鸡白痢沙门菌ipaJ基因的克隆与鉴定

摘要：【目的】从鸡白痢沙门菌C79-13中克隆ipaJ基因,体外表达该蛋白后进行免疫原性分析。【方法】鸡白痢沙门菌C79-13与肠炎沙门菌50041进行抑制差减杂交后获得的片段PEA2、PE31和PE44与猪霍乱沙门菌C500疫苗株pSFD10质粒上ipaJ基因高度同源,拼接后获得了鸡白痢沙门菌完整的ipaJ基因序列。从鸡白痢沙门菌中克隆出ipaJ基因并将其构建到原核表达载体pET-30a(+)上,Western-blot检测体外表达蛋白的免疫原性,同时检测了该基因在鸡白痢沙门菌分离株中的分布。【结果】从鸡白痢沙门菌中克隆了大小为840 bp的ipaJ基因序列,并获得了体外原核表达的大小为37 kDa融合蛋白。该蛋白可与鸡白痢沙门菌阳性血清反应。PCR结果显示该基因广泛存在于鸡白痢沙门菌菌株中。 【结论】本文首次报道和克隆了鸡白痢沙门菌ipaJ基因,并证明了IpaJ蛋白具有免疫原性。     

鸡白痢沙门菌S06004株致病岛-2缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

摘要:【目的】了解致病岛-2(Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2,SPI-2)对鸡白痢沙门菌致病性的影响,初步探讨研制安全有效的鸡白痢沙门菌减毒株的可行性。【方法】采用λ-red 同源重组系统构建鸡白痢沙门菌S06004株的SPI-2(约40 kb)缺失株S06004ΔSPI2。并与野生型相比较,对该缺失株的生长特性、生化特性、遗传稳定性和致病性等基本生物学特性进行鉴定。【结果】成功构建SPI-2缺失株S06004ΔSPI2,SPI-2的缺失不影响鸡白痢沙门菌的生长特性和生化特性,且该缺失株具有良好的遗传稳定性,其对2日龄雏鸡的LD50是野生株的252 倍。【结论】SPI-2的缺失引起鸡白痢沙门菌毒力的明显下降,这为进一步研究鸡白痢沙门菌SPI-2的功能及制备减毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

肠炎沙门菌lpfC基因缺失株的构建及基本生物学特性研究

[目的]为研究与Lpf菌毛合成相关的lpfC基因对肠炎沙门菌致病性的影响。[方法]利用自杀质粒介导的同源重组技术构建肠炎沙门菌C50041株的lpfC基因缺失株C50041ΔlpfC,并进行PCR和测序鉴定。同时,将lpfC基因克隆至质粒pBR322并电转入缺失株中,构建回复株C50041ΔlpfCR。比较野生株C50041、缺失株C50041ΔlpfC及回复株C50041ΔlpfCR的基本生物学特性。[结果]成功构建了缺失株C50041ΔlpfC及回复株C50041ΔlpfCR,且lpfC基因的缺失不影响C50041的生长特性和生化特性。该缺失株具有良好的遗传稳定性,但缺失株对BALB/c小鼠的LD50是野生株的2倍。[结论]lpfC基因的缺失使肠炎沙门菌对BALB/c小鼠的毒力降低,为进一步研究肠炎沙门菌Lpf菌毛的功能奠定了基础。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌SL1344株环化腺苷酸合成酶缺失株平衡致死系统的构建及其雏鸡免疫保护试验

