辣椒植株性状Hayman双列杂交分析

用辣椒（Capsicam annuum L．）6个亲本,按（1／2）n（n-1）双列杂交法配制15个杂交组合,用Hayman双列杂交分析法估算了5个植株性状的遗传参数。Wr对Wr的回归分析结果表明,侧枝数、株高、株幅、主茎高和首花节位的遗传都符合加性-显性模型。Wr＋Vr与Yr间相关分析表明,侧枝数、株高、株幅、主茎高呈负相关,说明含有更多显性基因的亲本具有较小的Wr＋Vr值;首花节位呈正相关,且达到极显著水平,说明含有更多显性基因的亲本具有较大的Wr＋Vr值。遗传参数估算表明侧枝数、株幅、主茎高和首花节位性状的遗传以加性效应为主,加性效应比显性效应更加重要。株高的遗传中加性效应和显性效应都很重要。     

辣椒果实性状的遗传分析

以6个辣椒品种并按(1/2)n(n-1)双列杂交法配制的15个杂交组合为材料,根据Hayman分析法估算了辣椒果实5个性状的遗传模型和遗传参数。结果显示,果长、果肉厚和结果数的遗传符合“加性-显性”模型,果宽和单果质量不符合“加性-显性”模型,还存在显著上位性效应。遗传参数估算表明,5个果实性状遗传是以加性效应为主,但不同果实性状显性效应有较大的差异,果肉厚的显性效应最大,其次是果长和结果数,果宽和单果质量最小。     

小麦早熟性遗传及其选择的研究

1980—83三年来,用6个原产不同国家和我国不同生态地区的小麦品种(系),进行双列杂交,研究了亲本、F_1、F_2和F_3各世代生育前期(播种一抽穗天数)和后期(抽穗—成熟天数)之间以及前、后期和全生育期(全期)之间早熟性的遗传关系。结果表明,前期与后期长短为反向遗传关系,前期与全期长短为正向遗传关系。这种遗传关系,不仅表现在亲本上,而且存在于杂种后代中,不过随世代增进有逐代减弱的趋势。早熟性属于多基因控制的数量性状,遗传行为比较复杂。     

作物品种间杂种优势遗传分析的新方法

本文提出了分析双列杂交试验资料的两个遗传模型。第一个模型包括加性、显性和母体效应;第二个模型只包括简单的加性和显性效应。还介绍了分析杂种优势、估算遗传方差分量以及预测遗传效应值的相应统计分析方法。用所介绍的遗传模型和分析方法以及常用的Griffing配合力分析方法,分析了棉花6个品种双列杂交的产量性状,并进一步比较了不同方法的分析结果。采用本文所介绍的遗传模型和分析方法,可以克服用Griffing的配合力模型及其方法分析杂种优势和配合力遗传表现所存在的局限性。     

作物杂种后代基因型值和杂种优势的预测方法

本文提出了利用作物亲本和F_1预测杂种后代基因型值和杂种优势的统计分析方法.该方法运用加性-显性遗传模型,分析双列杂交试验资料,用MINQUE(1)法估算方差分量以及预测遗传效应值.由加性和显性效应预测值可进一步预测F_1,F_2,BC_1,BC_2,等不同世代的基因型值,在预测F_1群体平均优势和群体超亲优势的基础上,可以推导出其它各世代的杂种优势.提出了预测杂种后代保持超亲优势世代数的简单公式,根据杂交组合F_1群体平均优势和双亲相对遗传差异,便可预测该组合能在生产上直接利用的世代数.以棉花六个品种完全双列杂交试验资料为例,分析了各组合F_1和F_2的基因型值、超亲优势和保持5％超亲优势的世代数.     

不同环境下水稻谷粒重发育的杂种优势和遗传相关性分析

选用9个不同类型的水稻品种(系),按双列杂交设计(6×5)配成两套亲本和F12个世代的遗传材料,采用数量性状的加性、显性遗传模型、发育遗传模型比较分析了水稻谷粒重发育的杂种优势和遗传相关性。结果表明,早季在谷粒充实前期(1～12d)群体平均优势较小,中后期(13～28d)正向优势趋于明显,在谷粒充实的全过程均表现较小的负向群体超亲优势;晚季则在谷粒充实前中期(1～18d)表现正向群体平均优势。后期(19～28d)优势不明显,在谷粒充实前期(1～12d)表现正向群体超亲优势,之后转为明显的负向群体超亲优势,表明晚季谷粒发育的杂种优势表现较之早季更有利于提高籽粒充实质量,不同发育时期谷粒重之间以及与最终谷粒重之间的遗传相关分析表明,早季以显性相关为主,晚季以加性相关为主,随着发育进程的推进,相关趋于密切。     

