高频超声联合低频超声检查诊断新生儿颅脑病变的临床价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨高频联合低频超声对新生儿颅脑病变的诊断价值,为新生儿颅脑病变的诊断提供依据。方法：选择2019年1月-2021年4月安徽省儿童医院接诊并疑似出现颅脑病变的新生儿62例作为研究对象,所有研究对象均应用高频超声联合低频超声探头对颅脑进行检查,并住院治疗。比较高频超声、低频超声、高频联合低频超声对新生儿颅脑病变的检出率;根据出院诊断结果比较高频超声、低频超声及联合检查与临床诊断符合情况及对颅脑病变的诊断价值。结果：高频超声检出颅脑病变35例（56.45%）,低频超声检出颅脑病变27例（43.55%）,高频超声联合低频超声检出颅脑病变53例（85.48%）,高频超声联合低频超声对新生儿颅脑病变的检出率显著高于高频超声、低频超声（P<0.05）;高频超声对新生儿颅脑病变的检出率显著高于低频超声（P<0.05）。高频联合低频超声对新生儿颅脑疾病诊断与临床诊断总体符合率高于高频超声、低频超声,高频超声对新生儿颅脑疾病诊断与临床诊断总体符合率高于低频超声（P<0.05）。高频联合低频超声对新生儿不同颅脑疾病诊断灵敏度、准确度显著高于高频超声、低频超声（P<0.05）,高频超声对新生儿不同颅脑疾病诊断灵敏度、准确度显著高于低频超声（P<0.05）,三种检查方法对新生儿不同颅脑疾病诊断特异度比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：高频联合低频超声检查诊断新生儿不同颅脑病变的灵敏度、准确度均较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Utility of ultrasound stimulation for activation of pig oocytes matured in vitro

The present study was carried out to examine the development of pig oocytes after exposing to ultrasound under various conditions. When oocytes were exposed to ultrasound in the sorbitol medium, the blastocyst formation rate was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of oocytes exposed in HEPES-TLP-PVA. Optison, an echo-contrast microbubble, prevented the development into blastocysts of oocytes exposed to ultrasound in the sorbitol medium (P < 0.01). The mean number of cells in the blastocysts developed from oocytes exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that obtained by using ultrasound with 50% duty cycle. The blastocyst formation rate of oocytes exposed to ultrasound for 30 sec was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that exposed for 10 sec. There were no significant differences in the rates of oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage and the mean numbers of cells in the blastocysts among different intensities of ultrasound. The pronuclear formation and second polar body extrusion rates of oocytes exposed to ultrasound did not differ from eclectically activated oocytes. Although there was no significant difference in the blastocyst formation rates between different activation methods, the mean number of cells in the blastocysts developed from oocytes activated by exposing to ultrasound was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that obtained by applying electric pulses. The results of the present study showed that ultrasound stimulation can induce the nuclear activation and parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes matured in vitro.     

新型声学造影剂在常规诊断超声频率下对在 体肾脏及离体培养细胞影响的研究

目的：评价新型超声造影剂在常规诊断超声频率下对组织细胞结构的影响。资料和方法：体外培养的人近曲小管上皮细胞分为造影剂无超声照射组,单纯超声照射组,MI 1．5,造影剂加超声照射组。MI 0．28,造影剂加超声照射组,MI 1．5。超声照射时间为10分钟。实验完后用2.5％的戊二醛固定4小时,送电镜室做扫描电镜。正常免肾经耳缘静脉按0．02ml／kg团注脂氟显（新桥医院超声科实验室自制）,用6MHz的超声频率照射,MI 0．28。照射10分钟。活体取肾皮质。放入3．0％的戊二醛溶液中固定,送电镜室做投射电镜。结果：离体培养的人近端小管上皮细胞单纯超声照射、单纯加造影剂、造影剂加超声照射MI 0．28和MI 1．5时扫描电镜观察细胞形态无改变,细胞表面未见异常。透射电镜观察免肾小囊腔和肾小管上皮细胞超微结构未见特异性政变。结论：新型脂质体声学造影剂在诊断剂量超声照射下不会对组织细胞结构产生影响。新型脂质体声学造影剂在诊断剂量下是安全的。     

