THE EFFECT OF TRANSFER AND LABORATORY ACCLIMATION ON THE ACID-BASE AND ELECTROLYTE STATUS OF THE FRESHWATER UNIONID MUSSEL ANODONTA ANATINA (L.)

The effect of different conditions of transfer (+;1 °C withwater, +20 °C with and without water) from the natural habitatand laboratory acclimation procedure (with and without bottomsediment) on the acid-base and electrolyte status of the freshwateruniomd mussel Anodonta anatina (L.) was studied. The shift inthe acid-base status of A. anatina during the transfer was smallerat 1°C than at 20°C. The pO₂ content of the haemolymphdeclined significantly under all three transfer conditions.Neither the transfer nor the laboratory acclimation affectedhaemolymph [Na⁺]. However, during transfer at 1°C the haemolyraph[Ca²⁺] did not change, whereas [K⁺] increased up to three fold.Haemolymph [Ca²⁺] increased when mussels were transferred at20°C After a 17-day aquarium acclimation, the pO₂ of all the musselskept in the sediment had returned to the field level and thetransfer seemed to have had no effect on the pCH of the haemolymph.Conversely, in the groups kept without sediment, the pO₂ continuouslyremained above the field level. Whereas the [K⁺] of all themussels declined to the field level, the haemolymph [Ca²⁺] remainedelevated throughout the entire acclimation period of 17 days. (Received 22 May 1995; accepted 20 October 1995)     

不同pH值对三角帆蚌珍珠质分泌的影响

运用多种组织化学方法和透射电镜技术,研究了５种ｐＨ水环境（ｐＨ５、６、７、８、９）对三角帆砷外套膜珍珠质分泌的影响机制,结果表明,在中性水环境中,贝体能积极地从外界水环境中吸收钙,并能旺盛地合成和分泌贝壳珍珠层及珍珠有机基质前体物质,持续的酸性水环境导致贝体的钙严重丢失,并引起珍珠质分泌细胞对有机基质前体物质的合成和分泌能力减弱,持续的碱性水环境虽能导致贝体对钙的积累,但珍珠质分泌细胞合成和分泌珍     

褶纹冠蚌精子的超微结构研究

利用电镜褶纹冠蚌精子的形态和结构作了研究,结果表明：精子全长约40-43μm,由头部、中段和鞭毛组成。头部呈子弹头形,长约2.6μm,直径约1.5μm,内含细胞核,核属浓缩型,外被核膜,5个球形的线粒体构成了精子的中段,中段长约0.6μm,最大直径约1.8μm。近端中心粒位于核基部的凹陷处,并通过致密的无定形的基质与远端中心粒相连,远端中心粒与鞭毛领之间通过硬功夫个围中心粒器紧密相连,鞭毛长约37-40μm。精子顶体退化,仅由几个顶体囊泡组成。     

GLOCHIDIA OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL LAMPSILIS OVERWINTERING ON FISH HOSTS

Largemouth Bass were infected with glochidia of the freshwatermussel Lampsilis cardium. Three fishes each were held at 4.5,10, and 15.5°C; five fish were held at 21°C. By 64 days,metamorphosed juveniles were found in the 15.5 and 21°Ctrials but not in the 5.5 and 10°C trials, indicating thatthe lower threshold temperature for metamorphosis was between10 and 15.5°C for the duration. In a second experiment,Largemouth Bass were infected with glochidia of L. cardium andheld at 10°C. A sample of fishes was removed monthly andbrought to 21°C. Numbers of glochidia that metamorphosedafter being warmed were compared to the number that metamorphosedwithout warming. The percentage that metamorphosed after warmingdecreased linearly with time. At one month, 100% of the glochidiametamorphosed after warming. This decreased to 80% by two months,to 30% by four months and 3% by six months. Although this post-warmingpercentage decreased with time, the total percentage of metamorphosedjuveniles (at all temperatures) was not correlated with time.Controls kept at 21°C required three weeks to reach peakmetamorphosis, but test subjects subjected to 10°C requiredless than nine days to metamorphose once warmed. Many overwinteringglochidia therefore complete a portion of their developmenton the host at winter temperatures, but stop short of excystment.Some glochidia metamorphosed without being warmed, but thisphenomenon is not understood. This study confirms that glochidiamay overwinter on hosts, with some glochidia persisting formore than six months before metamorphosing when warmer conditionsreturn. (Received 29 September 1998; accepted 18 January 1999)     

褶纹冠蚌精子球的形态和超微结构观察

利用光镜和电镜技术研究了褶纹冠蚌精子球的形态和超微结构.结果表明:精子球呈球形,直径约65-70μm,容纳2300多个精子.从外向内,精子球由非细胞层、表面层和内部区组成.非细胞层薄,厚约0.6μm,易碎.表面层厚约7.5μm,被分隔成许多辐射状排列的小室,单个精子头部位于小室内,指向精子球的中央,而精子的单个鞭毛由精子球的表面伸出.精子质膜在鞭毛领处与表面层相连,相邻精子间无细胞质桥相连.内部区呈球状,内含絮状物质.精子球从雄蚌出水管排出后,位于精子球外周的鞭毛沿固定方向不停地摆动,精子球翻滚着向前运动,且单个精子依次从精子球上脱落下来,最后精子球成为一中空的球,历时120h.       