短季棉早熟不早衰生化性状的遗传分析

用5个早熟不早衰的短季棉品种和5个早衰的短季棉品种进行双列杂交,并对亲本、F1和F2代于2001年和2002年田间试验研究与短季棉早熟不早衰有关的抗氧化系统保护酶(SOD、POD和CAT)、叶绿素及激素(生长素和脱落酸)的遗传特性。结果表明：抗氧化系统保护酶CAT、POD和SOD存在着不同的遗传特性,CAT酶以加性上位性效应为主,其次为显性效应;POD酶以加性效应为主,其次为加性上位性效应;SOD酶活以显性效应为主,其次为加性上位性效应;IAA以显性效应为主,其次为加性效应;ABA以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应。且这些生化性状的遗传率较高,在后代能稳定遗传;同时棉株在不同发育时期体内生化性状表达不同,在花铃期CAT、POD和SOD酶以显性效应为主,其次为加性上位性效应,加性效应表达量很小;棉株体内生化性状的表达也是相互联系、相互制约,CAT酶与POD酶存在着遗传和表型负相关,与SOD酶存在着遗传和表型正相关;POD酶与SOD酶存在着遗传和表型负相关;抗氧化系统保护酶与激素之间存在着复杂的遗传关系。因此,研究生化性状的遗传特性和表达特征,为选育短季棉早熟不早衰新品种和生化性状的QTLs定位提供理论依据。     

水稻对受体植物化感作用的遗传生态学研究

选用化感作用潜力差异较大的 5个水稻品种 (系 ) ,按不完全双列杂交设计 (4× 5 )配制成一套包括亲本、F1两个世代的遗传材料 ,在不同环境条件下 ,测定其不同叶龄时期对受体植物莴苣幼苗茎长的抑制作用 .采用包括基因型与环境互作的数量性状加性 显性发育遗传模型 ,分析了水稻化感作用的动态遗传及与环境互作效应 .结果表明 ,水稻叶龄在 7叶期对莴苣茎长的化感作用受加性效应的影响 ,在 3叶期和 6叶期由显性效应控制 ,在 5叶期和 8叶期加性和显性效应均有作用 ,以显性效应为主 ,呈现间断表达的遗传特点 .普通狭义遗传率在 5叶期、7叶期和 8叶期达显著水平 ,随叶龄增大趋于下降 .水稻化感作用受基因型与环境互作效应的影响较大 ,应注意控制水稻生长发育的环境 ,以达到最佳利用水稻化感作用潜力的目的 .     

小麦灌浆特性的遗传研究Ⅰ.遗传模型及基因效应

利用8个小麦品种双列杂交的F~1|及其亲本, 按Hayman分析法研究了小麦籽粒灌浆特性的遗传规律。结果表明,小麦籽粒灌浆特性符合加性-显性遗传模型。基因作用以加性效应为主,呈部分显性。籽粒灌浆期的显性方向指向增效,籽粒灌浆速率的显性方向指向减效。所有性状均有较高的狭义遗传力h^2|~N|=0.71-0.93,可在杂种早代选择。     

晒晾烟重要农艺性状遗传分析

以8个优良的晒晾烟品种(系)为亲本,配置完全双列杂交,进而利用基于混合线性模型的统计学方法,对晾晒烟株高、叶数、节距、腰叶长、腰叶宽以及茎围6个主要农艺性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,在多数农艺性状遗传中加性效应和显性效应都起重要作用,但所占比例有所不同,腰叶长和叶数主要受加性效应影响,而株高、节距、腰叶宽和茎围性状显性效应起主要作用;6种重要农艺性状狭义遗传率由高到低分别为:腰叶长>叶数>株高>节距>腰叶宽>茎围,其中,腰叶长和叶数狭义遗传率较高,分别为0.35和0.33,适合进行早代选择。另外,估算了供试材料的遗传效应值,并对各亲本及组合的育种利用价值进行了评价。本研究为晒晾烟重要农艺性状遗传改良提供了一定的理论依据。     