腰腹肌运动联合超声波对非特异性下腰痛的治疗效果及机制

为了解腰腹肌运动联合超声波治疗的效果,本研究对腰腹肌运动联合超声波治疗非特异性下腰痛进行了探讨。研究显示,治疗4周后,腰腹肌运动+超声波治疗组的疼痛评分(0.73)显著低于超声波治疗组(1.22)(p<0.05)。腰腹肌运动+超声波治疗组的立位体前屈活动幅度(2.35 cm)显著低于超声波治疗组(6.23 cm)(p<0.05)。腰腹肌运动+超声波治疗组的屈伸肌总功和屈伸肌峰值力矩比显著高于超声波治疗组(p<0.05)。腰腹肌运动+超声波治疗组的Oswestry功能障碍指数问卷表(ODI)评分显著低于超声波治疗组(p<0.05)。治疗4周后,腰腹肌运动+超声波治疗组的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)水平显著高于超声波治疗组,而丙二醛(MDA)水平显著低于超声波治疗组(p<0.05)。为了进一步考察运动联合超声波疗法对下腰痛的治疗机制,本研究建立了完全弗氏佐剂诱导的腰椎间盘退变大鼠模型。采用阿利新蓝染色检测大鼠椎间盘纤维环区和髓核区蛋白多糖的水平,并采用免疫组化染色检测蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原的表达,发现运动联合超声波治疗可明显提高大鼠蛋白多糖、Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖水平。本研究表明,与超声波治疗相比,腰腹肌运动联合超声波治疗可更大程度地降低非特异性下腰痛患者的疼痛,提高肌肉功能和腰椎功能,增强血清抗氧化能力,并减少氧化应激损伤。此外,该联合疗法可明显提高腰椎间盘退变大鼠椎间盘中的蛋白多糖、Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖水平。     

Stimulating effect of focused ultrasound on auditory fibers of the acoustic nerve in the frog Rana temporaria

After mechanical destruction of the receptor apparatus, application of focused ultrasound (frequency 2.34 mHz) to the auditory fibers of the frog elicited the electrical activity in the auditory midbrain centers (torus semicircularis). Action potentials evoked by focused ultrasound were similar to those evoked by activation of the intact contralateral labyrinth. After introduction of horseradish peroxidase into the destroyed auditory capsule, fibers activated by ultrasound were detected. Therefore electrophysiological and histochemical experiments reveal stimulating effect of focused ultrasound on the auditory fibers of the VIIIth nerve.     

Effect of ultrasound on the production of IL-8, basic FGF and VEGF.

Therapeutic angiogenesis is the controlled induction or stimulation of new blood vessel formation to reduce unfavourable tissue effects caused by local hypoxia and to enhance tissue repair. The effects of ultrasound on wound healing, chronic ulcers, fracture healing and osteoradionecrosis may be explained by the enhancement of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify which cytokines and angiogenesis factors are induced by ultrasound in vitro.Two ultrasound machines were evaluated, a "traditional" (1 MHz, pulsed 1:4, tested at four intensities), and a "long wave" machine (45 kHz, continuous, also tested at four intensities). The ultrasound was applied to human mandibular osteoblasts, gingival fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (monocytes). The following cytokines and angiogenesis factors were assayed by ELISA techniques: interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-8, fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).A slight stimulation of IL-1beta was noted in all cell types. There was no difference in the IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels. The angiogenesis-related cytokines, IL-8 and bFGF, were significantly stimulated in osteoblasts, and VEGF was significantly stimulated in all cell types. Both ultrasound machines produced similar results, and the optimum intensities were 0.1 and 0. 4 W/cm2 (SATA) with 1 MHz ultrasound, and 15 and 30 mW/cm2 (SATA) with 45 kHz ultrasound.The results show that therapeutic ultrasound stimulates the production of angiogenic factors such as IL-8, bFGF and VEGF. This may be one of the mechanisms through which therapeutic ultrasound induces angiogenesis and healing.     

