Development of simple sequence repeat markers for the plant pathogenic rust fungus Puccinia triticina

Eighteen polymorphic di‐ and trinucleotide simple sequence repeat markers were developed for the phytopathogenic rust fungus Puccinia triticina. The allelic diversity varied from two to nine alleles per locus. Levels of observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.095 to 0.952. Seven of the loci deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.002) with 70% having levels of observed heterozygosity higher than expected heterozygosity. Null allele(s) were observed for locus PtSSR76 with a frequency of 9%. A preliminary screen of other cereal rust fungi (P. coronata, P. graminis, P. recondita and P. striiformis) indicated that these primer pairs are specific to P. triticina.     

PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Development of microsatellite markers for the guava rust fungus, Puccinia psidii

We developed and characterized 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers present in the genome of the guava rust fungus, Puccinia psidii. The primers for these microsatellite markers were designed by sequencing clones from a genomic DNA library enriched for a simple sequence repeat (SSR) motif of (AG). All these 15 primer pairs successfully amplified DNA fragments from a sample of 22 P. psidii isolates, revealing a total of 71 alleles. The observed heterozygosity at the 15 loci ranged from 0.05 to 1.00. The SSR markers developed would be useful for population genetics study of the rust fungus.     

Isolation of microsatellite loci from the coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui

Thirteen microsatellite loci were isolated from the coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) and optimized for future research. The loci were screened across 37 individuals from two Puerto Rican populations. Loci were variable with the number of alleles per locus ranging from three to 38. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.453 to 0.963 and observed heterozygosity for each population ranged from 0.320 to 0.920.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the marine isopod Sphaeroma terebrans (Crustacea, Isopoda)

Nine polymorphic microsatellites were characterized in the marine isopod Sphaeroma terebrans (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) for phylogeographic and parentage analyses. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 10. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.428 to 0.950, while expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.532 to 0.889. Heterozygote deficiency was detected for one locus, possibly the result of null alleles.     

Development and characterization of twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci in the threatened Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti

We isolated and characterized 12 microsatellite loci from the endangered Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti. Loci were screened in 24 individuals of P. hubrichti. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.130 to 0.750, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.012 to 0.778. These new loci provide tools for examining the population genetics of this federally threatened salamander.     

Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica)

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica). In analyses of 25 individuals, the number of alleles ranged from two to four, and observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.05 and 0.73. At four loci, the observed heterozygosity of the Bengalese finches was significantly different from the expected heterozygosity. Primer sets were also tested in Javan munia (Lonchura leucogastroides), and the same eight loci were successfully amplified. In analyses of 20 unrelated individuals, the number of alleles ranged from one to seven, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.56. In Javan munia, the observed heterozygosity differed significantly from the expected heterozygosity in only one locus.     

Development of microsatellite loci for the endangered species Pityopsis ruthii (Asteraceae)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed for the endangered species Pityopsis ruthii and will permit genetic and conservation studies of the species. ? Methods and Results: A microsatellite-enriched library was used to develop 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for P. ruthii. The loci amplified perfect and imperfect repeats with three to seven alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.05 to 0.80 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.75. ? Conclusions: These microsatellite loci provide a sufficient set of markers for further investigation of population genetics of P. ruthii.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers for the Oriental White stork, Ciconia boyciana

Following FIASCO protocol and across-amplification approach, we present eleven microsatellite primers of the Oriental White stork, Ciconia boyciana in this article. All loci were polymorphic, except for locus Cbo235, which possessed two alleles but was homozygous in all 23 individuals of C. boyciana used in this study. The number of the alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, and the observed heterozygosity (H(o)) and expected heterozygosity (H(E)) ranged from 0 to 0.857 and 0.222 to 0.851, respectively. These markers are proved useful in genetic study of C. boyciana.     

Genetic relationships among European cattle breeds

Genetic relationships among 37 European cattle breeds were investigated using blood group and serum protein polymorphisms. The 18 859 animals included in the study represented a random sample from pedigree populations in the UK. Within-breed variation was estimated by average heterozygosity and number of alleles observed, and breed relationships were evaluated by genetic distance. Standard errors of the heterozygosity, number of alleles and genetic distance were obtained by bootstrapping. The significance of breed differences was tested using an exact test of differentiation. French, Italian and Channel Island breeds were found to have generally higher heterozygosities and a greater number of alleles than breeds from mainland Britain and North Europe. Genetic distances ranged between 0·011 (±0·005) and 0·309 (±0·071). Two major breed groups were identified; a group of French, Italian and Channel Island breeds together with the Simmental and Gelbvieh, and a second group consisting of the mainland British and North European breeds. The exact test of breed differentiation showed all breeds to be significantly different from one another ( P < 0·0001). Overall relationships among breeds reflected their geographical origin and common ancestry rather than the agricultural use for which the breeds have been selected.     

Eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers from the green-lipped mussel, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perna viridis</Emphasis>

We report on the characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in P. viridis, the first set of such markers developed and characterized for this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0447 to 0.4837. These markers should prove useful as powerful genetic markers for this species. This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus verecunda</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus grayana</Emphasis> (Rosaceae)

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed for Prunus verecunda and Prunus grayana to help understand the seed dispersal pattern of each species. We isolated and characterized nine microsatellite loci (four from P. verecunda and five from P. grayana). In P. verecunda, the number of alleles detected and the expected heterozygosity of five loci ranged from 11 to 24 and 0.59 to 0.92, respectively. In P. grayana, the number of alleles detected and the expected heterozygosity of five loci ranged from 4 to 14 and 0.62 to 0.86, respectively. These results show that the markers described here will be useful in studying the seed dispersal pattern of Prunus species.     