几种淡水蚌外套膜蛋白质氨基酸组成及部分元素分析

测定了三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背视丽蚌外套膜的粗蛋白含量 ,分析了外套膜干粉的氨基酸组成 ,并采用原子吸收光谱法和等离子吸收光谱法测定三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌外套膜的 12种元素含量。结果表明 :干燥外套膜蛋白质含量为 :三角帆蚌 4 1 34% ,圆背角无齿蚌2 2 0 3% ,褶纹冠蚌 32 14 % ,背视丽蚌 7 78%。这四种淡水蚌外套膜均含有 17种氨基酸。被测的 12种元素中 ,Cu元素含量最高 ,其次是Fe ,Mn ,Mg ,Ca ,Zn ,Cr,而Ni,Co ,Pb ,Hg等元素含量较低。这四种淡水蚌外套膜是一类优质的动物蛋白质资源。     

淡水育珠蚌体外培养外套膜细胞分泌的珍珠质的性质研究

对淡水育珠蚌分泌珍珠质的外表皮进行组织培养,取培养不同时间的培养基,用氨基酸分析仪对其氨基酸测定的结果与空白培养基作比较,其中珍珠所含的各种氨基酸均增加,尤其是珍珠中含量最高的丙氨酸,甘氨酸和谷氨酸增加最多,珍珠药用有效成分之一的牛磺酸,随组织培养时间的延长而逐渐增加,用等离子光谱测定培养组织匀浆液与未培养比较,钙的含量也大为增加,结果表明,离体组织培养分泌的珍珠质的化学成分和性质与活体基本相同。     

血雉育雏期家族活动和暖雏行为

1994年 11月至 1995年 9月在四川卧龙自然保护区五一棚地区 ,采用无线电追踪技术并结合野外观察 ,对血雉育雏期家族群的活动和暖雏行为进行了研究。双亲共同育雏组成家族群活动。雌鸟每次暖雏持续时间7 87± 0 45 (90 )min ,与雏鸟的日龄无关 (r =0 0 6 3 ,P =0 5 40 ) ;相邻两次暖雏的间隔时间为 13 6 0± 1 15min。随着雏鸟日龄的增长 ,暖雏次数趋势于减少 (r =- 0 878,P <0 0 0 1) ,而在多云、降雨等较冷的天气暖雏次数增多。雏鸟 40日龄后未再观察到暖雏行为。以家族群每日平均移动率计算活动性并探讨与雏鸟日龄的关系时发现 ,两者间存在显著的正相关关系 (r =0 6 80 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,育雏期第二个月家族群活动区面积 (0 17km2 )比第一个月的 (0 15km2 )大。     

EXPERIMENTS ON THE MOVEMENT OF STREPTOMYCIN IN CHERRY TREES

Systemic activity of streptomycin in cherry trees was investigated by studying the penetration of the antibiotic into leaves and its subsequent translocation.
Antibiotic penetration appreciably suppressed infection with Pseudomonas morsprunorum. In detached leaves the uptake of the antibiotic was progressive with time.
Widespread and rapid distribution of the antibiotic in the transpiration stream resulted from petiolar injection. Immersion of the laminae of intact leaves in the antibiotic resulted in a much slower translocation, possibly occurring in the transpiration stream.
Evidence suggests that the antibacterial activity detected in fruiting spurs after field spraying is not dependent on the presence of leaves, but results from direct penetration of the antibiotic through the dermal tissues of the spur.
It was concluded that foliar sprays at field concentrations were unlikely to result in significant systemic distribution of the antibiotic, but that localized activity might be an important factor in the control of bacterial canker.     

