春季和秋季东、黄海陆架区大型网采浮游动物群落划分

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季对黄、东海大面调查中浮游生物大网（孔径500μm）采集的浮游动物样品,运用多元分析方法对陆架区内的浮游动物组成、分布、群落进行了研究。结果表明,春、秋两季陆架区浮游动物均可划分为5个群落：i黄海沿岸群落;ii黄海中部群落;iii黄、东海交汇水混合群落;iv东海近岸混合水群落;v东海外陆架高温高盐群落。各群落的种类组成及地理分布存在一定的季节差异。     

Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems

Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26%), synergistic (36%), and antagonistic (38%). The overall interaction effect across all studies was synergistic, but interaction type varied by response level (community: antagonistic, population: synergistic), trophic level (autotrophs: antagonistic, heterotrophs: synergistic), and specific stressor pair (seven pairs additive, three pairs each synergistic and antagonistic). Addition of a third stressor changed interaction effects significantly in two‐thirds of all cases and doubled the number of synergistic interactions. Given that most studies were performed in laboratories where stressor effects can be carefully isolated, these three‐stressor results suggest that synergies may be quite common in nature where more than two stressors almost always coexist. While significant gaps exist in multiple stressor research, our results suggest an immediate need to account for stressor interactions in ecological studies and conservation planning.     

Fish assemblage structure in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea during autumn and spring

Based on bottom trawl surveys in autumn 2000 and spring 2001, the fish assemblage structure in the southern Yellow Sea and the continental shelf of the East China Sea was analysed. Four groups of fishes were identified for each season by the two-way indicator species analysis (TWIA). Although seasonal migration caused a slight difference in fish assemblages between autumn and spring, two major groups of fishes, corresponding to the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were identified. Inshore and offshore groups were subsequently separated. Changes in water depth may be most important in the separation of the groups in the offshore waters of the East China Sea. Temperature affected the groupings between north and south, particularly in the central part of the Yellow Sea. Here, the cold water mass affected the species composition which was low in diversity and different from the other areas.     

楚科奇海和白令海网采浮游植物群聚的多元分析

根据1999年夏季(7~8月)我国首次北极科学考察期间“雪龙”号考察船在楚科奇海(66°0.3'~75°18.6' N, 153°36.5'~174°59.5' W)和白令海(55°59.8'~66°0.3' N,173°21.1' E~175°53.9' W)49个站采集的样品研究了该区网采浮游植物的分布特征。结果显示,两个调查区的浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度平均值几乎相等且都较低,分别变动在1.88~1.90和0.43~0.45之间。然而,两个区存在明显的空间异质性。就丰富度和种类组成而言,楚科奇海的细胞密度和物种总数量远高于白令海,前者为9 122.56×10⁴ cells·m^-3 和103种,而后者为161.78×10⁴ cells·m^-3和71种。上述生态学指标不同站点间的变异也大。用多元分析方法对浮游植物群聚的分布异质性加以讨论。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,解析调查区浮游植物分布方差的33.0%的两个最主要成分(即主要物种变量)分别是北极-北方浅海群落(泛北极群落)和北方大洋群落的主要种群。前者包括某些圆心硅藻,如旋链角毛藻 (Chaetoceros curvisetus)、柔弱角毛藻(C. debilis)、聚生角毛藻(C. socialis)、叉尖角毛藻(C.furcellatus)等多种寡色体类角毛藻以及冷淡劳德藻 (Lauderia glacialis)、丹麦细柱藻 (Leptocylindrus danicus)、诺登海链藻(Thalassiosira nordenskioldii)和脆杆链藻(Bacteriosira fragilis)等;后者主要有小环毛藻 (Corethron criophilum)、平截鼻状藻 (Proboscia truncata)、无刺鼻状藻 (P. inermis)、西氏细齿状藻(Dentecula seminae)和一些多色暗角毛类角毛藻,如大西洋角毛藻(Chaetoceros atlanticus)等。泛北极群落主要分布于楚科奇海南部和中部,而北方大洋群落的主要分布区在白令海调查区的西南部。通过聚类分析还辨认出7个包含不同群落的主要网采浮游植物分布区,但是由于不同水系的不同程度影响,以及极具不确定性的浮冰的位置及其物理状态(聚集、开裂和消融等)也会在短时间内给调查区生物过程导入变异性,从而使得这些分布区的归类复杂化,尤其在楚科奇海。     