摘要:【目的】为构建鼠伤寒沙门菌环化腺苷酸合成酶缺失株平衡致死系统,并对其生物学特性进行检测。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌SL1344Δcya株为亲本株,利用重组自杀性质粒(pREΔasd)介导的同源重组技术,经两步法缺失并筛选asd基因缺失株(SL1344Δcya Δasd)。将含asd基因且无抗性的pYA3493质粒电转化至缺失株SL1344ΔcyaΔasd,构建重组菌株SL1344ΔcyaΔasd (pYA3493)。【结果】试验结果表明,重组菌株SL1344ΔcyaΔasd(pYA3493)生化特性和生长速度与参考株SL1344相比差异较大,与亲本株SL1344Δcya基本一致,SL1344ΔcyaΔasd(pYA3493)失去了利用麦芽糖、乳糖、山梨醇等碳源的能力,也不能分解H2 S、半乳糖和鼠李糖,但仍保留了利用葡萄糖的能力。对1日龄雏鸡攻毒试验表明,SL1344ΔcyaΔasd(pYA3493)毒力较参考株SL1344降低了约104倍。免疫保护试验显示,1日龄雏鸡免疫SL1344ΔcyaΔasd(pYA3493)后第17天,利用鼠伤寒沙门菌参考株攻毒,保护率为62.5%。【结论】鼠伤寒沙门菌SL1344株环化腺苷酸合成酶缺失株平衡致死系统构建成功,且具有较好的免疫保护性,为深入研究以鼠伤寒沙门菌为载体的口服疫苗奠定基础。     

肠炎沙门菌肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶SlyD的基因敲除、表达及酶学特征

【目的】以肠炎沙门菌肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶SlyD为对象,构建基因缺失株及表达纯化该蛋白,为研究其在肠炎沙门菌致病性与应激等方面的作用奠定基础。【方法】参考Gen Bank登录的肠炎沙门菌基因组序列设计用于slyD基因敲除及原核表达的特异引物,运用自杀质粒介导的同源重组技术对肠炎沙门菌C50041 slyD基因进行敲除,构建C50041ΔslyD缺失株;原核表达SlyD蛋白,通过α-糜蛋白酶耦联法对其PPIase活性进行测定;利用生物信息学相关软件,分析SlyD蛋白的氨基酸序列及功能域。【结果】PCR鉴定与测序结果证明成功构建了肠炎沙门菌C50041ΔslyD缺失株,其生长特性与野生株基本一致;SDS-PAGE及PPIase活性分析表明,获得了具有生物活性的可溶性SlyD蛋白;生物信息学分析显示SlyD蛋白由FKBP样肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶结构域、分子伴侣功能域和金属结合区域3个功能区域组成。【结论】成功获得了肠炎沙门菌C50041ΔslyD缺失株和具有PPIase活性的重组SlyD蛋白。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失株的构建及其对抗生素敏感性分析

【背景】沙门菌的多重耐药现象日渐严重,对其耐药机理的研究尤为迫切,双组分系统与细菌耐药性密切相关。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失株及回补株,探究双组分系统BaeSR对鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药性的影响。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌体外诱导耐药株CR为研究对象,通过自杀质粒p LP12介导的同源重组方法,以氯霉素抗性标记和阿拉伯糖诱导的致死基因vmt进行正、反向双重筛选,获得基因缺失株CRΔbaeSR,并将重组表达质粒pBAD-baeSR转化于CRΔbaeSR构建回补株CR CΔbaeSR。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定11种常见代表药物对野生株、缺失株及回补株的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),并测定3株菌的生长曲线、运动性及生物膜形成能力。【结果】与野生株相比,环丙沙星(CIP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、沙拉沙星(SAR)、头孢噻呋(CEF)、庆大霉素(GEN)、阿米卡星(AMK)、安普霉素(APR)对缺失株的MIC值有所下降;缺失株的生长速率稍显缓慢,且最终浓度也相对较低,但并无统计学上的显著差异(P0.05);缺失株的运动性(P0.05)及生物膜形成能力(P0.01)均显著下降。【结论】鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失后,可通过影响其运动性及生物膜形成能力而对抗生素的敏感性产生影响。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌VI型分泌系统效应因子Rhs生物学特性分析

