中国外来归化植物的编目现状及有关问题

在简要讨论外来植物相关定义的基础上, 对中国外来归化植物的调查和编目现状进行了概述; 并对近年发表的两篇文章中外来归化植物数据进行了订正。     

干旱能源植物的发掘与应用策略

随着人类社会的快速发展和对化石能源的不合理开采,化石能源整体可开采量锐减;另一方面,化石能源的大量使用造成日益凸显的环境污染问题,发展生物质能源对解决能源危机、促进社会可持续发展具有重要意义。囿于人口持续增长和粮食需求不断增加,发展能源植物的重要突破口在于大力开发不与粮食作物争地争水的干旱能源植物。因此,从能源植物概念及其意义入手,论述国内外干旱能源植物应用现状和在实际种植生产过程中存在的问题,综合分析适合作为干旱能源植物的新类型,进而提出干旱能源植物的应用策略。     

中国外来植物数据集

搞清楚中国外来植物种类有哪些, 从哪里来, 如何进入中国, 属于什么性质的类群, 它们的生物学特征和生态学特性如何等问题, 是中国外来入侵植物预防和预警机制研究的重要基础。《中国植物志》、Flora of China、各省级植物志书等记载的外来植物信息由于种种原因非常有限, 且目前我国尚没有完整体现中国外来植物信息的数据库。本文通过整合近几年外来植物相关的资料, 并通过文献考证增补外来植物原产地、习性等信息, 利用计算机网络、数据库及大数据分析技术手段, 经信息化处理和分类学校正, 进行分类体系重建, 最终确定中国外来植物的物种名录数据集。该数据集共有数据14,710条, 记载中国外来植物283科3,233属14,710个类群(含13,401原种332杂交种2嵌合体458亚种503变种14变型)。每个类群包括类别、中文科名、科名、中文属名、属名、中文名、别名、学名、命名人、生存状态、生存时间、生活型、原产国家或地区和中国引入省份等基础信息。数据集显示, 外来植物已在中国的植物种类构成中占据了相当大的比例(高达28.19%, 中国境内有维管植物52,177个类群, 其中本土37,464, 外来14,710, 上述数字包含种下等级, 统计截至2021年12月31日); 就生存状态而言, 栽培植物占所有外来植物的比例高达91%, 逃逸植物占7.36%, 归化植物占6.69%, 入侵植物占2.66%; 对于生活型的分析显示, 多年生类群占据了外来植物的绝大多数(13,625种, 约占总数的92.6%), 草本植物(8,937种, 约占总数的60.8%)相较于乔木(2,752种, 约占总数的18.7%)、灌木(4,916种, 约占总数的33.4%)及其他生活型数量要更多; 中国的外来植物大多来自北美洲(4,242种)、非洲(3,707种)、南美洲(3,645种)、亚洲(3,102种), 欧洲(1,690种)和大洋洲(1,305种)相对较少; 而中国具有外来植物最多的前10个省份分别为台湾(6,122种)、北京(5,244种)、福建(3,667种)、广东(3,544种)、云南(3,404种)、上海(2,924种)、江苏(2,183种)、江西(1,789种)、浙江(1,658种)和湖北(973种)。本数据集是第一次对中国外来植物进行全面系统整理, 可供从事外来植物相关研究工作参考, 也可作为植物多样性研究的基础资料, 还可作为农业、林业、草业、园林、草药及自然保护和环境保护人士及高等院校师生的参考数据。     

The Accumulation and Subcellular Distribution of Arsenic and Antimony in Four Fern Plants

In the present study, Pteris cretica ‘Albo-Lineata’ (PC), Pteris fauriei (PF), Humata tyermanii Moore (HT), and Pteris ensiformis Burm (PE), were selected to explore additional plant materials for the phytoremediation of As and Sb co-contamination. To some extent, the addition of As and Sb enhanced the growth of HT, PE, and PF. Conversely, the addition of As and Sb negatively affected the growth of PC and was accompanied with the accumulation of high levels of As and Sb in the roots. The highest concentration of Sb was recorded as 6405 mg kg^?1 in the roots of PC, and that for As was 337 mg kg^?1 in the rhizome of PF. To some degree, As and Sb stimulated the uptake of each other in these ferns. Arsenic was mainly stored in the cytoplasmic supernatant (CS) fraction, followed by the cell wall (CW) fraction. In contrast, Sb was mainly found in the CW fraction and, to a lesser extent, in the CS fraction, suggesting that the cell wall and cytosol play different roles in As and Sb accumulation by fern plants. This study demonstrated that these fern plants show a good application potential in the phytoremediation of As and Sb co-contaminated environments.     