Application of Breast Ultrasound in a Mammography-Based Chinese Breast Screening Study

We evaluated the clinical significance of the combined use of mammography + ultrasound as a new breast screening strategy. The inclusion criteria were: (1) females aged >40yrs; (2) breast cancer diagnosis by the breast image screening personnel at FUSCC; (3) screening by both ultrasound and mammography; (4) mammographic/sonographic images analyzed independently by different radiologists; and (5) follow-up for at least 1 year. Fifty-four women were enrolled. The analysis included diagnostic sensitivity of mammography, ultrasound, and mammography + ultrasound. The sensitivities of mammography and mammography + ultrasound were compared overall as well as among different age groups/breast densities. The screening sensitivity of mammography, ultrasound, and mammography + ultrasound was 79.6, 57.4, and 92.6 %, respectively. The difference between mammography and mammography + ultrasound was significant (P < 0.05). The benefit of including ultrasound with mammography as a new breast image screening strategy was found statistically significant in patients with dense breast on mammogram while it was non-significant in younger (<50 years) women. We, therefore, concluded that mammography + ultrasound increased the diagnostic sensitivity of breast screening; hence it was more desirable for women with dense breast on mammography.     

Birth of cloned miniature pigs derived from somatic cell nuclear transferred embryos activated by ultrasound treatment

The present study was carried out to determine (1) the optimal duty cycle of ultrasound for activation of pig oocytes and cloned embryos derived from miniature pig fetal fibroblasts and (2) whether cloned embryos can develop to term following activation by ultrasound stimulation. When oocytes were exposed to ultrasound with 20% or 30% duty cycle, the blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of oocytes exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle. In contrast, the blastocyst formation rate of cloned embryos decreased as the duty cycle of ultrasound increased; the value of embryos exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of embryos exposed to ultrasound with 50% duty cycle. When cloned embryos exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle were transferred into the oviducts of two recipient gilts to assess their development in vivo, the pregnancy of one of the gilts was maintained to term and two piglets were delivered via Cesarean section. The results of the present study showed that (1) although the duty cycle of ultrasound affects in vitro development after activation of both pig oocytes and miniature pig cloned embryos, the optimal duty cycle is different between them and (2) miniature pig cloned embryos have the ability to develop into piglets after activation by ultrasound stimulation.     

The effect of ultrasound on the attractiveness of acoustic mating signals

Abstract. Previous laboratory studies ( Nolen & Hoy 1986b ) have shown that the phonotactic responses of flying crickets are influenced by the relative intensities of attractive (mating signal) and repulsive (predator) stimuli. At the functional level, these results suggest that predator cues (ultrasound) can change the attractiveness of a calling song. Using extracellular recordings from cervical connectives it was shown that, like other field crickets, Gryllus rubens (south-eastern field cricket) is sensitive to ultrasound. This ultrasonic sensitivity has probably evolved in response to predation pressure from echolocating bats. Using acoustic playback under field conditions, it was tested whether the relative attractiveness of two male calling songs was influenced by the simultaneous broadcast of ultrasound. A simulated male calling song of G. rubens was broadcast at two different intensities (109 and 103 dB) from two sound traps that caught flying crickets attracted to the songs. Simulated bat ultrasound was broadcast simultaneously with the high-intensity calling song (109 dB) and the relative catch in each of the two traps was measured. The intensity of the ultrasound was varied on different nights. The relative attractiveness of the high-intensity sound trap decreased significantly as the intensity of the ultrasound broadcast with it was increased. For the lowest of the ultrasound broadcast levels, the relative attractiveness did not differ from that expected for two calling songs broadcast without ultrasound. Thus, increased levels of simulated predation risk decreased the attractiveness of the calling song associated with it. These are the first field experiments to show that predation risk in the form of simulated bat ultrasound influences the phonotactic behaviour of flying crickets.     