Diallel analysis of heading date in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The genetics of heading date was investigated in an 8×8 diallel set of crosses involving diverse rice cultivars. Wr, Vr graph analysis revealed the presence of a complementary type of non-allelic interaction which apparently affected the position and slope of the regression line such as if there were overdominance. Omission of two interacting parents resulted in a 6×6 subset of diallel crosses from which, as observed in the Wr, Vr graph, the non-allelic interaction had disappeared and the regression line exhibited partial dominance. Estimates of the genetic components of variation were in close conformity with the results obtained from the Wr, Vr graph: the average degree of dominance, as measured by (H₁/D)^1/2, was in overdominance range in the interacting 8×8 set of diallel crosses whereas it was reduced to partial dominance in the non-interacting 6×6 set of crosses. Further analysis by a standardized deviations graph indicated that earliness was controlled, on the average, by an excess of dominant alleles.     

香紫苏开花期蒸腾和光合作用日变化特征及其影响因子研究

对开花期香紫苏功能叶片的蒸腾作用、光合作用日变化规律以及二者与环境因子之间的相互作用进行了研究.结果表明:处于花期的香紫苏蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化总体趋势是先升高后降低;不同花期净光合速率的日变化之间则存在明显的差别,初花期的净光合速率明显高于盛花期和终花期;湿度和光合有效辐射是影响香紫苏蒸腾作用的最主要因素,而光合有效辐射和CO2浓度变化则对香紫苏的净光合速率影响最大.     

小麦黄化突变体光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性研究

对小麦自然黄化突变体及其突变亲本(西农1718)的叶绿素含量、光合速率及叶绿素荧光动力学参数进行比较分析.结果显示:(1)突变体金黄株、绿黄株、黄绿株的叶绿素含量均显著低于突变亲本,总叶绿素含量分别为突变亲本的17%、24%和58%,表明该突变体为叶绿素缺乏突变体;3个突变体叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值(Chl a/Chl b)均小于突变亲本,而且突变体叶绿素含量越低,Chl a/Chl b比值越小,说明该突变体Chl a下降幅度大于Chl b.(2)金黄株净光合速率在孕穗期、开花期仅为突变亲本的5.7%、2.4%;绿黄株净光合速率显著低于突变亲本,为突变亲本的57.7%、43.3%;而叶绿素含量仅为突变亲本一半的黄绿株,其净光合速率接近突变亲本,表明该黄化突变体叶绿素含量在一定范围内单位叶绿素含量的光合效率较高.(3)突变体Fo均显著低于突变亲本;金黄株、绿黄株的Fm,Fv,qP,qN显著低于突变亲本;金黄株Fv/Fm比值(0.671)显著低于突变亲本.研究表明,叶绿素含量在一定范围内减少,未引起突变体叶绿素荧光动力学参数(Fo除外)显著改变,而当叶绿素含量较大程度减少时,这些荧光参数会急剧降低.     

Effects of exogenous hormones on leaf photosynthesis of Panax ginseng

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a typical perennial shade plant. Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous hormones on photosynthesis of P. ginseng. At different growth stages, the aerial parts of P. ginseng plants were cut at the stem base and they were inserted into the nutrient solutions containing different exogenous hormones. Then the leaf photosynthesis and water absorbing capacity (absorbing water mass) of the excised plants were measured. The results showed that exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) decreased significantly net photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and absorbed water mass of excised P. ginseng at all growth stages, while both cytokinin (CTK) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) enhanced those parameters. Comparing different growth stages, ABA caused more severe inhibition of leaf photosynthesis at the early growth stage, while CTK and IAA showed significant enhancement of leaf photosynthesis at later growth stage. ABA reduced highly intercellular CO₂ concentration of P. ginseng at the flowering and green fruit stages, but it had only a small effect at red fruit early and red fruit stages. During the early growth stage, the inhibitory effect of ABA on leaf P _N might be caused mainly due to the stomatal limitation. However, the reason for this reduction was complex at the later growth stage and it included stomatal and other factors.     

