伞形科东当归的果实形态和解剖结构

对伞形科(Apiaceae)当归属(Angelica L.)东当归〔A.acutiloba(Sieb.et Zucc.)Kitag.〕的分生果形态特征和解剖结构进行了全面观察。该种分生果的外观呈倒椭圆状长卵形,有三角状萼齿,果棱、棱槽和腹面表面均有黄白色斑点。果实横切面解剖结构具有以下特征:外果皮终止于果棱顶端的腹面处,合生面宽阔,外果皮和中果皮细胞中有大量淡黄色晶体,油管在棱槽和合生面处连续分布等。东当归的这些果实形态及解剖结构明显不同于当归属的其他种类,其分类地位有待重新探讨。     

伞形科植物芫荽果实发育过程中的解剖结构变化

采用常规石蜡切片法对伞形科(Apiaceae)芹亚科(Apioideae Drude)芫荽属(Coriandrum Linn.)种类芫荽(Coriandrum sativum Linn.)花后幼果发育阶段和果熟发育阶段的果实横切面解剖结构及其变化进行了观察和比较。观察结果表明:芫荽果实的幼果和果熟发育阶段均分为前期、中期和后期3个时期,不同时期果实横切面的形状和大小、果壁厚度和结构以及合生面、果棱、维管束、油管、胚乳和结晶等特征均有明显变化。在芫荽果实发育过程中,果实横切面由近椭圆形逐渐变为近圆形,且分生果长度从1 630μm增加至3 290μm、宽度从860μm增加至1 580μm。合生面长度与分生果长度相等,但合生面逐渐分离,成熟的2个分生果仅由心皮柄维管束和合生面两端的外果壁及中果壁最外侧数层细胞相连,从外形看2个分生果不分离。果壁由薄变厚、再由厚变薄,明显分为4个层次;成熟果实的中果壁大部分由木化细胞构成。果棱可分为主棱和次棱2种,且均不发达;次棱呈角状突起、主棱呈波状弯曲,次棱较主棱明显。维管束包括果壁维管束、心皮柄维管束和种脊维管束3类,其中,果壁维管束不发达且散布于中果壁木化细胞层中。油管仅存在于合生面并被逐渐压扁,而果壁油管消失并转变成大空腔。胚乳逐渐膨大,其形状由元宝形逐渐转变为船形或肾形。此外,在幼果发育阶段,中果壁薄壁细胞、合生面和胚乳细胞中或多或少都含有结晶,胚乳细胞中还含有大量糊粉粒结晶;但在果熟发育阶段结晶消失,仅胚乳细胞中存有糊粉粒结晶。分析结果显示:芫荽果实属隐性双悬果类型且果棱属微果棱型,其部分解剖结构与伞形科芹亚科多数种类的果实有差异。     

川明参果实发育过程中解剖结构的变化

对伞形科(Apiaceae)中国特有单型属种类川明参（Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan）幼果发育阶段（包含幼果期Ⅰ、幼果期Ⅱ和幼果期Ⅲ）、中果发育阶段（包含中果期Ⅰ、中果期Ⅱ和中果期Ⅲ）和熟果发育阶段（包含熟果期Ⅰ、熟果期Ⅱ和熟果期Ⅲ）果实横切面的解剖结构进行了比较观察。观察结果表明,川明参果实在果壁细胞层数和形态、果棱和维管束、油管、胚乳以及分生果横切面大小和形状等特征均有明显的变化。川明参分生果果壁由厚变薄且外果壁、中果壁细胞形态发生变化,内果壁细胞消失;果实中油管分布在果实的背面、侧面和合生面,油管不断向外扩大,在成熟果实中油管往往皱缩。川明参果实中胚乳逐渐增大,从近球形变化为桃形、肾形直至月牙形,背部呈山丘状隆起;分生果横切面的形状由近五边状圆形变化至梭形,背腹极度压扁。通过对果实发育形态解剖观察发现,果实发育前期,果形的变化主要依靠维管束的发育,从而造成果棱的改变,来改变果实外部结构。到了熟果期,胚乳显现,形体变大,它的形状变化开始改变分生果的外部形态,并且影响较为显著。     

