神经干细胞移植在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一类可导致感觉丧失、运动功能丧失和记忆衰竭等症状的难治性疾病,传统治疗方法虽能延缓疾病进展,但局限性明显。而神经干细胞移植作为一种潜在的新型治疗方式能够有效促进神经细胞的功能恢复及组织再生,在神经退行性疾病的治疗应用方面前景广阔。因此,本文通过对神经干细胞的现有来源及其在神经退行性疾病治疗中的研究进展进行综述,以期为神经干细胞移植在神经退行性疾病治疗中的应用提供新的思路。     

沉默信息调节因子3在神经退行性疾病中的作用CSCD

沉默信息调节因子3(silent information regulator 3,SIRT3)是一种NAD+依赖性Ⅲ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶,在代谢活跃的组织中高表达,如肾脏、心肌、棕色脂肪、脑等。越来越多的研究表明,SIRT3通过对组蛋白以及多种非组蛋白的去乙酰化,在能量代谢、肿瘤、衰老等过程中起到了重要作用。近年研究发现,在神经退行性疾病中,SIRT3激活可以减缓或者抑制线粒体功能障碍,从而表现出了明显的神经保护作用。本文对SIRT3在神经退行性疾病中的保护作用及其可能机制作一综述。     

以果蝇模型研究人类神经退行性疾病

人类神经退行性疾病是一类以神经元退行性病变导致个体行为异常乃至死亡为主要特征的疾病.果蝇以其独特的分子遗传学优势成为研究人类神经退行性疾病的理想模型.通过对果蝇模型的研究不仅可以揭示神经退行性疾病发生的细胞分子通路,还可以研究对疾病有调控作用的基因及其表达产物,寻找可能的药物作用靶点并进行药物筛选,为防治人类神经退行性疾病提供新的方法和有效的药物.     

多胺对神经退行性疾病的改善作用

多胺(polyamines)普遍存在于各种生物体中,参与多种生物学功能,包括细胞生长和增殖、蛋白质和核酸的合成、免疫细胞的分化、炎症反应的调节以及肠道功能的维持等。多胺主要包括腐胺(putrescine)、亚精胺(spermidine)、精胺(spermine)以及胍丁胺(agmatine)。随着衰老进程的发展,细胞内的多胺水平会逐渐随之降低。在衰老相关的神经退行性疾病的发生和发展过程中,多胺具有积极的作用。因此,本文就多胺对神经退行性疾病的改善作用作一综述,期望可以对未来神经退行性疾病的治疗和缓解提供参考。     

综述与专论: 星形胶质细胞对神经退行性疾病影响的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是常见且难以治愈的疾病,给患者的生活带来了极大的不便。星形胶质细胞在神经退行性疾病中发挥重要作用。在神经退行性疾病患者神经系统中,受损的神经胶质细胞对周围的神经元可以产生毒性作用,造成神经元功能障碍,从而死亡。同时,受疾病影响产生的一些反应性星形胶质细胞可以保护神经元,清除神经元周围的有害物质,暂缓疾病的恶化。本综述将讨论星形胶质细胞在部分常见神经退行性疾病中发挥的作用,包括肌萎缩侧索硬化（amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS）、阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）和帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）。同时总结了星形胶质细胞对这些疾病发挥的共同作用,旨在进一步促进神经退行性疾病的研究进展。     

干细胞与神经退行性疾病

神经退行性疾病是一类以神经元退行性病变或凋亡, 从而导致个体行为异常乃至死亡为主要特征的疾病. 随着社会逐渐步入老龄化, 神经退行性疾病的发病率不断攀升, 而大多这类疾病诊断困难, 目前尚无有效的治疗措施. 干细胞研究的迅速发展, 为这类疾病的治疗提供了新的途径和可能. 目前多种干细胞在神经退行性疾病动物模型上的尝试已取得进展. 本文综述了胚胎干细胞、间充质干细胞、神经干细胞等在神经退行性疾病如帕金森氏病、阿尔茨海默氏病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩性侧索坏死等的治疗中的应用和进展.     