Biometric analysis of Syngnathus abastev populations

Significant differences (ANOVA) in three out of six meristic characters and in 16 out of 18 morphometric characters were found among Syngnathus abaster caught in the River Danube at sites 900 km upwards from the mouth of the Black Sea, the fresh waters of Ukraine, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. The Danube populations showed significantly greater values for antedorsal (aD) and anteanal (aA) distances, but considerably smaller values for postdorsal (pD) distance and head length (L_H) than other populations analysed (Tukey-Kramer's test). The relation of total length (L_T) to standard length ( Ls ) for the Danube populations was L_s= 0–97. L_t , the length-mass relationship was M=4.122. L _T^3.63 and the mean ± S.D. of Fulton condition factor was 0.34 ± 0.08.     

Cumulative bondomers: a new concept in flux analysis from 2D [13C,1H] COSY NMR data

A well-established way of determining metabolic fluxes is to measure 2D [(13)C,(1)H] COSY NMR spectra of components of biomass grown on uniformly (13)C-labeled carbon sources. When using the entire set of measured data to simultaneously determine all fluxes in a proposed metabolic network model, the (13)C-labeling distribution in all measured compounds has to be simulated. This requires very large sets of isotopomer or cumomer balances. This article introduces the new concept of bondomers; entities that only vary in the numbers and positions of C-C bonds that have remained intact since the medium substrate molecule entered the metabolism. Bondomers are shown to have many analogies to isotopomers. One of these is that bondomers can be transformed to cumulative bondomers, just like isotopomers can be transformed to cumomers. Similarly to cumomers, cumulative bondomers allow an analytical solution of the entire set of balances describing a metabolic network. The main difference is that cumulative bondomer models are considerably smaller than corresponding cumomer models. This saves computational time, allows easier identifiability analysis, and yields new insights in the information content of 2D [(13)C,(1)H] COSY NMR data. We illustrate the theoretical concepts by means of a realistic example of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways. The combinations of 2D [(13)C,(1)H] COSY NMR data that allow identification of all metabolic fluxes in these pathways are analyzed, and it is found that the NMR data contain less information than was previously expected.     

Optimal trait scoring for age estimation

What are the effects that genetics has had on Anthropological research and how can we think anthropologically about Genetics? Just as genetic data have encouraged new hypotheses about human phenotypic variation, evolutionary history, population interaction, and environmental effects, so too has Anthropology offered to genetic studies a new interpretive locus in its history and perspective. This introduction examines how the fields of Anthropology and Genetics have arrived at a crucial moment at which their interaction requires careful examination and critical reflection. The papers discussed here exemplify how we may engage in such a trans-disciplinary conversation. They speak to the future of thoughtful interaction between genetic and anthropological literature and seek a new integration that embodies the holism of the human biological sciences.     

Resolving the complex relationship between harmful algal blooms and environmental factors in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary

The sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary is the most notable region for harmful algal blooms (HABs¹) in China as both diatom and dinoflagellate blooms have been recorded in this region. Affected by the Changjiang diluted water (CDW²) and currents from the open ocean (i.e., Taiwan warm current, TWC³), the environmental conditions in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary are quite complex. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of HABs in this region, analyses based on field investigation data collected by the National Basic Research Priority Program (CEOHAB I⁴) were performed using principle component analysis (PCA⁵), multiple regression analysis (MRA⁶) and path analysis (PA⁷). The results suggested that phosphate and silicate are the major factors that directly affect the diatom bloom, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN⁸), temperature and turbidity are the factors that influence the dinoflagellate bloom. CDW and the TWC have different roles in affecting the two types of algal blooms. CDW, which has a high concentration of nitrate and silicate, is essential for the diatom bloom, while the intrusion of the TWC (mainly Kuroshio subsurface water that is rich in phosphate at the bottom) is critical for the maintenance of the dinoflagellate bloom. The results of this study offer a better understanding of the mechanisms of HABs in the East China Sea.     

