primordia formation started 31–32 d after inoculation on liquid medium. The primordia developed into the young fruit bodies with convex pileus and clavate stipe 44 d after inoculation on liquid medium. The ability of this fungus to form fruit bodies declined at one and half years after isolation. Sufficient nutrient in medium is required for the fungus to form mature fruit bodies in pure culture.     

Tanshinone IIA and tanshinone I production by Trichoderma atroviride D16, an endophytic fungus in Salvia miltiorrhiza

In this study the isolation of an endophytic fungus from the root of the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is reported for the first time. The fungus produced tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA in rich mycological medium (potato dextrose broth) under shake flask and bench scale fermentation conditions. The fungus was identified as Trichoderma atroviride by its morphology and authenticated by ITS analysis (ITS1 and ITS2 regions and the intervening 5.8S rDNA region). Tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA were identified by HPLC and LC-HRMS/MS and confirmed through comparison with authentic standards. This endophytic fungus has significant scientific and industrial potential to meet the pharmaceutical demands for tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA in a cost-effective, easily accessible and reproducible way.