解钾菌与解磷菌及固氮菌的相互作用

微生物是土壤肥力的核心 ,土壤中的微生物不仅数量巨大 ,而且种类极多 ,许多微生物对土壤Ｎ ,Ｐ和Ｋ等养分的转化和供给起非常重要的作用。目前 ,研究比较多的主要有解钾菌、解磷菌和固氮菌。能够使土壤中矿物态钾转化为有效形态的细菌 ,目前发现的主要有扭脱芽胞杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｅｘ ｔｏｒｑｕｅｎｓ)、胶质芽胞杆菌 (Ｂ .ｍｕｃｉｌｇｉｎｏｓｎｓ)、环状芽胞杆菌 (Ｂ .ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｎｓ) [1,2 ] 等 ,这些细菌有些同时能使矿物态的Ｐ转化为有效形态。能够使土壤中无效态磷转化为有效态磷的微生物种类也很多 ,研究比较多的是假单…     

A Novel Metalloproteinase,Almelysin, from a Marine Bacterium,Alteromonas sp. No. 3696: Purification and Characterization

We have discovered a novel metalloproteinase, which has high activity at low temperatures, from the culture supernatant of a marine bacterium. The strain was identified as Alteromonas sp. No. 3696. The metalloproteinase, named almelysin, was purified to homogeneity from the cultured supernatant at 10°C by two column chromatographies. About 20 mg of purified almelysin was obtained from 18.4 liters of the culture supernatant. The molecular mass of almelysin was estimated to be 28 kDa by SDS–PAGE and the isoelectric point was 4.3. The optimum pH for activity of almelysin was pH 8.5–9.0 and 6.5 using casein and (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl(MOCAc)-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-(N³-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]-L-2,3-di-aminopropionyl)[A₂pr(Dnp)]-Ala-Arg-NH₂ as substrates, respectively. Almelysin was stable between pH 7.5–8.0 and below 40°C. The optimum temperature for the activity was observed to be 40°C using both casein and MOCAc-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-A₂pr(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH₂ as substrates. The activity of almelysin was inhibited by such metallo chelators as EDTA and o-phenanthroline, while talopeptin, phosphoramidon, and SMPI, typical metalloproteinase inhibitors, had no effect. Almelysin primarily cleaved the Ala¹⁴-Leu¹⁵ bond and Phe²⁴-Phe²⁵ bond, and secondarily the Tyr¹⁶-Leu¹⁷ bond in oxidized insulin B-chain. However, almelysin could not cleave the His⁵-Leu⁶, His¹⁰-Leu¹¹, and Gly²³-Phe²⁴ bonds, which were cleaved by other metalloproteinases. These results indicate that the substrate specificity of almelysin is different from other metalloproteinases. Interestingly, Alteromonas sp. No. 3696 strain produced another proteinase as well as almelysin at 25°C.     

Isolation and characterization of chitinase from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp.

A chitinase was separated from the culture broth of Vibrio sp. 11211 isolated from sediment from the South China Sea. The chitinase was purified 18.3-fold with 33% recovery by ammonium sulphate precipitation and chromatography. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be about 30kDa. The enzyme showed optimum pH at 6.5 and optimum temperature at 50^°C, and was stable in the pH range of 4 to 9 and at the temperature below 40^°C.     

Genetic Transformation System for a Psychrotrophic Deep-sea Bacterium: Isolation and Characterization of a Psychrotrophic Plasmid

A versatile system that permits genetic manipulation of a psychrotrophic deep-sea bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS1M3, has been developed. A cryptic indigenous plasmid, pPS1M3, of 3.1 kb from the above strain was isolated and characterized. The nucleotide sequence analysis of plasmid pPS1M3 revealed the presence of one open reading frame, and its deduced amino acid sequence was identified as the essential protein for plasmid maintenance. Transformation with the pPS1M3 harboring antibiotic resistance genes by electroporation was fully successful using the pPS1M3-cured strain as a host. This plasmid was quite stable under nonselective culture conditions for about 100 generations at 4°C. The copy number of this plasmid in the cell was about 5 copies per chromosome. Received May 30, 2000; accepted October 11, 2000.     

