Guía de consenso para el abordaje de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el paciente anciano

The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia increases with age and is associated with an elevated morbidity and mortality due to the physiological changes associated with aging and a greater presence of chronic disease. Taking into account the importance of this disease from an epidemiological and prognostic point of view, and the enormous heterogeneity described in the clinical management of the elderly, we believe a specific consensus document regarding this patient profile is necessary. The purpose of the present work was to perform a review of the evidence related to the risk factors for the etiology, the clinical presentation, the management and the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients with the aim of producing a series of specific recommendations based on critical analysis of the literature. This document is the result of the collaboration of different specialists representing the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine and Emergency Care (SEMES), the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SEGG), the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy (SEQ), the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI), the Spanish Society of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR), Spanish Society of Home Hospitalization (SEHAD) and the Spanish Society of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC).     

Guía sobre el manejo de desfibriladores automáticos implantables al final de la vida

This article is a joint document of the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology, the Spanish Society of Palliative Care and the Section of Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. Its aim is to address the huge gap that exists in Spain with regard to the management of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in the final stages of life. It is increasingly common to find patients carrying these devices that are in the terminal stage of an advanced disease. This occurs in patients with advanced heart disease and subsequent heart failure refractory to treatment but also in a patient with an ICD who develops cancer disease, organ failure or other neurodegenerative diseases with poor short-term prognosis. The vast majority of these patients are over 65, so the paper focuses particularly on the elderly who are in this situation, but the decision-making process is similar in younger patients with ICDs who are in the final phase of their life.     

Guía Etnográfica de la Alta Amazonía, vol. 1 (Mai Huna, Yagua, Ticuna)

Guía Etnográfica de la Alta Amazonía, vol. (Mai Huna, Yagua, Ticuna). Fernando Santos and Frederica Barclay. eds. Quito: Facultad Latinamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) and Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos (IFEA), 1994.456 pp.     

Escalas de valoración del dolor en pacientes con demencia. Instrumentos de ayuda para el fisioterapeuta,el médico,el enfermero y el terapeuta ocupacional

The purpose of this study was to determine which scales are being used to evaluate pain in old people suffering from dementia.     

Guías clínicas de fractura de cadera. Comparación de sus principales recomendaciones

Hip fracture is the most severe complication of osteoporosis, and despite being a frequent health problem, there is a wide variability in both the health care provided to these patients and the results achieved after their treatment. Clinical guidelines are a tool that helps to reduce this variability. The authors of this review try to give a panoramic and comparative view of the key recommendations proposed by the main guidelines for the hospital care of hip fracture patients. Recommendations on the care in the acute phase are reviewed, particularly the initial hospital management, use of tools, preventive measures to avoid medical complications, surgery related aspects, treatment of usual clinical problems, and shared orthopaedic and geriatric care. Circulating and putting into practice the main recommendations will help to improve the health care provided to these patients and obtain better outcomes.     

Estudio Fenológico de Cactíceas en el Enclave Seco de la Tatacoa,Colombia1

A one‐year phenological study of three columnar cacti, Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton & Rose, Pilosocereus sp., Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill., and a decumbent cactus Monvillea cf. smithiana (Britton & Rose) Backeberg., was carried out in the Andean arid region of La Tatacoa, Colombia. Pollinators and/or dispersers of the cacti species also were studied monthly, and fecal samples were collected for the identification of pollen and seeds. The flowering of all species was prolonged and showed bimodal, multimodal, or irregular patterns. Fruiting in all species also was prolonged and followed flowering with a lag of less than two months. Although there were no simple correlations between rainfall and flowering or fruiting, flower production during the dry season was higher for 5. griseus, while Pilosocereus sp. and C. hexagonus showed higher flower production during the wet season. Fruit production was also seasonal, with higher production during the wet season for 5. griseus and C. hexagonus. The patterns of flowering and fruiting in M. cf. smithiana showed no relationships with dry and wet seasons. The bats Glossophaga longirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, the birds Melanerpes rubricapillus (Picidae) and Mimus gilvus (Mimidae), and moths of the family Sphingidae, were identified as pollinators and/or fruit consumers of these cacti species.     

Elaboración de una herramienta para la estimación del riesgo de mortalidad a corto y medio plazo tras el alta de una Unidad de Hospitalización de Agudos de Geriatría

Objectives

To identify predictive factors for 6 and 12-months mortality after discharge from a geriatric acute care unit, and from these, derive a mortality-risk index.

