Nuclear magnetic resonance Fourier transform spectroscopy

The development and current status of Fourier transform spectroscopy is described.Nobel Lecture given on December 9, 1991 by Professor R. Ernst and published in Les Prix Nobel 1991, printed in Sweden by Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm, Sweden, 1992, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, the copyright holder.     

Ion channels for communication between and within cells

The development of patch-clamp procedures for measuring single-channel current fluctuations are described. The application of these techniques for studying secretion is discussed.Nobel lecture given on December 9, 1991 by Dr Erwin Neher and published in LES PRIX NOBEL 1991, printed in Sweden by Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm, Sweden 1992, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, the copyright holder.     

G proteins and regulation of adenylyl cyclase

The function and structures of G proteins and their role in the regulation of adenylyl cyclase is reviewed.The Nobel lecture given on December 8, 1994 by Dr Alfred Gilman and published inLes Prix Nobel 1994, printed by Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm, Sweden, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, the copyright holder.     

The Photosynthetic Reaction Centre from the Purple Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis

We first describe the history and methods of membrane protein crystallization, and show how the structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis was solved. The structure of this membrane protein complex is correlated with its function as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane. Finally we draw conclusions on the structure of the photosystem II reaction centre from plants and discuss the aspects of membrane protein structure.Published in Les Prix Nobel–The Nobel Prizes 1988 (Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, 1989) and republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation the copyright holders.     

The photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacteriumRhodopseudomonas viridis

We first describe the history and methods of membrane protein crystallization, and show how the structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacteriumRhodopseudomonas viridis was solved. The structure of this membrane protein complex is correlated with its function as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane. Finally we draw conclusions on the structure of the photosystem II reaction centre from plants and discuss the aspects of membrane protein structure.Published inLes Prix Nobel—The Nobel Prizes 1988 (Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, 1989) and republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation the copyright holders.     

The purine path to chemotherapy

Antimetabolites of purine metabolism have found a use as anti-leukaemic, antiprotozoal and antiviral drugs, in immunosuppression and transplantation, and in gout and hyperuricemia. Their mechanisms of action are reviewed.Nobel Lecture given on December 8, 1988; by Dr Gertrude B. Elion and published inLes Prix Nobel 1988, printed in Sweden by Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm, Sweden, 1989, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, the copyright holder.     

Enzymatic cleavage of RNA by RNA

The discovery and characterization of the catalytic RNA subunit of the enzyme ribonuclease P ofEscherichia coli is described.Nobel lecture given on December 8, 1989, by Professor Sidney Altman, and published in LES PRIX NOBEL 1989, printed in Sweden by Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm, Sweden, 1990, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, the copyright holder.     

Signal transduction: Evolution of an idea

In general there is no set of observations conceivable which can give enough information about the past of a system to give complete information as to its future: Norbert Wiener. Think simplicity; then discard it: Alfred North WhiteheadThe Nobel Lecture given on December 8, 1994 by Professor Martin Rodbell and published inLes Prix Nobel 1994, printed by Norstedts Tryckeri, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, copyright holder.     

Launching Channels: A New Milestone in the Ion Channel Field

Ion channels underlie a plethora of physiological functions not only in the animal kingdom, but also in plants and microorganisms such as bacteria. Even though we have only known of the existence of channels for about four decades, a PubMed search for channels yields over 120,000 papers, with 40,000 of those appearing in the past five years alone. Even before ion channels had been formally discovered, their existence was hypothesized by Hodgkin and Huxley who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for their work on electrical activity in axons. Subsequent Nobel awards for ion channel electrophysiology techniques (Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher for Medicine in 1991) and ion channel structure and physiology (Rod MacKinnon and Peter Agre for Chemistry in 2003) underscored the contemporary importance of ion channel research. It is noteworthy that single channel recording is one of the most sensitive techniques in biology – allowing researchers to study the function of a single molecule in its native environment in real time.     

低氧诱导因子-1：细胞适应氧供应改变的关键蛋白

2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予威廉·凯林(William Kaelin Jr)、彼得·拉特克里夫爵士(Sir Peter Ratcliffe)和格雷格·赛门扎(Gregg Semenza),以表彰他们在细胞感知和适应缺氧机制上做出的重要贡献.低氧诱导因子-1 (hypoxiainducible factor-1,HIF-1)在细胞适应氧供应改变中起关键作用,可作为转录因子改变基因表达,通过提高机体携氧能力、增加血液供应、改变代谢方式等途径来适应缺氧环境.而HIF-1的功能也受到各种机制调控:泛素化-蛋白酶体途径降解和转录因子活性抑制. HIF-1与抑癌蛋白(protein von Hippel-Lindau,pVHL)、脯氨酸羟化酶(proline hydroxylase,PHD)、HIF抑制因子(factor inhibiting HIF,FIH)等构成了严密有序的调节网络.本文总结了3位诺贝尔奖获得者的研究成果,并结合最新的研究进展,系统阐述了HIF-1表达量调节机制和HIF-1介导的细胞适应缺氧环境机制.     