基于景观生态风险评价的涪江流域景观格局优化

以流域为尺度进行景观生态风险评价以及景观格局优化,有利于为流域生态系统服务的提高和人类活动管控提供科学依据。以涪江流域为研究区域,从"自然-社会-景观格局"3个维度选取10个评价因子建立评价指标体系,采取空间主成分分析法（SPCA）对流域景观生态风险进行综合评价,再基于生态风险评价的结果和生态源地利用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）和网络分析等方法实现流域景观格局优化。研究结果表明：①涪江流域景观生态风险等级在空间分布上呈西北部高于东南部地区,主要是受自然和景观格局因子影响较大。②涪江流域所面临的生态风险问题较为严重,生态风险等级为中度及以上的区域面积总和为25596.51 km²,占研究区总面积比例的65.35%。③生态源地以林地和水域为主,面积为11194.28 km²,占流域总面积比例为25.58%。④构建生态廊道共41条,总长度为5229.04 km,其中原有廊道29条,新添廊道12条,提取生态节点53个;利用网络分析形成了以主廊道为"中轴",构建的生态廊道为"辅助",提取的生态节点为"枢纽"的较为完整的网络生态结构。对研究区景观格局优化前后的连通度进行对比,优化后的整体景观格局连通度得到较大幅度提升。     

Assessing the genetic diversity in Argopecten nucleus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae), a functional hermaphrodite species with extremely low population density and self‐fertilization: Effect of null alleles

Argopecten nucleus is a functional hermaphroditic pectinid species that exhibits self‐fertilization, whose natural populations have usually very low densities. In the present study, the genetic diversity of a wild population from Neguanje Bay, Santa Marta (Colombia), was estimated using microsatellite markers, and the effect of the presence of null alleles on this estimation was assessed. A total of 8 microsatellite markers were developed, the first described for this species, and their amplification conditions were standardized. They were used to determine the genotype of 48 wild individuals from Naguanje Bay, and 1,010 individuals derived from the offspring of 38 directed crosses. For each locus, the frequencies of the identified alleles, including null alleles, were estimated using the statistical package Micro‐Checker, and the parental genotypes were confirmed using segregation analysis. Three to 8 alleles per locus with frequencies from 0.001 to 0.632 were detected. The frequencies of null alleles ranged from 0.10 to 0.45, with Ho from 0.0 to 0.79, and He from 0.53 to 0.80. All loci were in H‐W disequilibrium. The null allele frequencies values were high, with lower estimations using segregation analysis than estimated using Micro‐Checker. The present results show high levels of population genetic diversity and indicate that null alleles were not the only cause of deviation from H‐W equilibrium in all loci, suggesting that the wild population under study presents signs of inbreeding and Wahlund effect.     

Electron microprobe analysis of juvenile walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma,otoliths from Alaska: a pilot stock separation study

Synopsis The incorporation of dissolved oceanic constituents in the otoliths of fish has potential as a chemical tracer for reconstructing the early life history of marine fish. Wavelength dispersive spectrometers on an electron microprobe were used to measure Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, and Sr concentrations on the outer margins of 57 juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, otoliths from five locations in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. Discriminant analyses that used various combinations of Na, P, K, Sr, and fish standard length and/or age showed that 60–80% of the samples could be assigned to the correct capture locality. While the concentrations of some of the measured elements correlated with standard length or age of the fish, there are measurable differences among localities when concentrations are length or age corrected, mainly due to differences in Na and K concentrations. Elemental composition of otoliths potentially could be used to assign fish from a mixed stock fishery to original stocks, information that is greatly needed for the effective management of fish stocks.     