脑能量代谢与线粒体功能关系的研究进展

线粒体是人体内的能量代谢工厂,而脑是人体内能量代谢最活跃的部位。神经元和胶质细胞是脑内主要的细胞。本文对线粒体在能量产生的作用进行综述,同时比较神经元和星形胶质细胞能量代谢的异同及密切联系,并对神经退行性变中能量代谢障碍与线粒体可塑性改变进行了回顾。以三种神经退行性疾病帕金森、阿尔兹海默和脊髓侧索硬化症为例说明线粒体在神经系统疾病和脑能量代谢之间的重要作用。从而进一步系统的认识,脑内的线粒体在生理和病理状态下对能量代谢的影响。深入了解其机制,为研究神经系统退行性疾病提供新的治疗策略。     

PI3K/AKT信号通路在常见神经退行性疾病中的机制研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一类以大脑和脊髓中特定的神经元损伤或丢失为主要病理特征的疾病。常见的神经退行性疾病包括阿尔兹海默症(AD)、帕金森症(PD)、肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)、亨廷顿病(HD)和多发性硬化(MS),给患者及其家庭带来了很大的困扰,也造成了很大的社会经济负担,已成为全球性的健康问题。近年来,PI3K/AKT信号路径作为一种参与多种细胞功能的信号通路,在多种神经退行性疾病中的作用被广泛研究。本文总结了PI3K/AKT信号通路在常见神经退行性疾病中的作用机制,并对其在不同神经退行性疾病及癌症中的作用异同进行了讨论,进而展望未来相应领域的理论研究及在药物开发中的应用趋势。     

神经营养物质的研究进展

随着人类老龄化的进程,阿尔茨海默、帕金森等神经退行性疾病发病率日益增加.大量研究表明神经退行性疾病发病是一个多机制、多因素的复杂过程.针对其发病机理先后提出了神经细胞凋亡、氧化应激、基因遗传等多种假说.根据这些假说开展了对神经细胞有营养和保护作用物质的研究.本文综述了目前神经营养物质的研究进展.     

成年海马中神经发生及影响因素

动物成年后在其中枢神经系统内仍有神经发生。成年神经发生的主要区域是海马齿状回的颗粒下层和脑室下区的侧脑室外侧壁。目前认为成年后的海马神经发生参与记忆的形成,尤其对癫痫和神经退行性疾病的缓解和治疗具有重要意义。成年海马的神经发生受多种生理、病理因素的调控。我们就近年来成年海马神经发生的影响因素及其可能机制进行综述。     

亚低温条件下防控番茄南方根结线虫生防菌株的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选亚低温条件下抗线虫和促进植物生长发育的菌株。【方法】采用线虫击倒率测定、室内耐低温测定、拮抗测试和盆栽生物测定相结合的方法进行功能菌株的筛选;采用表型特征、生理生化特征、16S r RNA基因序列测定相结合的多相分类技术对筛选的菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从根结线虫多发的设施黄瓜和番茄病土中分离出细菌和放线菌297株;经对根结线虫击倒率的初步筛选,得到校正击倒率大于70%的活性菌株9株;通过复筛获得1株在亚低温条件下同时具有防线虫、防土传病原菌病、促生特性的生防菌株S205;菌株S205被鉴定为抗生素链霉菌(Streptomyces antibioticus)。【结论】获得一株在亚低温条件下同时具有抗线虫活性和促进植物生长发育的生防菌株S205,该研究对解决亚低温条件下根结线虫的防治具有重要意义。     

Trichoderma harzianum enhances the production of nematicidal compounds in vitro and improves biocontrol of Meloidogyne javanica by Pseudomonas fluorescens in tomato

AIMS: To determine the influence of soil-borne fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the biocontrol performance of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 and its 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) overproducing derivative CHA0/pME3424 against Meloidogyne javanica. METHODS AND RESULTS: Amendment of the culture filtrate (CF) or methanol extract of the CF of a T. harzianum strain Th6 to P. fluorescens growth medium enhanced the production of nematicidal compound(s) by bacterial inoculants in vitro. In addition, bacteria overwhelmingly expressed phl'-'lacZ reporter gene when the medium was amended with CF of T. harzianum. Pseudomonas fluorescens and T. harzianum applied together in unsterilized sandy loam soil caused greater reduction in nematode population densities in tomato roots. CONCLUSIONS: Trichoderma harzianum improves root-knot nematode biocontrol by the antagonistic rhizobacterium P. fluorescens both in vitro and under glasshouse conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The synergistic effect of T. harzianum on the production of nematicidal compound(s) critical in biocontrol may improve the efficacy of biocontrol bacteria against plant-parasitic nematodes. Considering the inconsistent performance of the biocontrol agents under field conditions, application of a mixture of compatible T. harzianum and P. fluorescens would more closely mimic the natural situation and might broaden the spectrum of biocontrol activity with enhanced efficacy and reliability of control.     