【背景】细菌的Ⅵ型分泌系统作为杀死真核捕食者或原核竞争对手的“武器”,其杀伤作用是通过释放有毒物质即效应因子来实现。尽管已发现一些效应因子,但大多数效应因子的功能仍然未知。【目的】研究rhs基因编码的效应因子Rhs对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌rhs基因缺失株及相应的基因回补株。通过试验分析比较亲本株与缺失株、回补株在生化特性、生物被膜形成、耐药性、细菌间竞争、抗血清补体杀菌能力、组织载菌量及感染小鼠后炎症因子IL-18、IL-1β释放量上的差异。【结果】效应因子Rhs不影响鼠伤寒沙门菌的生化代谢、生物被膜形成、耐药性及抗血清补体杀菌能力。细菌种间竞争试验中,基因缺失株CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2的竞争指数(competition index,CI)值分别为0.85、0.77和0.87,毒力均被轻度致弱。体内组织载菌量试验中,CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2基因缺失株在小鼠肝脏和脾脏中的细菌数均较亲本株明显下降(P<0.05);机体...     

鼠伤寒沙门菌rtsB基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhimurium)是一种重要的人畜共患病原菌,严重危害养殖业及人类健康。调控蛋白在病原菌的生存及感染过程中发挥重要作用。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门菌调控基因rtsB缺失株和互补株,分析调控蛋白RstB对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性和致病性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌SAT52的rtsB基因缺失株,并利用互补质粒构建互补株。然后比较分析野生株SAT52、缺失株?rtsB和互补株C?rtsB的生长特性、运动性、生物被膜形成能力、黏附入侵能力、胞内存活能力及致病性的差异。【结果】缺失rtsB基因不影响SAT52的生长速度,但导致运动能力增强,生物被膜形成能力减弱。细胞感染试验结果表明,rtsB基因有助于鼠伤寒沙门菌对Hela细胞的黏附入侵及RAW264.7细胞内的存活。动物试验结果表明rtsB基因缺失显著降低鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病力。【结论】rtsB基因在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染过程中发挥重要作用,可为阐释鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病机制提供参考。     

禽沙门菌诱导宿主免疫应答的特性

沙门菌病(Salmonellosis)是全世界最普遍的食源性疾病之一,不仅对养殖业造成经济损失,还对人类安全构成威胁。禽沙门菌感染肠道后,可诱导肠上皮细胞表达多种TLRs和炎症反应的发生,在分泌的趋化因子作用下免疫效应细胞迁移到感染部位。细菌通过肠上皮细胞屏障后被巨噬细胞或树突状细胞吞噬,其中巨噬细胞是沙门菌的主要定殖场所。天然免疫系统将抗原递呈给淋巴细胞后,机体能够在2–3周内通过以Th1为主的免疫应答清除在肠道和深层组织中的沙门菌。而宿主特异性血清型鸡白痢沙门菌从肠道侵入后,在肝脾和其他器官中定殖,进而引发全身感染。早期感染阶段不会引起肠道炎症反应,主要诱导以Th2为主的免疫应答,而Th1型应答相对较弱,有利于鸡白痢沙门菌在机体内的持续存在和感染。本文围绕禽沙门菌的致病机理和免疫应答特性进行阐述,尤其对鸡白痢沙门菌免疫逃逸和持续载菌的特性进行深入分析,为禽沙门菌病的防控提供新靶标和新见解。     

复合型菌剂对鸡白痢菌的抑制作用及其各菌在鸡体内定居情况

利用由鸡粪肠球菌、鸡非致病性大肠埃希菌、芽胞杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌组成的复合菌剂在体外与鸡白痢沙菌门作用,结果表明,鸡白痢沙门菌生长明显受到抑制,抑制率达90％以上。并且还测定其各菌的有关生物特性以及雏鸡体内的定居情况：胆盐耐受范围在1.2%-1.4%之间;苯酚耐受范围在0.1%－0.2%之间;耐酸范围在pH3.0-2.5之间;在雏鸡体内除芽胞杆菌为过路菌外,其他菌均可定居于盲肠、中肠、肌胃、素囊中。     

