Neonectria castaneicola and Neo. rugulosa in Japan

Differences between Neonectria castaneicola, which causes stem and perennial canker of trees, and Neo. rugulosa have not been clearly shown in previous studies. In this study these two species were compared in detail using 17 Japanese isolates consisting of 10 strains of Neo. castaneicola and seven of Neo. rugulosa. Four-spored asci were constantly found in Neo. castaneicola and this species produced larger ascospores and macroconidia than Neo. rugulosa which produced eight-spored asci. The mating system of Neo. castaneicola was homothallic while Neo. rugulosa was heterothallic. Characters in each species, such as the number of ascospores in an ascus and mating system, were constantly transferred to the 3rd generation. Molecular analysis revealed that the 10 isolates of Neo. castaneicola and seven of Neo. rugulosa were differentiated using rDNA sequence data from the nuclear rDNA ITS region. Moreover, Neo. castaneicola and Neo. rugulosa were separated into different clades. From these results, it was concluded that Neo. castaneicola should be maintained as an independent species, separate from Neo. rugulosa. The isolates of Neo. rugulosa used in this study were the first reported in Japan and found on Castanea crenata, Castanopsis sp., Myrica rubra and Quercus acutissima.     

A new sterigmatocystin-producing Emericella variant from agricultural desert soils

An unusual, sterigmatocystin-producing taxon with characteristics of both Emericella nidulans (anamorph Aspergillus nidulans) and Emericella rugulosa (anamorph Aspergillus rugulovalvus, formerly A. rugulosus) was isolated repeatedly during a mycofloral survey of desert cotton field soils where aflatoxin is a chronic problem. Members of this taxon had ascospores with smooth convex walls like E. nidulans but grew slowly like E. rugulosa; moreover, they were similar to an industrial echinocandin B-producing strain which had been classified as "Aspergillus nidulans var. roseus." These new desert isolates were compared with "A. nidulans var. roseus" and representative wild-type isolates of E. nidulans and E. rugulosa using traditional morphological characters, secondary metabolite profiles of mycelial extracts, and Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. The desert isolates and "A. nidulans var. roseus shared morphological, physiological and molecular characters with E. rugulosa. These isolates constitute a new non-rugulose variant of E. rugulosa.     

Nesting biology of four Tetrapedia species in trap-nests (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tetrapediini)

The nests used in this study were obtained from trap-nests (tubes of cardboard and cut bamboo stems) placed on Santa Carlota Farm (Itaoca Section-IS, Santana Section-SS and Cerrado-Ce), Cajuru, SP, Brazil. The number of nests and corresponding species obtained were as follows: 516 nests of T. curvitarsis, 104 of T. rugulosa, 399 of T. diversipes and 98 of T. gamfaloi. The most abundant species from SS and Ce was T. curvitarsis, and from IS it was T. diversipes. In general, most nests were collected during the hot and wet season (September to April). The nests were constructed with sand and an oily substance, and a single female established them. The cells were constructed in a linear series, sometimes followed by a vestibular cell. The number of brood cells ranged from 1 to 10 in T. curvitarsis (n=200), and in T. garofaloi (n-51), from 1 to 8 (n-30) in T. rugulosa, and from 1 to 6 (n=37) in T. diversipes. The pollen mass (pollen + oily substance) contained a hollow, sometimes divided by a transverse ridge, on the exposed face of the pollen mass. The egg was vertically positioned in the lower part of the hollow. At times, the closing of a cell was initiated before provisioning was completed, with a construction of a collar at the cell limit. In some nests the final cellular partition also acted as a closure plug. Females began activities at 6:18 a.m. and ended between 3:31 and 6:26 p.m. Some females (T. curvitarsis, T. rugiulosa and T. ganrfaloi) did not spend the nights at their nests, returning to them only the following morning with additional material. In general, the development period (for males and females) was greater in nests collected near the end of the hot and wet season than it was for nests collected in other months. Sex ratios for each species were as follows: T. curvitarsis. 1:1: T. rugulosa, 1.6:1 female; T. diversipes, 1.9:1: T. garofaloi, 2.8:1. Males and females of T. diversipes exhibited statistically similar sizes and in the other three species the females were larger than the males. The mortality rates were statistically similar: 33.2% for T. curvitarsis, 25.8% for T. rugulosa, 26.8% for T. diversipes and 38.2% for T. garnfaloi. The parasitoids were: Coelioxoides exulans, Leucospis cayenensis, Anthrax sp., Coelioxys sp., Coelioxoides sp. and individuals of the family Meloidae.     

虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析

参照人SRY基因HMG－box保守区的序列,设计一对兼并引物,扩增了虎纹蛙的Sox基因,并对扩增产物进行了克隆和测序。结果在雌雄个体中共筛选出四个不同的Sox基因,其序列与人相应SOX基因的相似性分别为92％、94％、985和98％。本研究为探索虎纹蛙的性别决定机制提供了分子资料。     

虎纹蛙的含肉率及蛙肉和蛙皮氨基酸组成分析

测定了8只人工养殖虎纹蛙的含肉率及氨基酸组成。结果表明,虎纹蛙的含肉率平均为35．27％;蛙肉和蛙皮干物质中水解氨基酸总量分别为71．740％和79．084％,其中必需氨基酸分别为22．95％和15．88％,分别占氨基酸总量的32．00％和20．08％;游离氨基酸中6种呈味氨基酸含量丰富,分别占游离氨基酸总量的45．50％和60．40％;蛙肉和蛙皮限制氨基酸均为缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为43.83和27．66。认为虎纹蛙是一种营养价值和养殖价值都较高的品种。     

多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响

为了解虎纹蛙促性腺激素分泌的调节机理,用离体静态培育系统和放射免疫测定法,研究了多巴胺（ＤＡ）、雌二醇（Ｅ２）和睾酮（Ｔ）对雌性虎纹蛙离体脑垂体薄片促黄体激素（ＬＨ）和促卵泡激素（ＦＳＨ）分泌活动的影响。结果表明：０．１～１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＡ对成熟前期和冬眠期虎纹蛙离体脑垂体型薄片的ＬＨ及ＦＳＨ的释放都有抑制作用,并且随着ＤＡ浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增强。１和１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｅ２显著刺激成熟前     

Chaetopteryx marinkovicae sp.n. (Trichoptera,Limnephilidae) from Istria,Yugoslavia

Chaetopteryx marinkovicae of the rugulosa‐group from Yugoslavia (Istria) is described and illustrated.     

Eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers from the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis

We report on the characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in P. viridis, the first set of such markers developed and characterized for this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0447 to 0.4837. These markers should prove useful as powerful genetic markers for this species.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in Hakea oldfieldii Benth. (Proteaceae)

A genomic library was constructed and 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Hakea oldfieldii, a woody shrub endemic to southwest Western Australia. Polymorphism was investigated for these markers in 28 individuals from a single population located in restricted habitat at the base of the Whicher Range south of Busselton. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.279 to 0.770 and averaged 0.633. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.321 to 0.786 and averaged 0.598. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 and averaged 4.5. These markers will be used to assay genetic diversity and pollen dispersal in this species.     

Development of microsatellite markers for the grapevine fungal pathogen Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers from microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA of the grapevine fungal pathogen, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, were developed and characterized. The markers were used to genotype isolates from Australia and from Europe/Eurasia. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 11. Gene diversity per locus ranged from 0.08 to 0.63 among Australian isolates, and from 0.2 to 0.77 among isolates from Europe/Eurasia, demonstrating the suitability of these markers for population genetic studies of P. chlamydospora. Eighteen of the 20 markers also amplified a product in the closely related Phaeoacremonium aleophilum.     

Characterization of 31 EST-derived microsatellite markers for the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii (Dunker)

We developed and characterized 31 microsatellite markers from expressed sequence tags of Pinctada martensii (Dunker). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 18 as determined in 44 individuals from a wild population. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.4121 to 0.9436, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.4054 to 0.7273. Most of the loci are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers should be useful for population genetics studies, parentage and genome mapping in this species.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in Banksia nivea, formerly Dryandra nivea

A genomic library was constructed and 10 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Banksia nivea subsp. uliginosa, a woody shrub endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. Polymorphism was investigated for these markers in 30 individuals from one population located in restricted habitat at the base of the Whicher Range east of Busselton. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.124 to 0.898 and averaged 0.570. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.133 to 0.933 and averaged 0.544. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.0 to 16.0 and averaged 7.3. These markers also produced amplification products in three other Banksia species and will be used to assay genetic diversity in these species.     

Mandibular gland secretions of workers of Myrmica rugulosa and M.schencki: comparison with four other Myrmica species