Suppression of Pythium Root Rot of Cucumber by a Fluorescent Pseudomonad s Related to Reduced Root Colonization by Pythium Apbanidermatum

Root colonization of cucumber with P aphanidermatum OP4 was examined in the absence and in the presence of either fluorescent pseudomonad strain CH31 or strain CHI. Quantification was performed by antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACP-ELISA) using an antiserum obtained from a rabbit immunized with zoospore cysts: this antiserum did not cross-react with non-infested roots of cucumber, or with the fluorescent pseudomonads CH31 and CHI. Application of the previously developed biotest enabled us to assess the ability of the two strains of fluorescent pseudomonad to suppress root rot caused by P. aphanidermaium OP4.
At all bacterial densities tested, the fluorescent pseudomonad CH31 led to a significant reduction of both the root colonization of cucumber with P aphanidermatum OP4 and the severity of Pythium root rot. In contrast, the fluorescent pseudomonad CHI had no effect on either root colonization oe disease sevenity.     

Combined effects of Brassica napus seed meal and Trichoderma harzianum on two soilborne plant pathogens

The effects of soil amendment with rapeseed meal from Brassica napus cv. 'Dwarf Essex' (high glucosinolate concentrations) and 'Stonewall' (low glucosinolate concentrations) on the biological control activity of Trichoderma harzianum towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Aphanomyces euteiches were evaluated. Trichoderma harzianum added to soil reduced myceliogenic germination of S. sclerotiorum by 94%, but did not affect carpogenic germination. In contrast, 100% reduction in carpogenic germination was observed in soil amended with Dwarf Essex meal, along with a 33% reduction in myceliogenic germination. With Stonewall meal as soil amendment, carpogenic germination was reduced by 44% and myceliogenic germination was not affected. Both Dwarf Essex and Stonewall meals inhibited colonization of sclerotia in soil by T. harzianum, from 100% to 0% and 8%, respectively, so that biocontrol activity of T. harzianum was reduced in the presence of either meal. Aphanomyces euteiches root rot of pea was significantly reduced by T. harzianum alone (100%), by amendment with Dwarf Essex meal alone (77%), and by T. harzianum in combination with Dwarf Essex meal (100%). Amendment with Stonewall meal alone did not control root rot, and combination of Stonewall meal with T. harzianum reduced the biocontrol efficacy of T. harzianum.     

Screening of bioagents against root rot of mung bean caused by Rhizoctonia solani

A laboratory and green house experiment was carried out on the comparative antagonistic performance of four different bioagents (Aspergillus sp., Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride) isolated from soil against Rhizoctonia solani. Under laboratory conditions, T. harzianum exhibited maximum (75.55%) mycelial growth inhibition of R. solani This was followed by T. viride, which showed 65.93 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen. Gliocladium virens was also found to be effective antagonists, which exhibited 57.77 per cent mycelial growth inhibition. While Aspergillus sp exhibited minimum growth inhibition (45.74%) in comparison to other bioagents. Under green house conditions, T. harzianum gave maximum protection of the disease (72.72%) followed by T. viride, which exhibited 54.54 per cent disease control. However, G. virens and Aspergillus sp were found least effective in controlling root rot of mungbean.     

Strain-specific SCAR markers for the detection of Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2, a biological control agent against Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice sheath blight

In order to identify a specific marker for T. harzianum AS12-2, a strain capable of controlling rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, UP-PCR was performed using five universal primers (UP) both separately and in pairwise combinations. The application of two UP primers resulted in the amplification of unique fragments from the genomic DNA of T. harzianum AS12-2, clearly distinguishing it from other Trichoderma strains. The unique fragments had no significant sequence homology with any other known sequence available in databases. Based on the sequences of the unique fragments, 14 oligonucleotide primers were designed. Two primer sets amplified a fragment of expected size from the DNA of strain T. harzianum AS12-2 but not from any other examined strains belonging to T. harzianum, to other Trichoderma species assayed, or to other common fungi present in paddy fields of Mazandaran province, Iran. In conclusion, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified regions) markers were successfully identified and rapid, reliable tools were provided for the detection of an effective biocontrol Trichoderma strain, which can facilitate studies of its population dynamics and establishment after release into the natural environment.     