云南种子植物中的新入侵和新分布种

报道了两个云南的新入侵植物及两个新分布种,分别是光冠水菊和细叶旱芹及俯垂粉报春和针叶韭,并对新入侵植物的危害性及防治措施等进行了初步讨论。     

海南岛维管植物物种多样性的现状

热带岛屿的植物多样性一直是全球生物多样性保护的重点和热点。海南岛地处热带北缘, 是中国的第二大岛屿, 具有丰富的植物多样性。经过近几十年的考察研究, 关于海南岛的植物物种数量出现了多个版本。本文通过文献梳理和野外考证的方法进行了全面的植物多样性调查, 以确定其维管植物种数。结果表明: 截止到2015年12月, 海南岛记录并能考证实物或标本的维管植物共有6,036种, 包括野生种4,579种(含特有植物483种和珍稀濒危植物512种)、外来逸生及归化植物163种(含外来入侵种57种)、外来引种的纯栽培植物1,294种。自1964-1977年《海南植物志》出版至今, 新增野生及引种的栽培植物所占的比例均较大, 分别占海南岛野生和栽培植物总种数的35.9%和75.9%。本文还对其中1,220种的拉丁学名进行了异名处理等的订正。     

野鸦椿资源及其利用

野鸦椿主要分布在我国长江以南地区,它的花、根、果实都可药用,作为观赏植物,更具有利用价值,值得进一步开发利用.     

The use of wild edible plants in western and central Anatolia (Turkey)

In this study, 121 wild edible plants used as food in Anatolia were surveyed to determine the plant parts used and their detailed preparation methods. The results of this study show that the plants may be boiled, fried in fat, and eaten raw or as rolled vegetables. They may also be consumed as pickles, fruits, sweets and spices, and drunk as cold and hot drinks. Thirty species (8 genera) were identified as belonging to the Lamiaceae family, 15 species (15 genera) belong to the Asteraceae family, 13 species (5 genera) belong to the Rosaceae family, 8 species (7 genera) belong to the Brassicaceae family, 6 species (3 genera) belong to the Orchidaceae family and 5 species (5 genera) belong to the Apiaceae family. The genera represented by the highest number of species in the study are as follows:Sideritis L. is represented by 13 species, Origanum L. by 7 species,Rubus L. by 5 species,Thymus L. by 4 species andRumex L. by 4 species.     

阳生植物和阴生植物的叶黄素循环与非辐射能量耗散X

自然条件下阳生植物和阴生植物的光合速率存在着明显的差距,它们拥有不同的适应强光胁迫的能力,前者明显强于后者。从叶黄素组分来看,阳生植物拥有更大的叶黄素库[紫黄质（V）＋单环环氧玉米黄质（A）＋玉米黄质（Z）],其中Z和[Z＋A]的含量更明显高于阴生植物;从阳生植物或阴生植物内部来看,不同物种间,Z1[Z＋A]和[V＋A＋Z]含量的差异相对较小,A则基本相同;不论是阳生植物还是阴生植物,非光化学猝灭值与Z、[Z＋A]及[V＋A＋Z]含量均呈现较好的正相关关系,后三者含量越高,非光化学猝灭值越大,而且[V＋A＋Z]库的大小与Z含量基本上是成比例增另的。说明在不同植物种间,[Z＋]（主要是Z）仍然是影响非辐射能量耗能的主要因素。     

A native parasitic plant and soil microorganisms facilitate a native plant co‐occurrence with an invasive plant

Invasive plants often interact with antagonists that include native parasitic plants and pathogenic soil microbes, which may reduce fitness of the invaders. However, to date, most of the studies on the ecological consequences of antagonistic interactions between invasive plants and the resident biota focused only on pairwise interactions. A full understanding of invasion dynamics requires studies that test the effects of multiple antagonists on fitness of invasive plants and co‐occurring native plants. Here, we used an invasive plant Mikania micrantha, a co‐occurring native plant Coix lacryma‐jobi, and a native holoparasitic plant Cuscuta campestris to test whether parasitism on M. micrantha interacts with soil fungi and bacteria to reduce fitness of the invader and promote growth of the co‐occurring native plant. In a factorial setup, M. micrantha and C. lacryma‐jobi were grown together in pots in the presence versus absence of parasitism on M. micrantha by C. campestris and in the presence versus absence of full complements of soil bacteria and fungi. Fungicide and bactericide were used to suppress soil fungi and bacteria, respectively. Findings show that heavy parasitism by C. campestris caused the greatest reduction in M. micrantha biomass when soil fungi and bacteria were suppressed. In contrast, the co‐occurring native plant C. lacryma‐jobi experienced the greatest increase in biomass when grown with heavily parasitized M. micrantha and in the presence of a full complement of soil fungi and bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that selective parasitism on susceptible invasive plants by native parasitic plants and soil microorganisms may diminish competitive ability of invasive plants and facilitate native plant coexistence with invasive plants.     