肝肿瘤实时超声造影45 例分析

目的：探讨宴时超声造影在肝肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：经静脉注射造影剂Sono Vue后,对45（男24、女21）例肝肿瘤患者（共63个病灶）,在低机械指数状态下进行实时超声造影检查,并对录像资料进行回放、分析诊断,与基础超声诊断结果进行比较,通过病理证实。结果：基础超声、实时超声造影对肝肿瘤病灶的检出率分别为87．3％和96．8％,最大径小于1．0cm的肿瘤,基础超声、实时超声造影对肝肿瘤病灶的检出率分别是41.7％和83．3％。基础超声有52．4％（33／63）的肿瘤边界显示不清晰,实时超声造影有6．3％（4／63）的肿瘤边界显示不清。对肝恶性肿瘤的诊断,基础超声诊断的敏感性、特异性、住确性分别是51．4％、66．7％和56．4％;实时超声造影诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为95.3％,94．4％和95．1％,两者之间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：实时超声造影在发现肿瘤数目、大小、边界较基础超声提供的信息多,实时超声造影对肝肿瘤性质鉴别优于基础超声。     

产前经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的诊断效能研究

摘要 目的：探究产前经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的诊断效能。方法：2019年11月-2021年12月于我院收治的产前超声诊断为前置胎盘的孕妇共计62例,其中44例超声诊断合并了胎盘植入的孕妇。所有孕妇产前均进行经腹灰阶检查、经腹彩色超声检查和二者联合检查胎盘植入性疾病,通过分析胎盘植入性疾病筛查结果,评价产前超声经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的筛查效能。结果：（1）通过灰阶超声诊断检出胎盘植入的灵敏度为73.42 %,特异度为86.54 %;（2）通过彩色超声诊断检出胎盘植入的灵敏度为76.89%,特异度为89.07 %;（3）经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数诊断检出胎盘植入的灵敏度为87.79 %,特异度为90.36 %;（4）经腹灰阶检查、经腹彩色超声检查和二者联合检查对胎盘植入性疾病筛查阳性率分别为56.45 %、62.90 %和67.74 %,二者联合检查对产前胎盘植入性疾病筛查阳性率显著高于经腹灰阶检查和经腹彩色超声检查（P<0.05）。（5）二者联合检查的敏感度为72.26 %,特异度为90.54 %,阳性比为95.55 %,诊断比值比为78.89 %。结论：产前经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的诊断有较高的灵敏度和特异度,值得临床推广应用。     

超声联合钼靶X线对直径小于1 cm的乳腺癌诊断价值分析

目的:探讨超声联合钼靶X线对直径小于1 cm的乳腺癌诊断价值。方法:选择我院2012年1月至2017年12月收治的66例乳腺疾病患者,所有患者术前均经钼靶X线及彩色多普勒超声检查,分析其病理结果,分析钼靶X线、彩色多普勒超声及二者联合对乳腺肿块的检查结果(边缘毛刺征、血管、淋巴结、微小钙化),比较其对乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果:66例患者中,经病理检查发现恶性肿瘤34例,良性肿瘤32例。与病理检测相比,彩色多普勒超声联合钼靶X线对乳腺肿块的良恶性检出率无差异性(P0.05),而彩色多普勒超声,钼靶X线的良恶性检出率均显著降低(P0.05)。彩色多普勒超声与钼靶X线良恶性检出率对比无差异(P0.05),但均低于彩色多普勒超声联合钼靶X线的检出率(P0.05)。彩色多普勒超声与钼靶X线对乳腺癌的边缘毛刺征的检出率对比无统计学意义(P0.05);彩色多普勒超声对血管和淋巴结的检出率明显高于钼靶X线,而微小钙化的检出率明显低于钼靶X线,对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。彩色多普勒超声联合钼靶X线的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均明显高于彩色多普勒超声及钼靶X线(P0.05),钼靶X线及彩色多普勒超声间对比无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声与钼靶X线对直径小于1 cm乳腺癌的诊断各有优势,二者联合应用的诊断价值优于单一诊断方法。     

A prospective analysis of endometrial cycle changes by ultrasound in the female cynomolgus monkey.

Endometrial cycle changes in adule female cynomolgus monkeys with normal ovulatory cycles were examined prospectively by real-time ultrasound. Endometrial thickness, as measured by ultrasound, was correlated with cycle day and serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels. We conclude that ultrasound is a reliable method of diagnosis of endometrial cycle stage.     