中国糙蚌属二新种（瓣鳃纲：蚌科）

本文记述糙蚌属Scabies Hass 1911二新种,分别命名为中国糙蚌Scabies chinensis和长糙蚌S.longata。该属在我国为首次发现。     

池蝶蚌组织蛋白酶L基因的组织表达及免疫应激分析

应用cDNA文库筛查及同源片段克隆拼接技术,克隆了池蝶蚌组织蛋白酶L(Hs-CtsL)cDNA基因全长序列(GenBank注册号为JN604558)。其cDNA全长1152 bp,5′-非翻译区(Untranslated Region,UTR)长1 bp,3′-UTR长149 bp包括1个多聚腺苷信号AATAAA和Poly(A)尾巴,开放阅读框(Open reading frame ORF)为1002 bp,编码333个氨基酸组成的多肽链。其分子量约37.7 kD,理论等电点为7.16,包含信号肽、前体域和成熟域。系统进化分析显示,Hs-CtsL同无脊椎动物组织蛋白酶L聚为一支,且同三角帆蚌亲缘关系最近,其次为褶纹冠蚌。组织表达分析结果显示,池蝶蚌组织蛋白酶L在肠、鳃、性腺、外套膜、斧足、闭壳肌、血细胞、肝胰腺、肾和心脏均有表达,其中血细胞中表达量最高。应激实验表明,经嗜水气单胞菌刺激后,Hs-CtsL在血细胞、鳃、肝胰腺和外套膜中的表达量显著上调。其中在肝胰腺中刺激后6h表达量到达峰值,在血细胞、鳃和外套膜中的表达模式近似,表现为一个波动变化,在4h、12h和48h被上调。结果暗示着Hs-CtsL除参与了池蝶蚌血细胞的先天性免疫防御以外,还参与了其消化腺免疫器官的免疫应答反应。     

广西柳杉木材构造、材性研究

南丹大塘山林场所产的柳杉生长良好,年轮平均宽度达0.8cm左右,比生长在南丹的杉木还要宽,在木材构造方面,柳杉管胞(纤维)的长度、直径、胞壁厚度等都稍低于杉木,其中差距较大为早材管胞长度。从木材性质来看,除年轮宽度、弦径干缩比、弦面抗劈力、冲击韧性稍大于杉木外,余均稍低于杉木;柳杉木材质量系数为中质量,强度性质为低的一级,其他强重比如顺压、抗弯等虽稍低于杉木,但在一般用途可以适应的。无论在化工原料、原木利用,交通运输、一般用器都具有一定的经济价值。     

EXPERIMENTS ON THE LIMITATION OF BIRD NUMBERS BY TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR

(1) This paper examines removal and other experimental studies on the role of territorial behaviour in the limitation of bird densities. Experimental design is discussed, as are the types of conclusions that can be drawn. (2) Experiments have been conducted on more than 40 species from a wide range of taxonomic groups. Most provided evidence for density limitation, probably mediated by territorial behaviour, and for the existence of a non-territorial sector able to take territories when territory owners were removed or when additional habitat was made available. Experiments in the breeding season indicated that some surplus birds, although younger on average then territorial birds, were sexually mature and able to breed when given the chance. In some species, replacement birds bred less well than other territorial birds, but in other species no difference was apparent between the two groups. (3) Other experiments indicated that, while density was limited by territorial behaviour in good habitats, this was not the case in poor habitats, and that some individuals would move from poor to good habitat when territory owners were removed from good habitat. (4) In some species, non-territorial birds of breeding age were present in the population despite the existence of vacant territorial sites, while in others replacements were observed on good territories but not on poor ones. The implications were that site quality influenced whether settlement, defence and breeding occurred, and that some individuals had more stringent site requirements than others. In some seabirds' sites in the centre of a colony were more attractive than sites on the edges. (5) Many land-bird species that have been studied show two peaks of territorial activity each year, in autumn and in spring, and a limitation on breeding density can occur at either or both seasons, depending on conditions. (6) The fact that densities of many bird species fluctuate greatly from year to year is not inconsistent with the limitation of density by territorial behaviour. Several mechanisms are apparent through which density might be limited by territorialism at different levels in different years, so that surplus non-territorial birds are present in years of low territorial density, as well as in years of high territorial density. (7) Experiments have shown that density is limited by the presence of territorial birds, in some species at different levels in different areas or years. The next step is to find whether density is regulated by the presence of territorial birds over a period of years in a density-dependent manner. For this, observational data are required to find whether the proportion of birds that is excluded by territorial behaviour each year varies with the total number available for settlement. Such studies can be made only on species in which non-territorial birds can be counted accurately, as well as territorial ones.     

褶纹冠蚌光珠与骨珠珍珠囊差异的研究

运用多种组织化学方法和电镜技术研究了褶纹冠蚌光珠和骨珠珍珠囊表皮细胞的形态结构、分泌物性质和功能等方面的差异。结果表明：骨珠珍珠囊表皮细胞合成和分泌珍珠前体物质的能力较光珠的强,故骨珠的形成速度比光珠快;光珠和骨珠珍珠囊表皮细胞合成和分泌的蛋白质的差异决定了光珠和骨珠的形成;光珠和骨珠珍珠囊表皮细胞的形态结构特征差异可作为检验和预测人工培育珍珠质量的细胞学标准。