Why so few?

Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their struggles and momentous discoveries (1998). S. Bertsch McGrayne. Carol Publishing Group, 448 pp. $19.95 paper ISBN 0806520256.     

一个有重大意义的开创性工作－－浅要介绍2004年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

Buck及Axel因为他们对嗅觉研究所作出的巨大贡献获得了2004年度的诺贝尔生理或医学奖。他们于1991年克隆了部分的嗅觉感受体基因并最终发现了总数超过1000个的此类基因。他们后来的工作揭示了嗅觉神经通路所具有的非常漂亮的分子组织和解剖连接。他们的工作极大地拓展了嗅觉研究的领域并为功能性的研究提供了坚实的基础。     

Polyphenism ofHalictus (Seladonia) tumulorum (L.) (Hymenoptera,Halictinae)

Summary A population ofHalictus (S.) tumulorum, a species whose biology is poorly known, was studied in eastern France. The polyphenism was evaluated by comparing a sample of foundresses (1991) with two samples of summer females (1991 and 1992).H. tumulorum is a primitively eusocial species with castes differing only slightly in size, but more in function, and producing numerous males in the first brood. The social level of the species appears rather low.     

Reversal of eutrophication in Lake Geneva: evidence from the oligochaete communities

1. In Lake Geneva (Switzerland), total phosphorus concentrations have decreased from 90 mg m^?3 in 1979 to 55 mg m^?3 in 1990. 2. To assess the effects of this improvement, tubificid and lumbriculid communities were sampled in 1982 and in 1991 in the same areas, at a depth of 40 m. 3. Abundance of mesotrophic species (mostly Potamothrix vejdovskyi) and of eutrophic species (mostly Potamothrix hammoniensis) was lower in 1991 than in 1982; in contrast, oligotrophic species (mostly Peloscolex velutinus) were more abundant in 1991 than in 1982. 4. The changes recorded in 1991 were the same as those associated with a decrease of organic sedimentation. 5. Mean relative abundance of oligotrophic species increased from 17% in 1982 to 41% in 1991. According to these values, Lake Geneva was mesoeutrophic in 1982, but mesotrophic in 1991.     

Drugs from emasculated hormones: The principle of syntopic antagonism

This lecture outlines the early stages in the discovery of adrenaline -receptor antagonists and of the histamine H₂-receptor antagonists. It ends with a brief personal view about future research.Published inLes Prix Nobel 1988, printed in Sweden by Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm, Sweden, 1989, republished here with the permission of the Nobel Foundation, the Copyright holder.     

器官发育和程序性细胞死亡中的基因调控——2002年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖工作介绍

2002年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖授予了在器官发育和程序性细胞死亡研究领域中做出奠基性贡献的三位英美科学家．他们建立了线虫实验模型,完成了其细胞谱图的绘制,而且系统深入地研究了线虫的器官发育和程序性细胞死亡中的基因规则,并在高等哺乳动物中发现了相关的功能基因．这些研究对认识发育过程和揭示人类重大疾病的发病机理具有重要的理论价值和现实意义．     

Studies on bucephalid digeneans parasitising molluscs and fishes in Finland. II. The description of Rhipidocotyle fennica n. sp. and its discrimination by principal components analysis

Rhipidocotyle fennica n. sp. (= Rhipidocotyle Type A of Taskinen et al., 1991) from the intestine of Esox lucius in central Finland is described and compared by means of a principal components analysis (PCA) with R. campanula (= Rhipidocotyle Type B of Taskinen et al., 1991). Its cercaria develops in the bivalve Anodonta anatina and the metacercaria occurs in the skin and fins of Rutilus rutilus. The metacercaria is discriminated from that of R. campanula by PCA and is described along with aspects of the chaetotaxy of the cercaria. The new species is distinguished from R. campanula, R. kovalae, R. papillosa and R. septpapillata.     

人类辅助生殖技术研究的里程碑——2010年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖解读

试管婴儿技术是现代医学治疗不育症的人类辅助生殖技术之一．试管婴儿技术的发展,打破了人类繁衍的自然方式和过程,是生殖医学领域的一场革命,对生命医学的发展产生了重大影响．为此,在试管婴儿技术研究中做出开创性贡献的英国科学家罗伯特·爱德华兹,荣获2010年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖．     

Index to Soviet Psychology,Vol. XXIV (Fall 1985-Summer 1986)

The potential for communication among people who are physically separated defines the concept of computer-mediated communication, or CMC (Kiesler, Siegel, &; McGuire, 1984). In light of its general repercussions, CMC impacts not only on the way we think about possibilities for interaction but also on the forms we compose and use in written language (as presented by Murray, 1991) and on the manner in which we interact through it (as shown by Wilkins, 1991).