四川当归属8种植物果实和叶柄解剖学研究

通过对四川当归属植物果实的解剖研究表明,果实均背腹压扁,背棱槽油管多为1,合生面油管多为2,在少数种间有一定差异,如茂汶当归和紫花前胡合生面多于2;侧棱翅状,较果体宽,或与果体近等宽,也有的窄于果体;胚乳腹面微凹或平直．偶有凸出。果实的油管特征、侧棱翅发达程度和胚乳的形状等特征可以为种间关系提供参考。叶柄类型多样,包括圆环型、“西”型、星散型等。叶柄横切面的形状、近轴面沟槽的有无、髓腔的有无以及叶柄横切面上维管束的数目和排列类型等特征比较稳定,并且具有明显的种间差异,可以作为本属分类的重要依据。     

伞形科棱子芹属部分种类果实结构的比较解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对伞形科(Apiaceae)棱子芹属(PleurospermumHoffm.)的宝兴棱子芹〔P.benthamii(Wall.ex DC.)Clarke〕和松潘棱子芹(P.franchetianumHemsl.)、西藏棱子芹(P.hookeriClarke var.thomsoniiClarke)和太白棱子芹(P.giraldiiDiels)、康定棱子芹(P.prattiiWolff)和瘤果棱子芹(P.wrightianumde Boiss.)的果实横切面的解剖结构特征进行了详细观察和比较分析。结果表明:6种植物虽然在外部形态上两两相似,但彼此间的果实解剖结构特征却存在一定的差异。共同特征是果棱均比较发达,且外果皮与中果皮分离,常形成空腔,每个果棱有1个明显的维管束,中果皮高度退化,果壁均很薄,棱槽和合生面均有油管,其中合生面油管数为棱槽油管数的2倍;差异主要表现在果实横切面外形、果体的压扁程度、果棱的发达程度、外果皮拱起程度及角质层的有无和厚度、维管束大小和着生位置、棱槽油管数以及合生面与侧棱的关系等方面。根据观察结果认为康定棱子芹与瘤果棱子芹不宜合并,建议将西藏棱子芹与太白棱子芹予以合并。     

23种伞形科植物果实形态及其分类学意义

该实验采用徒手切片法对伞形科17属23种植物的果实进行了外部形态和解剖特征的观察,结果表明:伞形科果实有背腹压扁、两侧压扁和不压扁3种类型;侧棱有宽、有窄;油管的分布有棱槽单油管型和棱槽多油管型;花柱基多数为圆锥状,少数种的花柱基为扁平垫状;萼齿明显或不明显。通过进一步对属间和属内果实解剖特征的比较得出:(1)果实表面被钩刺或刚毛及果棱特征在属间差异明显,在属内表现出一致性,可作为伞形科属间分类的依据。(2)果实横切面的形状、胚乳腹面的凹凸以及萼齿的形态特征在属内种间的分类研究中有重要的意义。基于果实形态特征,编制了17属23种植物的分种检索表。     

明党参花后果实发育的外部形态特征变化

中国特有伞形科植物明党参(Changium smyrnioides Wolff)花后果实发育过程可分为幼果、中果和熟果3个发育阶段,后两个阶段可分别划分为3个时期.正常成熟的明党参果实为2个分生果完全分离并悬垂的双悬果,属于伞形科中果体轻度背腹压扁、无果棱的类型,并雏形于幼果阶段、成形于中果阶段、完成于熟果阶段;果实中的2个分生果有时有不均等发育现象.花柱及花柱基伴随果体发育并宿存于果体,形成果体与花柱基-花柱的复合体.随果体的增大,果体形状由最初的近陀螺形发育为双肾状长圆形;果棱在幼果和中果阶段时可见,至成熟阶段消失;熟果初期棱槽油管可呈现明显的横隔样结构;果体颜色由幼果期的深绿色变为中果后期的浅绿色,完全成熟时呈褐色或黑棕色.花柱分叉角度从幼果期的60°～90°增大至中果阶段的90°～220°,成熟阶段大于220°;花柱基由圆锥形变为圆台状;幼果、中果和熟果阶段花柱基高度与果体长度的比值分别为1.0～0.8、0.8～0.1和小于0.1.花柱分叉角度和花柱基高度与果体长度的比值可作为判断明党参果实发育程度和阶段的重要标志.     

中国滇芎属果实解剖特征及分类学意义

应用比较解剖学方法对国产滇芎属(Physospermopsis Wolff)以及瘤果芹属(Trachydium Lindl.)和棱子芹属(Pleurospermum Hoffm.)共10种植物果实横切面的解剖特征进行了系统研究,比较分析了分生果的压扁程度、果棱大小、果壁各层果皮的特点、油管数目、胚乳形状等,归纳出上述各属果实的解剖特征,同时结合外部形态及花粉特征,将滇芎属果实分为3个类型.结合已有的研究结果,探讨了滇芎属果实的进化趋势以及属下分类和种间关系,并分析了与瘤果芹属和棱子芹属的演化关系,认为滇芎属果实较后二者果实演化程度低.     