Evaluation of phoP and rpoS mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi as attenuated typhoid vaccine candidates: virulence and protective immune responses in intranasally immunized mice

The attenuation and immunoenhancing effects of rpoS and phoP Salmonella enterica serovar strain Typhi (Salmonella typhi) mutants have not been compared. Here, three S. typhi deletion mutants (phoP, rpoS, and rpoS-phoP double mutant) are constructed and these mutants are characterized with respect to invasiveness, virulence, and protective immune response compared with wild-type Ty2. It was found that phoP and phoP-rpoS deletion mutants are less invasive to HT-29 cells than the wild-type Ty2 and the rpoS single-deleted strain. The LD(50) of immunized mice was higher for phoP than for rpoS mutants, and the highest for the phoP-rpoS double mutant. In addition, all S. typhi mutants showed an increase in the specific serum IgG levels and T-cell-mediated immunity, and showed equal protection abilities against a wild-type Ty2 challenge after two rounds of immunization in BALB/c mice. It is concluded that phoP genes appear to play a more important role than rpoS genes in both cellular invasion and virulence of S. typhi, but not in immunogenicity in mice. Furthermore, the data indicate that the phoP-rpoS double mutant may show promise as a candidate for an attenuated typhoid vaccine.     

Live non-invasive Shigella dysenteriae 1 strain induces homologous protective immunity in a guinea pig colitis model

A non-invasive live transconjugant Shigella hybrid (LTSHΔstx) strain was constructed from a Shiga toxin gene deleted mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1 by introducing a plasmid vector pPR1347 that carried a lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene (rfb and rfc) of Salmonella typhimurium. In guinea pigs, four successive oral administrations of LTSH Δstx showed complete protection against rectal challenge with wild type S. dysenteriae 1 strain. Exponential increase of the serum IgG and IgA titer against lipopolysaccharide of LTSH Δstx was observed during immunization, peaked on day 28 and remained at that level until day 35 after the initiation of the immunization. In intestinal lavage of the immunized animals, significant increase of IgA titer against lipopolysaccharide of LTSH Δstx was also observed. These data suggested that LTSH Δstx could be a useful candidate to induce protective immunity against S. dysenteriae 1 infection.     

Deletion of yncD gene in Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhi leads to attenuation in mouse model

TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) are bacterial outer membrane proteins that are usually involved in the uptake of certain key nutrients, for example iron. In the genome of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhi, the yncD gene encodes a putative TBDT and was identified recently as an in vivo-induced antigen. In the present study, a yncD-deleted mutant was constructed to evaluate the role of the yncD gene in virulence. Our results showed that the mutant is attenuated in a mouse model by intraperitoneal injection and its virulence is restored by the transformation of a complement plasmid. The competition experiments showed that the survival ability of the yncD-deleted mutant decreases significantly in vivo. To evaluate its vaccine potential, the yncD-deleted mutant was inoculated intranasally in the mouse model. The findings demonstrated a significant immunoprotection against the lethal wild-type challenge. The regulation analysis showed that yncD gene promoter is upregulated under acidic condition. The present study demonstrates that the yncD gene plays an important role in bacterial survival inside the host and is suitable for the construction of attenuated vaccine strains as a candidate target gene.     

猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株△crp△asd缺失株平衡致死载体系统的构建及鉴定

猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株是用化学方法致弱、用于预防仔猪副伤寒的弱毒疫苗株,虽具有较好的免疫原性,但仍有一定的残余毒力。为了研制更加安全并保持C500株良好免疫原性的弱毒株,及将C500开发为适于粘膜免疫的疫苗活载体,本文构建了猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株△crp△asd双缺失株平衡致死载体系统。首先构建含缺失320bp的crp(cAMP受体蛋白)基因与蔗糖敏感基因(sacB)的重组自杀性质粒,与C500接合转移,两步法筛选无抗性的△crp缺失株,用PCR证实基因组crp基因的缺失突变。用同样方法在crp缺失株基础上构建asd(天冬氨酸β-半乳糖脱氢酶)基因缺失株。该缺失株生长必需外源DAP(二氨基庚二酸)。进一步鉴定△crp缺失株的表型、生长特性、毒力等,结果表明△crp△asd缺失株构建成功。△crp△asd缺失株可以用来作为宿主载体平衡致死系统来高效表达外源基因,为深入研究以C500株为载体的口服多价疫苗奠定了基础。     

The development of oral vaccines based on live attenuated Salmonella strains

Abstract Safe, live attenuated Salmonella strains can be produced by introducing defined non-reverting mutations into the chromosome. Such rationally attenuated strains have proved to be excellent oral vaccines in several animal species and can therefore be considered as candidate vaccines against invasive salmonellosis in both animals and man. A panel of attenuating lesions is now available from which it is possible to tailor the level of attenuation and hence produce strains with different immunogenic properties. Because of the spectrum of immune responses produced by such Salmonella vaccine strains they have been utilised extensively as vectors for delivering heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system. We have focussed on the development of a single dose oral tetanus vaccine based on attenuated Salmonella strains expressing a non-toxic, immunogenic protein derived from tetanus toxin (fragment C). Several different expression systems have been used for fragment C and candidate vaccine strains have been constructed that are capable of protecting orally immunised mice against a lethal challenge with tetanus toxin. An oral tetanus vaccine may help to reduce the mortality rate from tetanus in the developing world by overcoming the problems associated with the implementation of vaccine programmes using the current parenteral vaccine.     

Evaluation of the Safety and Immune Efficacy of Recombinant Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Strain Long Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates

Human respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) infection is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness(LRTI), and no vaccine against LRTI has proven to be safe and effective in infants. Our study assessed attenuated recombinant RSVs as vaccine candidates to prevent RSV infection in mice. The constructed recombinant plasmids harbored(5' to 3') a T7 promoter, hammerhead ribozyme, RSV Long strain antigenomic cDNA with cold-passaged(cp) mutations or cp combined with temperature-sensitive attenuated mutations from the A2 strain(A2cpts) or further combined with SH gene deletion(A2cpts△SH), HDV ribozyme(δ), and a T7 terminator. These vectors were subsequently co-transfected with four helper plasmids encoding N, P, L, and M2-1 viral proteins into BHK/T7-9 cells, and the recovered viruses were then passaged in Vero cells. The rescued recombinant RSVs(rRSVs) were named rRSV-Long/A2 cp, rRSV-Long/A2 cpts, and rRSV-Long/A2 cpts △SH, respectively, and stably passaged in vitro, without reversion to wild type(wt) at sites containing introduced mutations or deletion. Although rRSV-Long/A2 cpts and rRSV-Long/A2 cpts △SH displayed temperature-sensitive(ts)phenotype in vitro and in vivo, all rRSVs were significantly attenuated in vivo. Furthermore, BALB/c mice immunized with rRSVs produced Th1-biased immune response, resisted wt RSV infection, and were free from enhanced respiratory disease.We showed that the combination of △SH with attenuation(att) mutations of cpts contributed to improving att phenotype,efficacy, and gene stability of rRSV. By successfully introducing att mutations and SH gene deletion into the RSV Long parent and producing three rRSV strains, we have laid an important foundation for the development of RSV live attenuated vaccines.     