Enhancement of the differentiation of protocorm-like bodies of Dendrobium officinale to shoots by ultrasound treatment

An efficient micropropagation protocol has been developed for Dendrobium officinale, through protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). A correlation between enhanced differentiation of PLBs of D. officinale by ultrasound and changes in the levels of endogenous hormones and the antioxidant enzyme activities was described. Ultrasound treatments improved the conversion of PLBs of D. officinale to shoots. The highest conversion frequency of PLBs to shoots was obtained following the ultrasound treatment at 300 W for 5 min. Compared to the control, the enhanced conversion of PLBs to shoots following the ultrasound treatment was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of total cytokinins (CTKs) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which was due to a decrease in the endogenous level of IAA and an increase in the endogenous level of total CTKs. Analysis of enzyme activities indicated that the increased endogenous level of total CTKs driven by ultrasound was associated with the inhibition of CTK decomposition by CTK oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6), while the decreased endogenous level of IAA was associated with the promotion of IAA decomposition by IAA oxidase (EC 1.10.3.3). In addition, ultrasound treatment increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) in the conversion process of PLBs to shoots.     

超声造影在甲状腺结节鉴别诊断及良性结节微波消融治疗中的应用价值

摘要 目的：研究超声造影在甲状腺结节鉴别诊断及良性结节微波消融治疗中的应用价值。方法：选取2015年1月～2018年2月我院收治的甲状腺结节患者100例作为研究对象,所有纳入对象均进行超声造影检查,分析甲状腺结节的超声造影特征,并与病理诊断结果进行对照。此外,将甲状腺良性结节患者以随机抽签法分成超声造影组31例和常规超声组30例。超声造影组微波消融治疗前后均予以超声造影配合,常规超声组微波消融治疗前后均予以常规超声配合。比较两组治疗前后甲状腺结节造影情况以及术后1年结节复发情况。结果：甲状腺恶性结节增强强度为低增强、增强模式为不均匀、无环绕增强占比均高于良性结节（均P＜0.05）。以病理诊断为金标准,超声造影诊断恶性甲状腺结节的灵敏度为92.31%、特异度为78.69%、准确度为84.00%。治疗后超声造影组甲状腺结节最长径、体积均低于常规超声组（均P＜0.05）。超声造影组术后1年结节复发率为0.00%,低于常规超声组的16.67%（P＜0.05）。结论：超声造影应用于甲状腺结节鉴别诊断的价值较高,且结合微波消融治疗良性结节的效果明显,预后理想,值得临床推广应用。     

ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal muscles actomyosin complex under ultrasound effect

Influence of continuous and impulsive ultrasound 0.05; 0.2; 0.4; 0.7 and 1.0 W/cm2 on ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin has been investigated in this work. It has been shown that most changes of Mg2+, Ca(2+)-ATPase activity are observed under 0.2 and 0.4 W/cm2 continuous ultrasound. K(+)-ATPase activity is inhibited by continuous ultrasound of all intensities studied. Impulsive 2 and 10 ms ultrasound did not change the Mg2+,Ca(2+)-ATPase activity. While K(+)-activity is reliably changed only under impulsive 0.7 and 1.0 W/cm2 ultrasound that can be explained by the thermal effect. It has been determined, when studying the reconstructed actomyosin with sound troponin complex, that troponin complex is the most ultrasound sensitive constituent of actomyosin.     

超声波对3种老化牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

利用四因素(超声时间、超声温度、输出功率和浸种时间)三水平[L₉(3⁴)]正交试验,对自然老化的高羊茅(在室温条件下储藏1年和5年)、黑麦草(储藏5年)和新麦草(储藏6年)种子进行超声波处理,研究超声波对老化种子萌发、幼苗生长的作用及其生理机制.结果表明: 超声温度是影响老化种子萌发的主要因素.适宜的超声波处理可以提高老化的高羊茅(储藏5年)和新麦草种子发芽率,显著促进胚根和胚芽伸长,而对老化的高羊茅(储藏1年)和黑麦草种子萌发无明显改善,但可促进其胚根伸长.超声波可通过提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及显著降低丙二醛含量来恢复种子活力.超声波处理效果存在参数阈值效应,通过回归模型分析得出其处理老化草种的最优参数为:超声时间22 min,超声温度26 ℃,超声输出功率254.29 W,浸种时间2.89 h.     