Isolation and Culture of a Marine Bacterium Degrading the Sulfated Fucans from Marine Brown Algae

Fucoidans are matrix polysaccharides from marine brown algae, consisting of an α-l-fucose backbone substituted by sulfate-ester groups and masked with ramifications containing other monosaccharide residues. In spite of their interest as biologically active compounds in a number of homologous and heterologous systems, no convenient sources with fucanase activity are available yet for the degradation of the fucalean algae. We here report on the isolation, characterization, and culture conditions of a bacterial strain capable of degrading various brown algal fucoidans. This bacterium, a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, was shown to secrete fucoidan endo-hydrolase activity. An extracellular enzyme preparation was used to degrade the fucoidan from the brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata. End products included a tetrasaccharide and a hexasaccharide made of the repetition of disaccharidic units consisting of α-1→3-l-fucopyranose-2-sulfate-α-1→4-l-fucopyranose-2,3-disulfate, with the 3-linked residues at the nonreducing end.     

Screening of Marine Bacteria for the Production of Microbial Repellents Using a Spectrophotometric Chemotaxis Assay

A method for screening marine bacteria for the production of microbial repellents has been developed. The spectrophotometer provided quantitative information on bacterial chemotaxis in response to extracts from other strains of marine bacteria. Aqueous extracts were incorporated into an agar plug at the base of a cuvette, which was overlaid with a suspension of a motile strain. Negative chemotaxis of the motile strain in response to diffusion of repellent compounds from the agar could be measured by a fall in the optical density, allowing the direct screening of supernatants for repellent activity. Three strains producing metabolites with a repellent effect on a motile marine bacterium were identified. Antibiotic activity and the repellent effect of the supernatants were compared, with no significant correlation being found. The screening method will therefore allow the identification of bioactive metabolites that would be overlooked using traditional antibiotic screening strategies. Received March 4, 1998; accepted November 11, 1998.     

Sulfobacillus sibiricus sp. nov., a New Moderately Thermophilic Bacterium

In the course of pilot industrial testing of a biohydrometallurgical technology for processing gold-arsenic concentrate obtained from the Nezhdaninskoe ore deposit (East Siberia, Sakha (Yakutiya)), a new gram-positive rod-shaped spore-forming moderately thermophilic bacterium (designated as strain N1) oxidizing Fe²⁺, S⁰, and sulfide minerals in the presence of yeast extract (0.02%) was isolated from a dense pulp. Physiologically, strain N1 differs from previously described species of the genus Sulfobacillus in having a somewhat higher optimal growth temperature (55°C). Unlike the type strain of S. thermosulfidooxidans, strain N1 could grow on a medium with 1 mM thiosulfate or sodium tetrathionate as a source of energy only within several passages and failed to grow in the absence of an inorganic energy source on media with sucrose, fructose, glucose, reduced glutathione, alanine, cysteine, sorbitol, sodium acetate, or pyruvate. The G+C content of the DNA of strain N1 was 48.2 mol %. The strain showed 42% homology after DNA–DNA hybridization with the type strain of S. thermosulfidooxidans and 10% homology with the type strain of S. acidophilus. The isolate differed from previously studied strains of S. thermosulfidooxidans in the structure of its chromosomal DNA (determined by the method of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis), which remained stable as growth conditions were changed. According to the results of the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the new strain forms a single cluster with the bacteria of the species Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans (sequence similarity of 97.9–98.6%). Based on these genetic and physiological features, strain N1 is described as a new species Sulfobacillus sibiricus sp. nov.     

1株水产饵料用光合细菌粪红假单胞菌的分离筛选

从凡纳滨对虾池塘水样、底泥中分离光合细菌,依次通过菌株培养液性状、菌体粗蛋白含量、类胡萝卜素、氨基酸及辅酶Q种类和含量综合评价,筛选营养成分较丰富的菌株,为鱼虾贝类提供优良的开口饵料。试验共分离得到35株光合细菌,其中11株菌液均一、稳定且颜色鲜艳;9株菌粗蛋白含量高于60%;3株菌Rh16、Rh25、Rh34类胡萝卜素含量显著高于其他菌株(P0.05),必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值分别为41%、41%和40%,含有的泛醌种类为Q_(10),其中Rh16的Q_(10)含量最高,达6.49μg/mL,可以开发为水产养殖动物优良开口饵料。经培养形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因序列鉴定及系统发育分析表明,菌株Rh16为粪红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas faecalis)。     

Isolation and Characterization of a New Type of Collagenase Producing Bacterium,Bacillus alvei DC-1

A bacterium capable of using collagen as sole carbon and nitrogen sources was isolated and identified as Bacillus alvei DC-1. The specific activity of the ammonium sulfate fraction (80% saturation) was 3.81 x 10⁷ Mandle units/mg. Also, in the collagen substrate, the optimum pHs were 4.5, 6.0, and 7.0. This strain produced a new type of collagenase, which had optimal activity at an acidic pH.     