Methods and analysis

Prospective cohort study will be conducted on patients over 70 years-old admitted to a geriatric acute care unit and survived to hospital discharge. The main outcome measure will be mortality at 6 months and 12 months after discharge. Independent variables include sociodemographics, functional status, comorbidities, and clinical and laboratory characteristics. Risk factors associated with mortality will be constructed using multivariate logistic regression models. To build the mortality index, points will be assigned to each risk factor by dividing each beta coefficient in the logistic model by the lowest beta coefficient. A score will be assigned to each subject by adding up the points for each risk factor present in the model. The predictive accuracy of the model will be determined by comparing the predicted versus observed mortality in the study population and calculating the area under the ROC curves in both populations.

Conclusions

The risk-mortality index developed would allow an easy estimate to be made of individual risk of death at 6 months and 12 months after discharge from a geriatric acute care unit, with the purpose of establishing care plans and individualising treatment, according to real objectives.     

Regulación de los servicios de medicina nuclear: percepción de la problemática y desafíos para el manejo del cáncer en Colombia

Introduction:

Colombia has modified the nuclear medicine norms that impact the administration of radioactive iodine therapy in the treatment of thyroid cancer.

Objective:

To identify the areas of agreement regarding the issue, as well as the current and emergent requirements associated with the normative for the operation of nuclear medicine services that have an impact on the care of patients with thyroid cancer in Colombia.

Materials and methods:

We conducted a two-round Delphi study for each expert, clinical, and regulatory group. The first round explored views on the implications of the regulations that apply to nuclear medicine. The second round rated the statements from the first round by their relevance.

Results:

The issues regarding nuclear medicine services were related to the normative clarity and the lack of synergy and coherence among inspection, surveillance, and control bodies. The demands on the waste management system require a high economic investment that can influence the service offer and have an impact on the integral control of thyroid cancer. Unification of the auditors’ criteria, delimitation of the acting agent functions, technical assistance to the services to comply with the normative, and the oversight of the inspection, surveillance, and control bodies by the regulatory entities are among the current and future needs.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that nuclear medicine services are going through a time of multiple institutional, regulatory, and economic challenges that put at risk the development and maintenance of nuclear medicine in cancer care.Key words: Thyroid neoplasms, nuclear medicine, radioactive waste, radioisotopes, health services

La medicina nuclear utiliza radionúclidos con fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos para detectar y tratar tumores y enfermedades benignas. En el contexto de la oncología moderna, esta especialidad involucra el uso de elementos radiactivos para evaluar las funciones corporales, determinar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, así como la conjunción de los dos (“teragnóstica”) ¹. Hay una gran variedad de radiofármacos utilizados en la medicina nuclear, pero en la mayoría de los procedimientos se recurre al tecnecio 99m (Tc^99m) y al yodo radioactivo (I¹³¹) ².El cáncer de tiroides es la neoplasia endocrina más común (1,0-1,5 %), y es la quinto más frecuentemente diagnosticada en mujeres, con un incremento continuo en su incidencia mundial en los últimos 30 años ³. En el cáncer diferenciado de tiroides, el tratamiento con I¹³¹ se administra con tres propósitos: como tratamiento ablativo para eliminar tejido tiroideo residual sano después de una tiroidectomía; como tratamiento adyuvante para tratar la enfermedad residual microscópica, y como dosis terapéutica para tratar la enfermedad macroscópica o metastásica ⁴. Dependiendo del tipo de tratamiento, los pacientes sometidos a terapia con I¹³¹ son hospitalizados en habitaciones especiales, con el fin de controlar la irradiación a otros pacientes, familiares y cuidadores ⁵.Al igual que en muchos países, en Colombia las habitaciones utilizadas para la terapia con yodo radioactivo están ubicadas en instituciones especializadas de prestación de servicios de salud ⁶, las cuales están sujetas a inspecciones por parte de los organismos de inspección, vigilancia y control de la seguridad radiológica y nuclear. En el último quinquenio, las autoridades nacionales competentes en materia nuclear han modificado las normas que permiten prestar servicios de medicina nuclear debido a las exigencias en el otorgamiento de autorizaciones para el empleo de fuentes radiactivas y la gestión de los desechos radiactivos liberados en el suelo, los cuerpos de agua o los sistemas de recolección de aguas residuales por medio de la orina y las excretas del paciente o la descarga de desechos líquidos hospitalarios ⁷.Dicha regulación está ajustada a las directrices del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), del cual Colombia es miembro. Para honrar los compromisos adquiridos con este organismo en torno a una seguridad nuclear que proteja la salud humana, el país estableció desde el 2002 un marco regulador fundamental para el uso seguro de material radiactivo ⁸. En el