三颗针不同炮制、提取方法对糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂的影响研究

为探究三颗针不同炮制(醋制、酒制)、提取方法(煎煮、回流、超声、回流超声)对糖尿病小鼠降血糖、降血脂的影响。实验建立四氧嘧啶、链脲佐菌素、肾上腺素、高浓度葡萄糖致小鼠糖尿病模型,测定各模型组及正常小鼠给药前后血糖值,测定血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDLC)值。结果发现三种制品的四种提取方法对正常小鼠空腹血糖无明显影响,但能显著降低四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖,各制品的回流超声组与生品水煎液组中剂量组比较存在显著差异(P<0.05);醋制品水煎液组、酒制品回流组高剂量组,醋制品回流组,各制品超声组、回流超声组对链脲佐菌素致糖尿病小鼠高血糖有显著降糖作用(P<0.05或P<0.01);醋制品、酒制品回流超声组高剂量组在给予高浓度葡萄糖后0.5、1、2h均能显著降低小鼠血糖(P<0.05或P<0.01);酒制品、醋制品回流组、醋制品超声组、生品、酒制品、醋制品回流超声组高剂量组均能使盐酸肾上腺素致小鼠血糖显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);醋制品回流组,酒制品、醋制品回流超声组均能显著降低TG、TC、LDLC,升高HDLC含量。实验表明三颗针酒制品、醋制品采用回流超声法降低血糖和血脂疗效较佳。     

Reactive oxygen species and DNA damage after ultrasound exposure

The aim of this work was to detect the formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals after ultrasound (US) exposure and test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species induced by ultrasound can contribute to DNA damage. Formation of reactive oxygen species was observed in incubated medium after sonication with 1 MHz continuous ultrasound at the intensities of 0.61-2.44 W/cm2. Free radicals and hydrogen peroxide produced by ultrasound exposure of cells can lead to DNA damage. Comet assay was used to assess the effect of ultrasound on the level of nuclear DNA damage. The nucleated erythrocytes from fish were exposed in vitro to ultrasound at the same intensities and frequency. It was noticed that ultrasound in all used intensities induced DNA damage. The effect was not eliminated by the addition of catalase, which indicates that DNA damage was not caused by hydrogen peroxide only. The results showed that the DNA damage can be repair and this mechanism was the most effective after 30 and 60 min after sonication. Furthermore, the ultrasound-induced DNA damage in the presence of sonosensitizer (Zn- and AlCl-phthalocyanine) was studied. It was noticed that phthalocyaniens (Pcs) alone or with ultrasound did not induce significant changes in the level of DNA damage.     

The validity of ultrasound estimation of muscle volumes

The purpose of this study was to validate ultrasound muscle volume estimation in vivo. To examine validity, vastus lateralis ultrasound images were collected from cadavers before muscle dissection; after dissection, the volumes were determined by hydrostatic weighing. Seven thighs from cadaver specimens were scanned using a 7.5-MHz ultrasound probe (SSD-1000, Aloka, Japan). The perimeter of the vastus lateralis was identified in the ultrasound images and manually digitized. Volumes were then estimated using the Cavalieri principle, by measuring the image areas of sets of parallel two-dimensional slices through the muscles. The muscles were then dissected from the cadavers, and muscle volume was determined via hydrostatic weighing. There was no statistically significant difference between the ultrasound estimation of muscle volume and that estimated using hydrostatic weighing (p > 0.05). The mean percentage error between the two volume estimates was 0.4% +/- 6.9. Three operators all performed four digitizations of all images from one randomly selected muscle; there was no statistical difference between operators or trials and the intraclass correlation was high (>0.8). The results of this study indicate that ultrasound is an accurate method for estimating muscle volumes in vivo.