Isolation and structure of 13,18-dehydroexcelsin,a quassinoid,and glaucarubol from Ailanthus excelsa

A new quassinoid, 13,18-dehydroexcelsin and glaucarubol have been isolated from the bark of Ailanthus excelsa.     

一株吡嘧磺隆降解菌S8-1的分离鉴定及生物学特性

以多年连续施用吡嘧磺隆除草剂的水稻试验田泥土为材料,采用富集培养、平板反复划线分离方法,分离到一株能以吡嘧磺隆为唯一碳源和能源生长的光合细菌(Photosynthetic Bacterium,简称PSB),命名为S8-1。通过菌落形态特征观察、菌体形态学观察、活细胞吸收光谱特征、培养特性、生理生化特性及16SrRNA同源性序列分析(GenBank登录号:GQ180069)等试验,初步鉴定该菌为红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas sp.)。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了菌株S8-1的降解性能,得出该菌降解吡嘧磺隆的最佳条件为:pH值为7.0-7.5,温度为30°C-35°C;在30°C与pH7.0的光合细菌培养基中培养7d,对100mg/L的吡嘧磺隆降解率为52.07%;并且该菌对浓度高达800mg/L的吡嘧磺隆仍保持降解活性,外加发酵提取物能够明显提高菌体的生长及其降解效率,显示了该菌在高浓度农药废水处理及土壤农药残留生物修复方面潜在的开发价值。     

IbpA/B Small Heat-Shock Protein of Marine Bacterium Vibrio harveyi Binds to Proteins Aggregated in a Cell During Heat Shock

The IbpA and IbpB are 16-kDa Escherichia coli proteins belonging to a family of small heat-shock proteins (sHsps). According to the present model, based on the in vitro experiments, sHsps are molecular chaperones that bind and prevent aggregation of nonnative proteins during heat shock. Previously, we have shown that IbpA and IbpB bind to endogenous E. coli proteins aggregated intracellularly by heat shock, which can be separated from soluble proteins and membranes in sucrose density gradients (fraction S). In this work we have found that marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi contains a single sHsp which is strongly induced by heat shock and reacts with the anti-IbpA/B serum. The 26 amino-terminal amino acids of this sHsp bear high homology to E. coli IbpA and IbpB proteins (73% and 54% identity, respectively). Fraction S was prepared from heat-shocked cells of V. harveyi, it contained high amounts of the IbpA/B protein. This result indicates that the IbpA/B protein of V. harveyi binds to the proteins that aggregate in V. harveyi cells during heat shock. Received October 15, 2000; accepted January 30, 2001.     

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Hydrocarbon-Degrading Euryhaline Consortia from Crude Oil and Mangrove Sediments

Two novel and versatile bacterial consortia were developed for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. They were isolated from crude oil from the Cormorant Field in the North Sea (MPD-7) and from sediment associated with mangrove roots (MPD-M). The bacterial consortia were able to degrade both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils very effectively in seawater (35 g/L NaCl) and synthetic media containing 0 to 100 g/L NaCl (1.7 M). Salinities over twice that of normal seawater decreased the biodegradation rates. However, even at the highest salinity biodegradation was significant. Ratios of nC17 to pristane and nC18 to phytane were significantly lowered across the range of salinity. The lowest values were at 0 and 20 g/L (0.34 M). Phytane was degraded in preference to pristane. The degradation of these compounds was constant over the salinity range, with evidence of a slight increase for consortium MPD-M with increasing salinity. In general, the consortium isolated from mangrove root sediments was more efficient in metabolizing North Sea crude oil than the consortium isolated from Cormorant crude oil. The 5 strains that comprise MPD-M have been tentatively identified as species of the genera Marinobacter, Bacillus, and Erwinia. This is the first report of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia isolated from crude oil and mangrove sediments that are capable of treating oily wastes over such a wide range of salinity. Received June 30, 1999; accepted May 29, 2000.     