中国棱子芹属16种1变种的果实特征及其分类学意义

采用石蜡切片法对中国棱子芹属植物16种1变种进行了果实外部形态和解剖特征观察,研究了分生果大小、果棱形状、油管数目、胚乳形状等特征,文中探讨了部分棱子芹属植物的分类地位,为该属的系统分类研究及分类问题的解决提供了佐证。主要结论如下:(1)棱子芹属植物果实解剖特征在种间存在明显差异,在种内性状比较稳定。(2)所研究的棱子芹属植物果实在外部形态和解剖结构表现出较高的多态性和一定的规律性,可以为棱子芹属近缘种的鉴定提供重要的参考性状。(3)结合果棱性状、油管数目等解剖结构和前人分子系统学研究证据,研究认为真正的棱子芹属植物其成熟果实外果皮膨胀,果棱远端具空囊,中果皮和维管束形成的内棱较不显著。     

伞形科柴胡属部分物种的果实特征及系统学意义

对21个代表种果实形态与解剖特征观察发现：（1）中国柴胡属（Bupleurum L.）果实以芹亚科（Apioideae）原始的两侧压扁型为主,在外形上可分为圆柱形、矩圆形和卵形3类;（2）在柴胡属中果皮细胞内没有发现广泛存在于芹亚科基部类群变豆菜亚科（Saniculoideae）和天胡荽亚科（Hydrocotyloideae）的晶体后含物;（3）从果实的横切面看,可将柴胡属划分为棱槽单油管型和棱槽多油管型两大类。结合前人对伞形科其它类群果实形态解剖特征的研究及近年来分子系统学的证据,认为：（1）中国柴胡属植物的多油管类型为本属较进化类群;（2）柴胡属可能是芹亚科中连接基部类群与其它类群的过渡环节或进化旁支;（3）果实形态与解剖特征可作为探讨国产柴胡属种内和种间关系的辅助性状,并给出了分种检索表。     

Photoactive furocoumarins in fruits of some umbellifers

Fruits of Anethum graveolens, Angelica archangelica, Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Heracleum sphondylium, Levisticum officinale, Pastinaca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum were analysed for photoactive furocoumarins using HPLC analysis and photobiological bioassay. These sensitive methods revealed furocoumarins not previously detected.     

中国伞形科天胡荽亚科果实解剖特征及其系统学意义

经对中国伞形科天胡荽亚科 (Hydrocotyloideae)中天胡荽属 (HydrocotyleL .)积雪草属 (CentellaL .)和马蹄芹属(DickinsiaFranch .) 10种植物果实解剖结构的观察比较 ,发现 3属的果实横切面以合生面为基准可以分成 2个类型 ,即两侧压扁类型 (天胡荽属和积雪草属 )和背腹压扁类型 (马蹄芹属 )。除此之外 ,中果皮的外侧是否有色素块沉积、内侧是否有木化细胞层或厚壁细胞层以及最内层是否形成晶体细胞层 ,内果皮细胞的层数、排列方向以及有无棱槽油管等性状 ,可以作为区分 3属的重要解剖学特征。在此基础上 ,结合外部形态特征 ,讨论了该亚科及其内部各属的解剖学特征、属间区别及其演化关系。认为马蹄芹属应归属于Mulineae族 ,另外 2个属应归属于天胡荽族(Hydrocotyleae) ;3属中积雪草属原始而马蹄芹属进化 ;天胡荽亚科可能不是自然的类群 ,它的分类系统和演化地位有待深入研究。     

野生水芹与旱芹的营养成分比较分析

为研究野生水芹的营养价值,以湖北野生水芹和旱芹为材料,对新鲜叶片和叶柄的主要营养成分进行了比较分析。结果表明:两种材料叶片和叶柄的淀粉、粗纤维和维生素B1含量的差异不明显,游离氨基酸和维生素B2含量比旱芹低,但野生水芹含有丰富的蛋白质和钙,其叶柄中可溶性糖和磷的含量分别达29.70 mg/g和0.77mg/g,分别比旱芹高57.23%和37.50%;其叶片维生素C、铁含量分别达0.19 mg/g和0.35 mg/g,比旱芹分别高137.50%和191.67%,整株黄酮类物质含量是旱芹含量的2倍。这说明野生水芹具有较高的食用价值,是一种适合作为涝渍地区保护性开发的野生蔬菜资源。     