根际真菌对黄瓜土传病害的抑制作用

为了了解根际真菌对黄瓜土传病害的影响,通过平板对峙试验和温室人工接种盆栽试验,对分离自根际土的16株真菌开展了对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用和黄瓜土传病害的抑制作用研究.结果表明: 有4株真菌对一种或多种供试病原真菌表现有拮抗作用,其中经鉴定为土曲霉的菌株JCL143对黄瓜枯萎病菌、立枯病菌和菌核病菌3种供试病原真菌均有较强的拮抗作用.在温室盆栽试验中,接种菌株JCL143对黄瓜3种病害的相对防效均在74%以上;而在不灭菌育苗基质的盆栽试验中,接种菌株JCL143对立枯病和菌核病的防效均在85%以上.在用自然土进行的温室盆栽试验中,接种菌株JCL143对伸蔓期黄瓜枯萎病的相对防效平均达84.1%.菌株JCL143的发酵液对3种供试病原真菌菌落生长都有不同程度的抑制作用,对菌核病菌的菌落生长抑菌率达63.3%.发酵液的抑菌活性随处理温度的升高而下降,对碱性pH值比酸性pH值敏感,而对蛋白酶处理不敏感.说明土曲霉是土壤中抑制植物土传病害的重要因素,菌株JCL143的抑病效果稳定,具有潜在的生防应用价值.     

Reducing Meloidogyne incognita Injury to Cucumber in a Tomato-Cucumber Double-Cropping System

The effects of a root-knot nematode-resistant tomato cultivar and application of the nematicide ethoprop on root-knot nematode injury to cucumber were compared in a tomato-cucumber double-cropping system. A root-knot nematode-resistant tomato cultivar, Celebrity, and a susceptible cultivar, Heatwave, were grown in rotation with cucumber in 1995 and 1996. Celebrity suppressed populations of Meloidogyne incognita in the soil and resulted in a low root-gall rating on the subsequent cucumber crop. Nematode population densities were significantly lower at the termination of the cucumber crop in plots following Celebrity than in plots following Heatwave. Premium and marketable yields of cucumbers were higher in plots following Celebrity than in plots following Heatwave. Application of ethoprop through drip irrigation at 4.6 kg a.i./ha reduced root galling on the cucumber crop but had no effect on the nematode population density in the soil at crop termination. Ethoprop did not affect cucumber yield. These results indicate that planting a resistant tomato cultivar in a tomato-cucumber double-cropping system is more effective than applying ethoprop for managing M. incognita.     

Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain UTPF5 on the mobility,mortality and hatching of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. includes important plant pathogens worldwide. This study has considered nematode Meloidogyne javanica second stage larvae activity in the extracts of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains UTPF5 and cytotoxic effect of the strain on the nematode. The movement of second stage larvae of nematodes in water agar medium at four concentrations of bacterial extracts and second stage larvae mortality rate of hatching nematode and bacterial strains in vitro were affected. Different concentrates of the strain UTPF5 effect nematode larvae movement and disposal of the same. Bacterial extraction kills almost 100% of the larvae hatching after 24?h and a complete ban on egg hatch of biocontrol nematodes and nematode indicated that root-knot nematode larvae movement on the right attract the bacteria P. fluorescens to extract in the first place.     

烟草内生菌对烟草根结线虫病的防治效果

从烟草中筛选到几株内生菌进行防治根结线虫的盆栽试验,以研究其防治效果.结果表明,内生细菌发酵液的防治效果优于内生细菌菌体,内生放线菌则相反.内生菌普遍对植物具有促生作用,但内生菌菌体的促生效果优于内生菌的发酵液.H3号内生细菌对根结线虫防治效果最好,病情指数为4.16,防效为91.68%,明显优于对照,优于阿维菌素处理,H3号内生细菌处理的烟草形态指标明显优于阿维菌素处理.

Abstract：

Several tobacco endophyte strains were screened out, and their controlling effect against tobacco root-knot nematodes was studied with pot experiment. The fermentation broth of endophytic bacteria was more effective than the bacterial thallus, while that of endophytic actino-mycetes was less effective than the actinomycete fermentation broth. All test endophytes promoted tobacco growth, and the promotion effect of their thalli was better than that of their fermentation broths. Endophytic bacterial strain H3 was the best in controlling tobacco root-knot nematode dis-ease, with 91.68% controlling effect and a disease index of 4. 16, much better than the treat-ments CK and avermectin. Moreover, the morphological feature of tobacco plant treated with H3 was better than that treated with avermectin.