基本药物制度实施与乡镇卫生院补偿机制转变

目的 了解乡镇卫生院各项收支及药品补偿状况,探讨基本药物制度实施后,取消药品加成对乡镇卫生院的影响。方法 收集华东三省49家乡镇卫生院财务及药品收支数据,对定量资料进行统计分析。结果 乡镇卫生院主要的补偿渠道依然是药品收入,乡镇卫生院收入增长主要归因于增加药品收入。在财政补助收入大幅增加的情况下,乡镇卫生院对药品收入的依赖程度有所降低。结论 基本药物制度的实施对乡镇卫生院的平稳运行有影响,可采取加强财政补助、建立综合补偿机制、遏制药品价格虚高等措施保证乡镇卫生院在改革中的平稳运行。     

关于我国药典单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物总论的思考

单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物目前是国内外生物药中增长最快的领域。药品的规范生产与质量控制与其安全有效性息息相关,欧美药典中均设有对此类药品质量控制的总体要求,2015版《中国药典》在进一步保障药品安全和提高质量控制水平的编制指导思想下,也拟纳入对单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物的总体要求,就相关起草工作从产品涉及范畴、制造与产品检定等方面进行阐述。     

基于灰色关联分析法的公立医院药品价格规制评价

?????? 目的 明确公立医院药品价格规制的失效环节,分析公立医院药价居高不下的原因,为政府应对规制失效提供决策依据。 方法 应用灰色关联分析法对公立医院药品价格规制关键环节进行评价,并针对特定问题运用目的抽样方法对专家进行定性访谈。 结果 公立医院药品价格规制关键环节中,失效程度排序为药品流通规制、药品定价规制、药品价格加成规制、公立医院补偿规制、医疗服务低价规制和医疗保险支付方式规制。结论 需要对公立医院药品价格规制体系进行重构。     

关于我国药典重组DNA技术产品总论的思考

自1982年全球第一个生物技术药物“基因重组人胰岛素”、1989年中国批准第一个生物技术药物“重组人干扰素α1b”上市以来,生物技术药物已成为制药业中发展最快、活力最强和技术含量最高的领域。药品的规范生产与质量控制与其安全有效性密切相关,欧美药典中均设有对此类药品质量控制的总体要求。《中国药典》2010版三部已收录包括12类共计34个品种的重组DNA技术产品各论,在进一步保障药品安全、提高质量控制水平的编制指导思想下,《中国药典》2015版拟纳入对重组DNA技术产品的总体要求,本文就相关起草工作从产品涉及范畴、制造与产品检定等方面进行阐述。     

药品可及性视角下国家基本药物制度实施效果评价

目的 研究基本药物制度对我国基层医疗卫生机构药品可及性的影响。方法 选取上海、江西、四川和重庆共24家基层医疗机构进行问卷调查和小组访谈。结果 基本药物制度实施后,基层医疗卫生机构药品的配备率、招标采购、配送时间以及患者药品负担得到了明显改善,药品零差率销售补偿机制不断完善。结论 我国基层医疗卫生机构基本药物的可及性不断提高,但是在目录遴选、招标采购、药品配送、人才队伍建设和补偿机构方面仍然存在着诸多问题。     

全医嘱静脉药物配置中心配送时效的优化

目的 运用现代物流管理方法,对运输人员进行工作量分析和运送人力分析,以满足静脉药物配置中心长期医嘱和临时医嘱的药品配送需求。方法 根据自身硬件和软件条件,利用统计学方法对运输工作量和运输人员的人力等方面进行分析,再利用现代物流管理理念和方法对药品配送中的硬件准备和路径选择拟定PIVAS所配药品的运送需求。结果 从硬件准备到路径选择,同时结合统计学计算运输工作量和运输人员的人力分析,从实际出发使医院内部物流能满足PIVAS所配药品的运送需求。结论 PIVAS配置长期医嘱,同时也能承接临时医嘱的配置,完善的物流配送是保证其正常动作的基础。     

药品微生物及其检验方法与应用研究

为了确保药品的安全,检验药品微生物这一环节至关重要,只有严把药品微生物检验的关口,才可以使投入使用的药品在正常情况下不会产生不良反应。在概述药品微生物及其检验方法的基础上,简述在实际生产中药品微生物应用的相关问题。     

实验兔个体温差对药品热源检验的影响

借助于微机热源测温仪，对具有不同体温的两组实验兔在注射相同药品后的热源升温进行了测试，通过比较，我们发现最佳的兔体温在３８℃￣３９℃之间。     

棉田棉铃虫卵抽样技术比较

本文对棉田棉铃虫卵抽样技术从两方面进行了比较,一系估值抽样方面:文中应用了简单随机抽样、阶层抽样、阶层抽样序贯估值与零频率抽样四种方法,并以估值的可靠性、代表性误差与抽样时间消耗三个指标进行了综合比较,结果认为以阶层抽样最佳.另一系风险决策抽样:本文应用了未着卵株的序贯抽样、阶层抽样、零频率抽样三种方法进行了综合比较,结果认为序贯抽样最佳,但若与零频率抽样相结合就既可迅速地作出风险决策又可获得虫口密度的信息.     