ABSTRACT. The mandibular glands of the two species of ant, Myrmica schencki Em. and Myrmica rugulosa Nyl., contain mixtures of similar compounds, but in different proportions. M.rugulosa produces 3-pentanol, 3-hexanone, 3-hexanol, 3-heptanone, 3-heptanol, 3-octanone (by far the most abundant component), 3-octanol, 3-nonanol, 3-decanone and 6-methyl-3-octanone, in addition to small amounts of ethanal, acetone and methylpropanal. M.schencki produces most of these (though much less 3-octanone and much more 3-octanol), but also produces significant amounts of 3-nonanol, 3-decanol and 6-methyl-3-octanol, while producing no detectable 3-pentanol or 3-hexanone. The mandibular gland secretions of these two species attract the workers, increase their linear speed, and reduce their sinuosity of movement. In M.schencki these behavioural activities are caused by 3-octanol and 3-octanone, the effect of a synthetic mixture of the two being exactly like that of an isolated mandibular gland; the two compounds act together to cause attraction and increase linear speed, and in synergy to reduce the workers' sinuosity of movement. In M.rugulosa , 3-octanol, 3-octanone and 6-methyl-3-octanone are the major active constituents. 3-Octanone attracts the workers, its effect being enhanced by 3-octanol; it also increases the ants' linear speed, this effect being moderated slightly by the 3-octanol. Presented together these two substances act synergistically to decrease the workers' sinuosity of movement, and reproduce exactly the overall behavioural activity of an isolated mandibular gland. The chemical and behavioural results are combined with those previously reported to explain the responses of M.rubra, M.ruginodis, M.rugulosa, M.sabuleti, M.schencki and M.scabrinodis workers to isolated mandibular glands of these species.     

Identification and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers developed in ide Leuciscus idus and Siberian roach Rutilus rutilus

The first five microsatellite markers for the ide, Leuciscus idus, and four microsatellite markers for the Siberian roach, Rutilus rutilus, were designed. Cross‐amplification of ide markers was examined in Siberian roach and vice versa. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 13 in ide and from two to eight in roach. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.313 to 0.909 in ide and from 0.119 to 0.775 in roach. These markers could be used to evaluate the genetic population structure of these species and other fish from the Cyprinidae family.     

Microsatellite markers for Sachalin fir (Abies sachalinensis Masters)

We developed eight polymorphic microsatellite markers from the Sachalin fir (Abies sachalinensis Masters). The number of alleles per locus ranged from eight to 31, with an average of 21.4. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.656 to 0.937 and from 0.710 to 0.945, respectively. These markers will be available for population genetic studies and parentage analysis.     

虎纹蛙促性腺激素释放激素分泌调节的离体研究

利用离体静态孵育系统和放射免疫测定法,研究了性成熟的虎纹蛙雌蛙离体的视前－下丘脑－正中隆起（P－H－ME）片段促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH)的分泌调节。结果表明：γ－氨基丁酸（GABA）对成熟前期蛙离体P－H－ME片段的哺乳类GnRH（mGnRH)的释放有显著的刺激作用;随着GABA作用浓度的增加,刺激作用逐渐增强。100μmol/L的多巴胺（DA）及1μmol/L和10μmol/L的雌二醇(E2）则显著抑制鸡ⅡGnRH(cGnRH-Ⅱ)的释放。10μmol/L和100μmol/L的睾酮（T）以及10μmol/L的E2显著刺激冬眠期蛙P－H－ME片段mGnRH的释放。这些结果表明,GABA,DA及E2和T对虎蚊蛙GnRH的释放有直接的调节作用。     

Eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers from the green-lipped mussel, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perna viridis</Emphasis>

We report on the characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in P. viridis, the first set of such markers developed and characterized for this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0447 to 0.4837. These markers should prove useful as powerful genetic markers for this species. This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

中国微蛛亚科三新纪录属三新种记述(蜘蛛目,皿蛛科)(英文)

记述中国微蛛亚科3新纪录属3新种:巨突蛛属Diplocephaloides Oi,1960,钩状巨突蛛D.uncatus sp.nov.;圆膝蛛属GongylidiumMenge,1868,皱褶圆膝蛛G. rugulosasp.nov.和良次蛛属OiaWunderlich,1973,端突良次蛛O.breviprocessiasp. nov.。模式标本均保存于中国科学院动物研究所,北京。     

Rapid isolation and characterization of microsatellites from the genome of pearl oyster (Pinctada martensi Dunker)

A new set of 34 microsatellite markers was isolated and characterized in pearl oyster Pincada martensi from a CA₁₆-enriched genomic library. Of 60 microsatellite markers screened in a wild population which contained 30 individuals, 34 markers occurred unambiguous bands, including seven monomorphic loci, 5 primer pairs (HHM844, HHM852, HHM888, HHM891, HHM899) were duplicated. These polymorphic markers showed high genetic variability represented mainly by the number of alleles, which ranged from 2 to 6, the expect heterozygosity which ranged from 0.1653 to 0.7622, and the polymorphic information content which ranged from 0.1516 to 0.7279. These markers could increase the available molecular resources that can be used to analyze genetic diversity and structure of pearl oyster.     

Development and characteristics of microsatellite markers in Pinus merkusii

Pinus merkusii is an important industrial species that is distributed only in Southeast Asia. We isolated 10 microsatellite markers from this species using a dual‐suppression‐polymerase chain reaction technique. Of these markers, five loci were codominant and polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to six and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.389 to 0.728. These microsatellite markers will be available for analysis on population genetics and mating patterns.