一种提取小鼠表皮总RNA的新方法

目的:建立一种从小鼠表皮组织提取高质量RNA的方法。方法:用热击法分离小鼠表皮,用TRIzol法提取RNA,用紫外分光光度计测定RNA的产率和纯度,用琼脂糖电泳和RT-PCR检测RNA的质量和完整性。结果:采用新方法提取的小鼠表皮总RNA,其D260nm/D280nm值为1.8～2.0,大于1.5,且RNA产率高于100μg/g;琼脂糖电泳出现5S、18S和28S等3条清晰的rRNA条带,而且28SrRNA条带的亮度约为18S的2倍;用新方法制备的总RNA可成功地用于RT-PCR实验。结论:采用热击法分离表皮并结合TRIzol法可提取到高质量、完整性好的小鼠表皮总RNA,并能用于相关的分子生物学实验。     

Purification and Characterization of N-Acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate Deacetylase from a Psychrotrophic Marine Bacterium, Alteromonas Species

A psychrotrophic bacterium, strain Mct-9, which produced an N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase, was isolated from a deep-seawater sample in the Mariana Trough. The Mct-9 strain was identified as Alteromonas sp. The native enzyme had a molecular mass of 164,000 Da, and was predicted to be composed of four identical subunits with molecular masses of 41,000 Da. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), GlcNAc-6-phosphate, and GlcNAc-6-sulfate. Considering the low K _m and high k _cat /K _m for GlcNAc-6-phosphate, it probably acts as a GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase in vivo. The enzyme was functional in the temperature range of 5° to 70°C and displayed optimal activity at 55°C. The optimal temperature was higher than that of the deacetylase from the mesophilic bacterium Vibrio cholerae non-O1. The characteristics of the GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase from Alteromonas sp. are unique among psychrotrophs and psychrophiles, whose intracellular enzymes are mostly thermolabile. Received May 6, 1999; accepted August 16, 1999.     

Sphaerotilus natans,a Neutrophilic Iron-Related Sheath-Forming Bacterium: Perspectives for Metal Remediation Strategies

Sphaerotilus natans is a neutrophilic sheath-forming microorganism from the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group of iron-related bacteria, known to form bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS) frequently deposited on cell surfaces as well as on sheaths and extracellular polymeric substances. S. natans has been reported to be an excellent sorbent for inorganic pollutants, either due to direct sorption onto biological surfaces or due to sorption onto BIOS. However, its filaments can cause bulking problems in wastewater treatment plants. This article promotes the potential applications of Sphaerotilus natans in bioremediation by reviewing its physiology and the fundamental understanding of sheath-forming mechanisms as well as iron biomineralization processes.     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其系统发育分析

利用纤维素降解细菌和纤维素粘附的方法分别从新鲜牛粪、高温堆肥和本实验室保存的纤维素降解富集物中分离得到4株嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性,直的或稍弯曲杆菌,菌体大小为0.4μm～0.6μm×3μm～15μm,严格厌氧,不还原硫酸盐,形成芽孢。多数芽孢着生于菌体顶端。分离菌株能利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉Whatman CFII、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和未经处理的玉米秆芯、甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆。分离菌株在pH6.2～8.9、温度45℃～65℃范围内利用纤维素,最适pH为7.0～7.5,最适温度为55℃～60℃,发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。分离菌株还可利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇作为碳源。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株EVAI与Clostridium thermocellum具有99.8%相似性。     

一种从感染的培养细胞中分离细菌RNA的方法

病原菌全基因组表达谱研究是阐明其致病机理的必要的基础 ,已经成为当前生命科学领域的热点和重点 ;然而由于难于从感染的组织中快速固定并分离细菌RNA ,从而极大的制约了该研究的进展。介绍一种从感染的细胞中分离细菌RNA的方法———冷酸酚法 ,其主要特点是 :(1)使用可以破碎真核细胞但不影响细菌细胞完整性的SDS浓度 ,实现了从感染的细胞中快速分离完整的细菌 ,减少了宿主细胞RNA的污染 ;(2 )在将细菌从细胞中分离的同时即利用苯酚 乙醇混合液将其总RNA快速固定 ,既减少了RNA的降解 ,又最大限度地保持了细菌在哺乳细胞内原有的表达模式 ;(3)可以从 10 8个菌体中提取到至少 30 μg的总RNA ,足够用于反转录等其他研究。该方法将为利用DNAMicroarray技术进行的病原菌表达谱研究提供有益的借鉴。