Evaluating the association between latent classes and competing risks outcomes with multiphenotype data

Latent class analysis is an intuitive tool to characterize disease phenotype heterogeneity. With data more frequently collected on multiple phenotypes in chronic disease studies, it is of rising interest to investigate how the latent classes embedded in one phenotype are related to another phenotype. Motivated by a cohort with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from the Uniform Data Set (UDS), we propose and study a time-dependent structural model to evaluate the association between latent classes and competing risk outcomes that are subject to missing failure types. We develop a two-step estimation procedure which circumvents latent class membership assignment and is rigorously justified in terms of accounting for the uncertainty in classifying latent classes. The new method also properly addresses the realistic complications for competing risks outcomes, including random censoring and missing failure types. The asymptotic properties of the resulting estimator are established. Given that the standard bootstrapping inference is not feasible in the current problem setting, we develop analytical inference procedures, which are easy to implement. Our simulation studies demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over benchmark approaches. We present an application to the MCI data from UDS, which uncovers a detailed picture of the neuropathological relevance of the baseline MCI subgroups.     

基于形态学空间格局和空间主成分的贵阳市中心城区生态网络构建

喀斯特多山地区,城市扩展过程中大量自然山体镶嵌入城,形成具有多种生态系统服务功能的城市遗存自然山体。但在城市内部致密化发展过程中,这些城市遗存山体常被城市建设用地孤立和包围,形成人工干扰场中的生态孤岛。生态网络的构建既有利于城市遗存自然山体自然资源保护,又有助于丰富城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务功能。以喀斯特地区典型的多山城市——贵阳市行政区为研究对象,综合利用形态学空间格局分析法和景观连通性识别中心城区生态源地,基于主成分分析确定研究区综合阻力面,通过最小累积阻力模型、重力模型和水文分析等方法,识别并优化关键衔接廊道及节点,在中心城区行政区和建成区两个尺度构建研究区生态网络。结果表明：（1）行政区生态源地分布整体呈现"南北相望"的格局,建成区生态源地集中在中部;（2）研究区综合生态阻力高值主要集中在研究区中部,呈放射状向外扩散,综合生态阻力低值主要分布在研究区周边,以大型林地斑块为主;（3）行政区极重要、重要、一般廊道数分别为15、21、69,极重要廊道集中分布在北部,建成区极重要、重要、一般廊道数分别为37、113、227条,极重要廊道主要分布在建成区中部;（4）行政区和建成区一类生态节点分别为29、25个,二类生态节点33、17个。最终通过叠加行政区和建成区生态网络要素,形成贵阳市中心城区生态网络,研究结果能为贵阳市中心城区在未来用地空间上协调生态保护与城市发展提供科学合理的参考。     

湿地环境累积效应

近年来,湿地环境开发过程中出现了多种生态环境问题,由于多种开发方式和多种影响因素的共同作用,对湿地环境产生明显的累积效应,单一要素的环境评价和分析已满足不了湿地利用和保护的要求,亟需加强湿地环境累积效应研究。本文从累积效应研究的基础出发,提出湿地累积效应的概念和研究内容,界定湿地环境累积效应研究范围(空间和时间),并综述环境累积效应研究方法,阐明了目前研究的不足,最后指出了湿地环境累积效应的未来研究方向为:环境累积效应的途径、环境累积效应的长期监测和累积效应预测模型的建立。     

Effects of the severe winter 1995/96 on the benthic macrofauna of the Wadden Sea and the coastal North Sea near the island of Sylt