漫谈--PPA

国家药品监督管理局自 2 0 0 0年底发布的暂停使用和销售含苯丙醇胺 (即ＰＰＡ)药品制剂的通告后 ,在社会上引起了强烈反响。一时间人们谈ＰＰＡ色变 ,一些生产感冒药品和减肥药品的企业纷纷做起退出ＰＰＡ的文章 ,打出了“绝对不含ＰＰＡ”的广告 ,千方百计想在ＰＰＡ退出药品市场后的空缺之地抢占自己的市场份额。那么什么是ＰＰＡ ?它治什么病 ?有什么副作用 ?服用过这些药会怎么样 ?还是让我们来认识一下ＰＰＡ。1　ＰＰＡ是何物 ?ＰＰＡ :是盐酸苯丙醇胺 (ｐｈｅｎｙｌｐｒｏｐａｎｏｌａｍｉｎｅ)的英文缩写 ,又称Ｎ 去甲麻黄碱 ,是一…     

小鼠中期染色体制备方法探讨

目的:寻找小鼠细胞中期染色体制备过程中理想的取材方法和低渗的最佳时间,以及制片时滴片的最佳高度。方法:根据以往小鼠染色体制备方法的基本步骤,在取材方面进行对比,同时分别设置4个加入低渗液的时间和4个滴片高度进行试验对比。结果:各低渗时间段和各滴片高度所制备的结果存在一定的差异性,制备成功率和良好率最高的低渗时间为25 min,滴片高度为20 cm。结论:取材骨髓比较容易和简洁制备中期染色体,最佳低渗时间为25 min,最佳滴片高度为20 cm。     

不同小麦品种(系)耐湿性的综合评价

把小麦各性状的耐湿系数作为衡量各单项耐湿能力大小的指标,用主成分分析将各单项耐湿系数综合成几个新的相互独立的综合指标,再利用隶属函数求出综合指标的隶属值。这样,通过各小麦品种（系）的隶属值可求出各品种（系）耐湿性度量值后,可以较准确地评价各小麦品种（系）的耐湿性。     

一类具有广义Logistic增长的比率型捕食模型的定性分析

对具有广义Logistic增长的比率型捕食模型进行了分析,得到了系统永久持续生存的充分条件．通过对系统进行无量纲代换和应用Liapunov函数的方法,进一步得到了正平衡点全局渐近稳定的充分条件．     

中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析

目的 实测中医推拿（滚）法的运动过程,归纳（滚）法手法运动学的主要特征.方法 邀请推拿领域的专家,在其手背上选取标记点,拍摄专家进行（滚）法推拿时的动态影像并提取坐标数据.将坐标系建立在测试者手法运动初始时刻的手上,并对坐标和时间进行归一化,用统计的手段对数据进行分析、归纳.结果 描绘了（滚）法手法的三维运动轨迹、位移-时间关系图、速度-时间关系图和旋转角-时间关系网,根据其运动学特点提出了14个特征时间点,并采用聚类分析方法对14个特征时间点进行归并,最终定量得到了具有共性的（滚）法手法的5个特征时刻,将（滚）法周期划分为四个具有不同运动特点的阶段,并提出（滚）法有持续1/5-1/4左右的时间具有作用面积大、作用力度大的特点.结论 从（滚）法特征时刻入手,对其运动学特征进行了归纳总结.提取了（滚）法运动学中的共性特征,得到了一些定量的结果.     

Best harmony, unified RPCL and automated model selection for unsupervised and supervised learning on Gaussian mixtures, three-layer nets and ME-RBF-SVM models