Development of simple sequence repeat markers for the plant pathogenic rust fungus,Puccinia graminis

Twenty‐four dinucleotide simple sequence repeat markers were developed for the phytopathogenic fungus, Puccinia graminis. The identified loci were polymorphic, with allelic diversity ranging from two to 11 alleles. Observed and expected levels of heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.960 and from 0.113 to 0.846, respectively. Fourteen of the loci deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Null alleles were observed for 10 of the 24 loci with a frequency of 4–16%. A preliminary screen of other Puccinia cereal rust fungi (P. coronata, P. striiformis and P. triticina) indicated that these primer pairs are specific to P. graminis.     

New microsatellite loci for the endangered scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini

We isolated 15 microsatellite markers for the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. Loci were tested on 80 specimens of S. lewini from four Eastern Pacific samples. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 31 (mean = 14). Observed and expected levels of heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.39 to 0.91 (mean = 0.70) and from 0.54 to 0.90 (mean = 0.76), respectively. No pairs of loci were in gametic disequilibrium after Bonferroni correction of α. One locus showed significantly lower heterozygosity than expected under Hardy–Weinberg proportions in two populations, possibly caused by null alleles.     

Polymorphic microsatellite markers for a solitary digger wasp,the European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum; Hymenoptera,Sphecidae)

We present primer sequences for 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum. Microsatellites were isolated using an efficient enrichment procedure. The number of alleles ranged from two to 28, with observed levels of heterozygosity between 0.090 and 0.828. The microsatellites were designed to determine paternity in female offspring of P. triangulum and to study female choice in this species. We also report the applicability of these markers for a congeneric North American species, P. gibbosus.     

元江鲤种群遗传多样性

选择12对微卫星标记检测了于2011年采集自元江(红河上游中国江段)5个样点192尾鲤的群体遗传多样性.共检测到201个等位基因,每个位点等位基因2-27个.各群体各位点平均等位基因(NA)12.25-14.67个,平均有效等位基因(NE)8.28-9.73个,平均观察杂合度(Ho)o.7765-0.8037,平均期望杂合度(HE)0.7761-0.8080,平均多态信息含量(PIC)0.7534-0.7843.元江鲤种群192个个体各位点NA、NE、Ho、HE、PIC分别为16.50、11.26、0.7927、0.8049、0.7966,种群遗传多样性水平高.元江鲤群体之间遗传分化小,可作为一个种群管理单元进行管理.增殖放流要防止遗传多样性丧失.     

基于SSR标记的大明松天然群体遗传多样性分析

大明松是广西和贵州特有的高山松类,具有很高的经济价值和生态价值,其自然种群长期没有得到充分的保护和利用,不利于该树种长期稳定发展。为了合理保护和开发利用大明松天然遗传资源,该文利用12个SSR分子标记对大明松3个天然群体进行遗传多样性研究,分析其群体间的遗传分化和基因流,为该物种的保护策略提供参考。研究结果表明:(1)12对引物共检测到37 个等位基因,多态位点百分率为100%。每个位点平均观察等位基因数(Na)为3.08,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.68, 不同位点间有效等位基因数差异较大; 每个位点平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.35,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.40,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.31。(2)3 个群体的Shannon''s多样性指数变化范围为0.48～0.65,Nei''s基因多样度的变化范围为0.27～0.39,与其他近缘种松类相比遗传多样性偏低。群体平均观察杂合度为0.40,平均期望杂合度为0.33,平均有效等位基因数为1.58。群体间基因分化系数(Gst)为0.10,群体间的遗传分化水平较低,大部分变异均存在群体内。群体间的基因流(Nm)为2.74,说明大明松群体间的基因交流比较充分。该研究可为大明松生物多样性保护提供重要参考依据,为科学利用大明松资源打下基础。     

Eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers from the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis

We report on the characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in P. viridis, the first set of such markers developed and characterized for this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0447 to 0.4837. These markers should prove useful as powerful genetic markers for this species.     

Polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the Atlanto‐Mediterranean colonial ascidian Pycnoclavella sp. (Ascidiacea,Tunicata)

Eight microsatellite loci were characterized in the colonial ascidian Pycnoclavella sp. from an enriched library of genomic DNA. Most microsatellites were large and compound. Allelic variation was assessed in 30 individuals collected from Cerro Gordo (SW Mediterranean Sea). The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to nine, observed heterozygosity from 0.05 to 0.29 and expected heterozygosity from 0.15 to 0.39. No significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was detected, but five loci showed significant heterozygote deficiency that may be explained either by inbreeding, population substructure or the presence of null alleles.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in Banksia nivea, formerly Dryandra nivea

A genomic library was constructed and 10 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Banksia nivea subsp. uliginosa, a woody shrub endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. Polymorphism was investigated for these markers in 30 individuals from one population located in restricted habitat at the base of the Whicher Range east of Busselton. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.124 to 0.898 and averaged 0.570. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.133 to 0.933 and averaged 0.544. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.0 to 16.0 and averaged 7.3. These markers also produced amplification products in three other Banksia species and will be used to assay genetic diversity in these species.     

Development and optimization of microsatellite DNA primers for boreal owls (Aegolius funereus)

We developed 22 microsatellite loci for boreal owls (Aegolius funereus). We genotyped 275 unrelated boreal owls (Aegolius f. richardsoni) and 36 unrelated Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius f. funereus) using seven loci that were polymorphic and did not have detectable null alleles. Among North American and Scandinavian boreal owls, respectively, allelic diversity ranged from three to 11 alleles and from one to 11 alleles, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.31 to 0.80 and from 0.00 to 0.81, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.28 to 0.81 and from 0.00 to 0.81. These markers appeared to amplify DNA in six other Strigidae species.