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Stomach,Diabetes, and Ophthalmic Diseases in Sudhan Gali,Kashmir , Pakistan

The present paper represents the ethnopharmacological survey of Sudhan Gali, Kashmir, Pakistan. The study revealed that 12 plant species belonging to 11 families were used for the treatment of stomach, diabetes and ophthalmic diseases by the local people in Sudhan Gali. Achillea millefolium , Aconitum heterophyllum, Berberis lycium, Polygonum amplexicaule, Mentha longifolia, Paeonia emodi, Plantago lanceolata were locally used for stomach related problems treatment; Berberis lycium, Skimmia lareola, Solanum dulcamara for diabetes and Geranium wallichianum, Artemisia vulgaris, Solanum dulcamara, and Corydalis crassifolia used for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Two species Berberis lycium and Solanum dulcamara have multipurpose value. Former is used to treat stomach as well as diabetes while latter is used to treat not only to diabetes but also ophthalmic diseases. According to IUCN categories , out of these 12 plant species collected and marketed, Polygonum amplexicaule and Paeonia emodi are endangered, Aconitum heterophyllum; Berberis lycium species are vulnerable while Plantago lanceolata and Skimmia lareola species are rare.The availability of these medicinal plants has decreased during the past 20 years and these are facing a drastic biotic pressure due to their extensive usage and non-scientific methods of collection. It is quite evident that these valuable native medicinal plants species are going to decline in number and ultimately will become extinct if no timely proper conservation strategies are adopted.     

The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica

This study investigated the nitrogen (N) acquisition from soil and insect capture during the growth of three species of pitcher plants, Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. ¹⁵N/¹⁴N natural abundance ratios (δ¹⁵N) of plants and pitchers of different age, non-carnivorous reference plants, and insect prey were used to estimate proportional contributions of insects to the N content of leaves and whole plants. Young Nepenthes leaves (phyllodes) carrying closed pitchers comprised major sinks for N and developed mainly from insect N captured elsewhere on the plant. Their δ¹⁵N values of up to 7.2‰ were higher than the average δ¹⁵N value of captured insects (mean δ¹⁵N value = 5.3‰). In leaves carrying old pitchers that are acting as a N source, the δ¹⁵N decreased to 3.0‰ indicating either an increasing contribution of soil N to those plant parts which in fact captured the insects or N gain from N₂ fixation by microorganisms which may exist in old pitchers. The δ¹⁵N value of N in water collected from old pitchers was 1.2‰ and contained free amino acids. The fraction of insect N in young and old pitchers and their associated leaves decreased from 1.0 to 0.3 mg g⁻¹. This fraction decreased further with the size of the investigated tiller. Nepenthes contained on average 61.5 ± 7.6% (mean ± SD, range 50–71%) insect N based on the N content of a whole tiller. In the absence of suitable non-carnivorous reference plants for Cephalotus, δ¹⁵N values were assessed across a developmental sequence from young plants lacking pitchers to large adults with up to 38 pitchers. The data indicated dependence on soil N until 4 pitchers had opened. Beyond that stage, plant size increased with the number of catching pitchers but the fraction of soil N remained high. Large Cephalotus plants were estimated to derive 26 ± 5.9% (mean ± SD of the three largest plants; range: 19–30%) of the N from insects. In Cephalotus we observed an increased δ¹⁵N value in sink versus source pitchers of about 1.2‰ on average. Source and sink pitchers of Darlingtonia had a similar δ¹⁵N value, but plant N in this species showed δ¹⁵N signals closer to that of insect N than in either Cephalotus or Nepenthes. Insect N contributed 76.4 ± 8.4% (range 57–90%) to total pitcher N content. The data suggest complex patterns of partitioning of insect and soil-derived N between source and sink regions in pitcher plants and possibly higher dependence on insect N than recorded elsewhere for Drosera species. Received: 14 April 1997 / Accepted: 18 August 1997     

Anatomical patterns of aerenchyma in aquatic and wetland plants

A well-developed aerenchyma is a major characteristic of aquatic plants. However, because such tissues are also found in wetland and terrestrial plants, it is not always possible to use their presence or absence to distinguish aquatic species. Whereas patterns of aerenchyma in roots have been studied in detail, those of the shoots have not. We collected and tested 110 species of various aquatic and wetland plants, including ferns (5), basal angiosperms (5), monocots (65), and eudicots (35). Three common and two rare types of aerenchyma were observed in their roots (three schizogeny and two lysigeny), plus five types of schizogeny in their shoots. We re-confirmed that, although a well-developed aerenchyma is more common in most organs of aquatic plants than in wetland plants, this presence cannot be used as strict evidence for the aquatic quality of vascular plants. Here, aerenchyma patterns were stable at the genus level, and the consistency of pattern was stronger in the roots than in the shoots. Furthermore, significant trends were verified in several higher taxa, and those consistencies of patterns partially coincided with their phylogeny.     