After introducing the fundamentals of BYY system and harmony learning, which has been developed in past several years as a unified statistical framework for parameter learning, regularization and model selection, we systematically discuss this BYY harmony learning on systems with discrete inner-representations. First, we shown that one special case leads to unsupervised learning on Gaussian mixture. We show how harmony learning not only leads us to the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood (ML) learning and the corresponding extended KMEAN algorithms for Mahalanobis clustering with criteria for selecting the number of Gaussians or clusters, but also provides us two new regularization techniques and a unified scheme that includes the previous rival penalized competitive learning (RPCL) as well as its various variants and extensions that performs model selection automatically during parameter learning. Moreover, as a by-product, we also get a new approach for determining a set of 'supporting vectors' for Parzen window density estimation. Second, we shown that other special cases lead to three typical supervised learning models with several new results. On three layer net, we get (i) a new regularized ML learning, (ii) a new criterion for selecting the number of hidden units, and (iii) a family of EM-like algorithms that combines harmony learning with new techniques of regularization. On the original and alternative models of mixture-of-expert (ME) as well as radial basis function (RBF) nets, we get not only a new type of criteria for selecting the number of experts or basis functions but also a new type of the EM-like algorithms that combines regularization techniques and RPCL learning for parameter learning with either least complexity nature on the original ME model or automated model selection on the alternative ME model and RBF nets. Moreover, all the results for the alternative ME model are also applied to other two popular nonparametric statistical approaches, namely kernel regression and supporting vector machine. Particularly, not only we get an easily implemented approach for determining the smoothing parameter in kernel regression, but also we get an alternative approach for deciding the set of supporting vectors in supporting vector machine.     

Glycoprotein import: A common feature of complex plastids?

Complex plastids evolved by secondary endosymbiosis and are, in contrast to primary plastids, surrounded by 3 or 4 envelope membranes. Recently, we provided evidence that in diatoms proteins exist that get N-glycosylated during transport across the outermost membrane of the complex plastid. This gives rise to unique questions on the transport mechanisms of these bulky proteins, which get transported across up to 3 further membranes into the plastid stroma. Here we discuss our results in an evolutionary context and speculate about the existence of plastidal glycoproteins in other organisms with complex plastids.     

Chimpanzees help conspecifics obtain food and non-food items

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) sometimes help both humans and conspecifics in experimental situations in which immediate selfish benefits can be ruled out. However, in several experiments, chimpanzees have not provided food to a conspecific even when it would cost them nothing, leading to the hypothesis that prosociality in the food-provisioning context is a derived trait in humans. Here, we show that chimpanzees help conspecifics obtain both food and non-food items--given that the donor cannot get the food herself. Furthermore, we show that the key factor eliciting chimpanzees' targeted helping is the recipients' attempts to either get the food or get the attention of the potential donor. The current findings add to the accumulating body of evidence that humans and chimpanzees share the motivation and skills necessary to help others in situations in which they cannot selfishly benefit. Humans, however, show prosocial motives more readily and in a wider range of contexts.     

Selecting potential children and unconditional parental love

For now, the best way to select a child's genes is to select a potential child who has those genes, using genetic testing and either selective abortion, sperm and egg donors, or selecting embryos for implantation. Some people even wish to select against genes that are only mildly undesirable, or to select for superior genes. I call this selection drift – the standard for acceptable children is creeping upwards. The President's Council on Bioethics and others have raised the parental love objection : Just as we should love existing children unconditionally, so we should unconditionally accept whatever child we get in the natural course of things. If we set conditions on which child we get, we are setting conditions on our love for whatever child we get. Although this objection was prompted by selection drift, it also seems to cover selecting against genes for severe impairments.
I argue that selection drift is not inconsistent with the ideal of unconditional parental love and, moreover, that the latter actually implies that we should practise selection drift – in other words, we should try to select potential children with the best genetic endowments. My endowment argument for the second claim works from an analogy between arranging an endowment prior to conception to fund a future child's education, and arranging a genetic endowment by selecting a potential child who already has it, where in both cases the child would not have existed without the endowment. I conclude with some programmatic remarks about the nonidentity problem.     

Rich can get poor: conversion of hub to non-hub proteins

Hubs are ubiquitous network elements with high connectivity. One of the common observations about hub proteins is their preferential attachment leading to scale-free network topology. Here we examine the question: does rich protein always get richer, or can it get poor too? To answer this question, we compared similar and well-annotated hub proteins in six organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Our findings indicate that hub proteins retain, gain or lose connectivity based on the context. Furthermore, the loss or gain of connectivity appears to correlate with the functional role of the protein in a given system.     

大肠杆菌全局调控转录因子环腺苷酸受体蛋白质在代谢工程中的应用

环腺苷酸受体蛋白质(Cyclic amp receptor protein,CRP)是原核生物共有的一类全局转录因子,调控原核生物大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中近一半基因的转录。通过易错PCR或DNA shuffling的方法可以获得CRP突变体文库,然后经过筛选可以得到目的细胞表型——"抗逆性"增强。本研究综述了突变CRP在细胞表型:耐氧化压力、耐渗透胁迫、耐有机溶剂(甲苯)、发酵中耐醋酸盐类和生物醇生产中耐生物醇中的应用。推论出CRP同样可以应用于相似微生物的表型培育,并展望了CRP的巨大应用潜力。