Phenotype, virulence and immunogenicity of Edwardsiella ictaluri cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein (Crp) mutants in catfish host

Edwardsiella ictaluri is an Enterobacteriaceae that causes lethal enteric septicemia in catfish. Being a mucosal facultative intracellular pathogen, this bacterium is an excellent candidate to develop immersion-oral live attenuated vaccines for the catfish aquaculture industry. Deletion of the cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein (crp) gene in several Enterobacteriaceae has been utilized in live attenuated vaccines for mammals and birds. Here we characterize the crp gene and report the effect of a crp deletion in E. ictaluri. The E. ictaluri crp gene and encoded protein are similar to other Enterobacteriaceae family members, complementing Salmonella enterica Δcrp mutants in a cAMP-dependent fashion. The E. ictaluri Δcrp-10 in-frame deletion mutant demonstrated growth defects, loss of maltose utilization, and lack of flagella synthesis. We found that the E. ictaluri Δcrp-10 mutant was attenuated, colonized lymphoid tissues, and conferred immune protection against E. ictaluri infection to zebrafish (Danio rerio) and catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Evaluation of the IgM titers indicated that bath immunization with the E. ictaluri Δcrp-10 mutant triggered systemic and skin immune responses in catfish. We propose that deletion of the crp gene in E. ictaluri is an effective strategy to develop immersion live attenuated antibiotic-sensitive vaccines for the catfish aquaculture industry.     

Search for live attenuated vaccine candidate against edwardsiellosis by mutating virulence-related genes of fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda

Aims: The aims of this study were to construct and evaluate the live attenuated vaccine against edwardsiellosis on zebra fish model. Methods and Results: In this study, the deletion mutant of aroC gene for the biosynthesis of chorismic acid in Edwardsiella tarda EIB202 was firstly constructed by allelic exchange strategy. According to the genome information, 19 double mutants and one multiple mutant were successively constructed by deleting virulence‐associated genes based on the ΔaroC mutant. Zebra fish model was used to assay the virulence of the mutants by intramuscular (i.m.) injection. Fourteen mutants were significantly attenuated with accumulated mortality ranged from 0 to 63% (P < 0·05). The zebra fish vaccinated with ΔaroC, ΔaroCΔesrC, ΔaroCΔslyA and ΔaroCΔeseBCDΔesaC via i.m. injection showed ideal protection, resulting in relative per cent survival (RPS) of 68·3, 71·3, 80·1 and 81% against subsequent challenge with the wild‐type Edw. tarda EIB202. Conclusions: ΔaroCΔeseBCDΔesaC behaved a low virulence and the highest RPS on zebra fish model. When the zebra fish were vaccinated with ΔaroCΔeseBCDΔesaC via injection, the expression of immune‐related factors including IgM and MHC II was up‐regulated. Significance and Impact: The mutant ΔaroCΔeseBCDΔesaC might serve as an effective live attenuated vaccine against edwardsiellosis.     

Genetic detoxification of an aroA Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strain does not compromise protection against virulent Salmonella and enhances the immune responses towards a protective malarial antigen

Live Salmonella vaccines are limited in use by the inherent toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide. The waaN gene encodes a myristyl transferase required for the secondary acylation of lipid A in lipopolysaccharide. A waaN mutant exhibits reduced induction of the inflammatory cytokines associated with lipopolysaccharide toxicity. Here the characteristics of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA waaN mutant (SK100) in vitro and in vivo compared with its parent aroA strain (SL3261) were described. Phenotypic analysis of purified lipopolysaccharide obtained from SK100 confirmed that the physical and biological activities of the lipopolysaccharide had been altered. Nevertheless both strains had similar patterns of colonization and persistence in mice and significantly the aroA waaN mutant was equally as effective as the parent at protecting against challenge with wild-type S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, a SK100 strain was constructed expressing both tetanus toxin fragment C and the circumsporozoite protein of a malaria parasite. In marked contrast to its isogenic parent, the new attenuated strain induces significantly enhanced immune responses against the circumsporozoite protein. The waaN mutation enhances the ability of this strain to elicit immune responses towards guest antigens. This study provides important insights into the development of safe and effective multivalent Salmonella vaccines.