Thermal insulation and accumulation of heat in the downy inflorescences of Saussurea medusa (Asteraceae) at high elevation in Yunnan,China

Himalayan snowball plants, which are considered to be an extreme form of downy plants, have very dense trichomes on well-developed bracts that surround the inflorescences. It has been postulated that the downy inflorescences of these plants might serve to keep the interior of inflorescences warmer than the outside and, thus, to protect reproductive cells from low temperatures in their Himalayan habitat. In the present study, we examined the downy inflorescences of Saussurea medusa Maxim. in native habitats in the high alpine zone of the Henduan Mountains in Yunnan, China, and we analyzed the temperature within inflorescences after absorbance of light energy. S. medusa is pollinated by bumblebees and we found that its inflorescences accumulated heat not on the inside, but, rather, on the upper surfaces. The thick hollow stems and the overlapping bracts with obvious epinasty might serve not only to retain heat, but also as an insulator to protect the inside against overheating, with apparent local warming of flowers that are located at the tops of plants, which are cone-shaped. We made a model that mimicked the warming of inflorescences, providing support for the hypothesis that the downy bracts of S. medusa have two functions: thermal insulation to protect the inside of flowers and the accumulation of heat on the upper surfaces of the inflorescence. Such a system might be effective in attracting pollinators and also in protecting tissues from extreme variations in temperature. Electronic Publication     

DNA ploidy in Salix retusa agg. only partly in line with its morphology and taxonomy

Salix retusa agg. encompasses small, prostrate willows occurring in the subalpine and alpine zones of European mountains. Karyological relationships among taxa in this group remain unclear. In this study, DNA ploidy was estimated using flow cytometry of silica‐dried specimens, covering the entire distribution area of the species. As a result, the presence of two main lineages was revealed: the exclusively diploid S. serpillifolia and the predominantly octoploid S. retusa s.l. Only at the western and eastern limits of the distributional range of the latter species different levels of DNA ploidy occurred: hexaploidy in the western Pyrenees, and up to decaploidy in the southern Carpathians. These results were compared with leaf morphology analyses presented in the work of Kosiński et al. (2017). In the western Pyrenean populations, the lower ploidy corresponded to smaller leaf sizes as compared to other populations of S. retusa s.l. The elevated ploidy in the southern Carpathian populations did not translate into bigger dimensions of plants in this area. However, the populations from the northern part of the Carpathian arc, distinguished by larger leaves and sometimes considered as a distinct taxon (S. kitaibeliana), consisted mainly of octoploid individuals. Thus, DNA ploidy estimations did not confirm the separate taxonomic status of S. kitaibeliana.     

天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂的研究与应用

由于目前所拥有的各种天牛防治方法都难以获得理想的防治效果,研发新型天牛控制技术势在必行。其中利用引诱剂是最具潜力的研究领域之一。对天牛的性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂3个方面的研究及应用作了综述。天牛雌、雄成虫均可释放性信息素进行两性间的通讯联系。天牛性信息素的分泌部位因天牛种类不同而存在着差异。雄、雌成虫触角上均有感受性信息素的感受器,但报道较多的是雄虫感受器。迄今已鉴定出13种天牛性信息素的化学结构。一般而言,天牛成虫的嗜食树种,对天牛具有较强的引诱作用,可作为诱饵树种使用。寄主植物的某些挥发性物质对天牛成虫也有独特的引诱效果。除此之外,对天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂研究与应用中存在的困难也进行了讨论,并对它们的应用前景做了展望。     

The Endemic Species of Seed Plants and Their Eco-geographic Distribution in Qinghai WU Yu-Hu

Based on the specimens deposited in the Herbarium of Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and relevant literature, it was found that 82 species and 37 varieties belonging to 54 genera and 19 families are endemic to Qinghai Province. Their localities, habitats, altitudes, original documents and field collection numbers are provided. Such data are basic information for further investigating the composition, characteristics, nature, origin and evolution of the Qinghai plateau flora.