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《新西兰生态学杂志》2011,29(1):11-28
We examined the threat status of the low tree Pittosporum patulum throughout its range in eastern South Island, based on plot-based sampling of habitat, defoliation by mammalian herbivores, demographic and dieback characteristics. Using environmental modelling (Land Environments of New Zealand), we found no explanation for the ‘gap’ in its disjunct distribution from Nelson–Marlborough–north Canterbury to south Canterbury as a component of upper montane Nothofagus forest and non-Nothofagus subalpine scrub. Sizeclasses in some populations suggest pulses of recruitment that may be phenologically or disturbance engendered, whereas others have demographic evidence for more continuous recruitment. In forest, disturbance appears not as important as environmental stress in maintaining understorey light gaps that allow it to reach reproductive maturity. A range of introduced mammalian herbivores appear to defoliate P. patulum, although consistently high levels of defoliation on adult foliage above ungulate browse–height point to possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) as the main pest. Demographic data and herbarium records show adults are few in Nelson–Marlborough and north Canterbury, where the species’ viability is in question despite many juveniles. Alternatively, south Canterbury populations, although browsed, show less dieback, especially in subalpine scrub. Its variable demography may be related to the history of possum colonisation throughout its range. Evidential support is provided for its threat ranking of ‘nationally endangered’. 相似文献
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Kerrie A. Wilson Nancy A. Auerbach Katerina Sam Ariana G. Magini Alexander St. L. Moss Simone D. Langhans Sugeng Budiharta Dilva Terzano Erik Meijaard 《PLoS biology》2016,14(3)
Target 19, set by the Convention on Biological Diversity, seeks to improve the knowledge, science base, and technologies relating to biodiversity. We will fail to achieve this target unless prolific biases in the field of conservation science are addressed. We reveal that comparatively less research is undertaken in the world’s most biodiverse countries, the science conducted in these countries is often not led by researchers based in-country, and these scientists are also underrepresented in important international fora. Mitigating these biases requires wide-ranging solutions: reforming open access publishing policies, enhancing science communication strategies, changing author attribution practices, improving representation in international processes, and strengthening infrastructure and human capacity for research in countries where it is most needed.In the environmental sciences, the scientific process generates evidence for policies and practices. Published evidence indicates that the quality standards associated with peer review have been met. Publishing also provides others with access to the evidence being shared, and increasingly, to the data and methodological processes underlying it. There are, however, strong biases in the peer-reviewed literature.Biodiversity and the threats to its persistence are not uniformly distributed across the globe and therefore some areas demand comparatively greater scientific attention. If research is biased away from the most biodiverse areas, then this will accentuate the impacts of the global biodiversity crisis and reduce our capacity to protect and manage the natural ecosystems that underpin human well-being. Target 19 of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) states that “By 2020, knowledge, the science base, and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied” [1]. Biases in conservation science will prevent us from achieving this target.We conducted the first comprehensive analysis of publishing trends of the conservation science literature. We identified all publications from 2014 on the topic of “conservation” in the research areas of environmental sciences, ecology, biodiversity conservation, plant sciences, zoology, and geography. We searched both the Thomson Reuters Zoological Records and Web of Science Core Collection databases, which returned 10,036 scientific publications (from 1,061 journals), after the duplicate, unrelated, and incomplete records were removed. For a subset of these publications (n = 7,593, or 81%), we manually identified at least one topic country, and we determined the relative conservation importance of these countries for mammal conservation [2] as well as a broader definition of conservation importance that considers richness of vascular plants, endemic species, and functional species [3].The countries for which knowledge is sparse coincide with where research is most urgently needed. The top five countries, ranked according to relative importance for mammal conservation (i.e, Indonesia, Madagascar, Peru, Mexico, and Australia), were represented in 11.9% of the publications (Fig 1). If we consider the broader definition of conservation importance that reflects the richness of vascular plants, endemic species, and functional species, then the top five countries (i.e., Ecuador, Costa Rica, Panama, the Dominican Republic, and Papua New Guinea) are the focus of only 1.6% of publications (4,5], will continue to be populated with biased data.Open in a separate windowFig 1Global distribution of publications on biodiversity conservation (S1 Data).