Thansplasmalemma redox reactions and ion transport in photosynthetic and heterotrophic plant cells

Extracellular ferricyanide reduction, NADH and ferrocyanide oxidation were investigated by spectrophotometrical method on photosynthetic freshwater plants ( Elodea canadensis Rich., Vallisneria spiralis L., Nitella flexilis L.) and heterotrophic tissues (roots of Triticum vulgare L., Hordeum vulgare L., Zea mays L., Pisum sativum L., Avena sativa L., Allium sativa L., Allium cepa L.). All species had ferricyanide reductase activity. The roots of land plants also carried out extracellular oxidation of NADH and ferrocyanide in contrast to leaves of the freshwater plants. External NADH stimulated ferricyanide reductase activity, but only with those objects that had external NADH oxidase activity. In all species ferricyanide decreased the membrane potential (MP), decreased the membrane resistance measured at a fixed current and inhibited K⁺ influx measured by flame photometry. The factors affecting ferricyanide reductase activity also influenced the inhibitory effect of ferricyanide on the MP and K⁺ transport. These results demonstrate a connection between transport, electrogenic and redox functions of the plasmalemma.     

In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from plants used as spices against fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible Candida spp

In the present study, the antifungal activity of selected essential oils obtained from plants used as spices was evaluated against both fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible Candida spp. The Candida species studied were Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei. For comparison purposes, they were arranged in groups as C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and Candida non-albicans. The essential oils were obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn, Lippia graveolens HBK, Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L., and Zingiber officinale. The susceptibility tests were based on the M27-A2 methodology. The chemical composition of the essential oils was obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and by retention indices. The results showed that cinnamon, Mexican oregano, oregano, thyme, and ginger essential oils have different levels of antifungal activity. Oregano and ginger essential oils were found to be the most and the least efficient, respectively. The main finding was that the susceptibilities of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and Candida non-albicans to Mexican oregano, oregano, thyme, and ginger essential oils were higher than those of the fluconazole-susceptible yeasts (P<0.05). In contrast, fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and Candida non-albicans were less susceptible to cinnamon essential oil than their fluconazole-susceptible counterparts (P<0.05). A relationship between the yeasts' susceptibilities and the chemical composition of the essential oils studied was apparent when these 2 parameters were compared. Finally, basil, rosemary, and sage essential oils did not show antifungal activity against Candida isolates at the tested concentrations.     

Polar constituents of celery seed

From the water-soluble portion of the methanol extract of celery seed (fruit of Apium graveolens L.) five sesquiterpenoid glucosides (celerioside A-E) and three phthalide glycosides (celephtalide A-C) were isolated together with six aromatic compound glucosides, two norcarotenoid glucosides and a lignan glucoside. Their structures were determined by spectral investigations.     

Wounding-induced cell wall pH shifts in coleoptile segments of various Poaceae

Wounding-induced extracellular pH shifts were characterized previously in excised segments of maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles. In the present study it is demonstrated that similar pH shifts also occur in Triticum aestivum L., Secale cereale L., Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L., Sorghum durra (Forsk.) Stapf, and Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., with characteristic quantitative differences between the species. Indole-acetic acid induces pronounced drops of the medium pH in all species except Setaria italica. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广东省春季三叶草斑潜蝇寄主种类

对广东省冬后蔬菜调查结果表明,三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyzatri folii(Burgess)的寄主主要有菊科茼蒿、非洲菊,伞形科西芹、香芹,豆科豆角,葫芦科冬瓜,茄科番茄等;其中,茼蒿、芹菜、番茄等受害较重。     

Construction of a genetic linkage map in celery using DNA-based markers.

A F2 population of two celery cultivated types (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum and A. graveolens L. var. secalinum) was used to construct a linkage map consisting of 29 RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), 100 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), four isozyme, one disease resistance, and one growth habit markers. The map contains 11 major groups and 9 small groups and has a total length of 803 cM with an average distance of 6.4 cM between two adjacent loci. Ten percent of the RAPDs segregated as codominant markers and their allelic homologies were tested by Southern hybridization. One-quarter of the dominant RAPDs were linked in repulsion phase, whereas the majority of them were linked to either codominant or dominant markers in coupling phase. About 10% of the markers showed significant segregation distortion. The detectable level of duplications in the celery genome was relatively low.