The development of benthic macrofauna in the Wadden Sea and in the coastal North Sea after the severe winter of 1995/96 is compared with the preceding years with mild to moderate winters. In the intertidal of the Wadden Sea, ice-drift and low temperature caused the expected changes in species composition by increasing winter mortality in sensitive species, and by exceptionally high recruitment of some species during the succeeding summer. In the shallow subtidal (10–20 m depth), similar winter effects were observed. However, recovery of many subtidal populations was still incomplete until the summer of 1997. It is suggested that this was due to hydrographic conditions that carried many larvae or drifting juveniles into more distant offshore areas. This may have limited larval supply and may have delayed recovery at the onshore sites. Since in the eastern North Sea severe winters are accompanied by frequent easterly winds, it is not clear whether decreasing winter abundances in some species were due to increased mortality, or to a seaward dislocation of organisms. Received in revised form: 7 May 2001 Electronic Publication     

A new species of Hormathia (Actiniaria, Hormathiidae) from the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

A new species of sea anemone in the genus Hormathia, is described and illustrated based on forty-two specimens collected during the Polarstern cruises ANT XV/3 and ANT XVII/3 in the Weddell Sea. The main features of the new taxon are the crown of flattened and hooked tubercles at the distal end of the scapus, the regular arrangement of pointed tubercles along the column and the cnidom. The new species shares the pointed tubercles, at least in the upper part of the scapus, with two other species of Hormathia in the southern hemisphere: Hormathia spinosa Hertwig 1882 and H. pectinata Hertwig 1882 Received in revised form: 27 December 2000 Electronic Publication     

气候因子和人类活动对松辽流域植被叶面积指数动态的影响

了解气候变化和人类活动对植被的影响对陆地生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。基于月尺度MODIS LAI、气象等数据,采用基于像元的趋势及偏相关分析、时滞与累积效应分析和改进的残差分析等方法,评估松辽流域2001-2021年生长季植被叶面积指数(LAI)动态,在顾及时滞与累积效应的情况下探究气候与人为驱动因素对植被的影响。结果表明:(1)松辽流域LAI总体呈"平原低,山地高"的空间分布格局。近21年植被LAI在波动中呈上升趋势,未来植被变化以持续改善为主,但内蒙古西部草原及大、小兴安岭局部地区仍存在退化风险。(2)LAI总体上与气温、降水呈正相关,相较气温植被生长对降水更敏感。LAI变化的时间效应随气候因子、覆被类型及植被分区的不同而发生变化。LAI对气温的主要时间效应为2个月滞后和0-1个月累积,而对降水主要为无显著滞后和1个月累积。(3)气候变化和人类活动的联合作用是影响松辽流域植被LAI动态的主要原因,两者对植被变化的贡献分别占41.7%和58.3%,同时考虑时滞和累积效应时,提升了气候因子对植被生长的解释度。     

Causal analysis of the diversity of medusae in East China Sea

Based on the maritime data collected from 23°30′–33°00′ N and 118°30′–128°00′ E of the East China Sea (ECS) in four seasons during 1997–2000, the dynamics of medusae diversity and their causes were analyzed. A total of 103 medusae species were identified, and these species mainly distributed in the southern and northern offshore areas of the ECS. Species diversity index (H′) of medusae was higher in the south than those in the north, higher in summer and winter than in spring and autumn, and higher in offshore than in the nearshore areas. The species number was closely correlated with H′ value, whereas the abundance of species had no significant relationship with the diversity index. The lower H′ value of the nearshore in spring and autumn resulted from the aggregation of Muggiaea atlantica in the south nearshore and Diphyes chamissonis in the north nearshore. In addition, water temperature, followed by salinity, is the main environmental factor influencing the distribution of species diversity. The H′ value was related to the water temperature at the 10 m layer in winter and spring, and it was associated with the surface water temperature in summer and with the 10 m-salinity-layer in autumn. In spring and summer, the isoline distribution of H′ value reflected the direction of the Taiwan Warm Current and the variation of the water masses in the ECS. In winter, the isoline of the H′ value indicated the incursion of Kuroshio current. In conclusion, the H′ isoline is an good indicator for water masses in ECS. __________ Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(6): 508–516 [译自:生物多样性]