Open in a separate windowWith comparatively fewer publications being generated, it would be ideal for these publications to be widely shared. Open access publishing is growing in popularity, but still only 14% (n = 809) of the publications recorded in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection database were published as open access. Only 128 of the 1,090 publications (11.7%) that focused on the ten countries of the greatest conservation importance were freely accessible (6], particularly since the research conducted in the most biodiverse countries is predominately led by researchers based elsewhere. Only 23% of the Indonesian publications, 22% of the Ecuadorian, and none of the Papua New Guinean and the Dominican Republic publications were led by researchers affiliated with local institutions (7–9], or a limited subset of journals [10,11] or countries [12,13]. Attribution of joint affiliations for lead authors would enable local institutions to be recognised at national levels and by international ranking systems.While peer-reviewed publications are an important component of evidence-based policy [14], on-ground change necessitates the support of a concerned public [15]. Social media outlets are important mechanisms for widely communicating research findings. Furthermore, engagement in social media contributes to social capital and community participation by creating cohesive networks and enabling the exchange of information across diverse groups [16]. Interestingly, we find evidence that the public is more interested in the research findings from biodiverse countries, as indicated by the Altmetrics score for each publication (a measure of attention generated in social media). The average Altmetrics score for the publications concerning the top five countries for investment in mammal conservation was 14.2 (n = 353). A publication concerning the US had the highest score (434), but overall, the publications on the US had a lower average, at 11.8 (n = 436) ( 相似文献
Table 1
Publishing trends and representation in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Specialist Groups or the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) for (A) the countries ranked highest in terms of importance for mammal conservation [2], (B) the countries ranked highest in terms of biodiversity [3], and (C) the United States and United Kingdom, for the purposes of comparison (S1 Data).Country | Number publications (with % of total) | Percentage publications led by an in-country institution | Average Altmetrics score (with maximum) | Number publications published open access | Number IPBES experts | Number IUCN chairs |
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A | ||||||
1. Indonesia | 95 (1.1) | 23 | 12.5 (133) | 9 | 5 | 1 |
2. Madagascar | 64 (0.8) | 14 | 19.8 (194) | 7 | 10 | 1 |
3. Peru | 49 (0.6) | 10 | 15.2 (105) | 11 | 2 | 0 |
4. Mexico | 228 (2.8) | 68 | 12.4 (256) | 62 | 9 | 4 |
5. Australia | 527 (6.5) | 94 | 11.2 (192) | 24 | 21 | 8 |
B | ||||||
1. Ecuador | 46 (0.6) | 22 | 9.4 (52) | 6 | 1 | 0 |
2. Costa Rica | 37 (0.5) | 14 | 3.8 (7) | 3 | 4 | 0 |
3. Panama | 22 (0.3) | 5 | 3.8 (7) | 5 | 0 | 0 |
4. Dominican Republic | 6 (0.07) | 0 | 1.5 (2) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
5. Papua New Guinea | 16 (0.2) | 0 | 9.3 (22) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
C | ||||||
US (ranked 40 for A and 157 for B) | 1,441 (17.8) | 93 | 11.8 (434) | 71 | 23 | 44 |
UK (ranked 170 for A and 167 for B) | 249 (3.1) | 77 | 15 (146) | 11 | 18 | 39 |
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ELIAS RB 《California medicine》1959,90(2):128-129
Among 500 cases of suicide analyzed in Stockholm, fewer than a third were associated with depression. Most forms of psychiatric disease were represented. Nevertheless, most persons give some warning before attempting suicide, and these warnings should be the signal for preventive action. Centers with trained personnel could prevent many suicides, if the potential victims were recognized and referred early enough. Laymen too should be educated to recognize potential suicide and help avert it. 相似文献
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Sophia Vackimes 《American anthropologist》2001,103(3):809-812
Seeing Is Believing: 700 Years of Scientific and Medical Illustration. New York Public Library, New York, October 1999–February 19,2000. 相似文献
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Gilbert S. Omenn 《American journal of human genetics》1982,34(4):676-677
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M Kawakami 《Seikagaku. The Journal of Japanese Biochemical Society》1987,59(11):1244-1247
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