抗、 感蓟马苜蓿无性系对蓟马危害的补偿光合生理反应比较

为了揭示苜蓿的补偿生长相关的光合生理补偿机制, 以大田单株筛选、 扦插扩繁的抗蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1和感蓟马苜蓿无性系I-1为材料, 以相邻老苜蓿田自然发生的蓟马作为虫源, 任其持续危害, 于现蕾期和初花期通过模拟有效光辐射和固定CO₂浓度, 测定R-1和I-1的光合特性和水分利用特性。结果表明： (1) 在现蕾期, R-1受害后叶片叶绿素含量显著增加, 净光合速率 (net photosynthetic rate, Pn) 显著增大, 光补偿点 (light compensation point, Lcp) 和暗呼吸速率 (dark respiration rate, Rd) 均显著降低 (P<0.05) ; 而I-1叶片叶绿素含量显著降低 (P<0.05) , 植株净光合速率 (Pn) 与对照差异不显著 (P＞0.05) , 且在低于正常光照强度时, 受害I-1植株Pn相对健株下降, 同时, 其光补偿点 (Lcp) 和暗呼吸速率 (Rd) 均显著升高 (P<0.05) ; R 1和I 1受害后植株胞间CO2浓度 (intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci) 、 蒸腾速率 (transpiration rate, Tr) 和气孔导度 (stomatal conductance, Gs) 均显著升高 (P<0.05) , 水分利用效率 (water use efficiency, WUE) 均显著降低。 (2) 在初花期, 在较强的光照条件下, 受害I-1植株Pn显著增大 (P<0.05) ; 在弱光下受害R-1植株Pn增大, 而受害I-1植株Pn显著降低 (P<0.05) , 其他指标变化同现蕾期。结果说明, 抗蓟马无性系R-1对蓟马的危害具有显著的补偿光合作用; 而感蓟马无性系的补偿光合作用滞后于初花期发生, 且需要较高的光强条件, 这种滞后发生的补偿光合作用对于苜蓿产量的补偿贡献意义不大。     

Sequential variation in the components of reproductive success in the distylousJasminum fruticans (Oleaceae)

A 2-year study of three natural populations of the distylousJasminum fruticans showed that mean fruit and seed production were significantly greater in shortstyled plants (thrums) than in long-styled plants (pins). In this study, we investigated the role of four sequential factors which may differentially influence fruit and seed set in the two floral morphs: (1) differences in flowering phenology, (2) a limitation of pollen transfer towards pins, (3) a differential capacity of the two morphs to act through famale and male function and (4) differential fruit abortion in the two morphs. Fruit set was significantly influenced by differences in flowering phenology although there were no differences in flowering time between the two morphs. supplementary pollinations in a natural population significantly increased fruit set and reduced the difference in fruit set between the two morphs in relation to controls, indicating a limitation on pollen transfer which was most severe towards pin stigmas. In reciprocal crosses, seed set was significantly dependent on the paternal and maternal identity of the pin parent. There was no significant variation among thrums for their performance as male or female parent. Furthermore, individual pin plants with relatively high percentage seed set as female parents gave poor seed set as male parents and vice-versa. Whereas fruit removal had no effect on seed number in thrum plants, a greater proportion of viable seeds were produced on pin plants which were left to naturally mature their fruits than on pins which had fruits artificially removed, suggesting the occurrence of selective fruit abortion in pins but not in thrums. The initially greater maternal fitness of thrums due to their greater success as pollen recipients may thus be opposed by increased viable seed set in the pins due to factors acting after the pollination stage. The relative reproductive success of floral morphs in the distylousJ. fruticans is thus differentially influenced by ecological factors occurring at different stages of the reproductive process.     

大豆杂优豆1号及双亲的光合特性分析

以夏大豆杂交种杂优豆1号及亲本(W931A和WR016)为材料,进行了光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2值、水分利用效率(WUE)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光合势等光合特性的测定,以探究杂优豆1号光合特性方面的杂种优势规律,为大豆的高光效育种提供理论指导。结果表明:杂优豆1号的净光合速率日变化呈现单峰曲线,在8:00时净光合速率显著高于W931A和WR016;杂优豆1号与亲本相比具有较低的光补偿点和较高的光饱和点,从而说明杂优豆1号较强利用强光和弱光的能力;从群体光合势分析,杂优豆1号的叶面积指数和光合势在盛花期、结荚期、鼓粒期3个不同时期都显著高于W931A和WR016,从盛花期到结荚期、结荚期到鼓粒期叶面积指数和光合势都呈现逐渐上升的趋势。杂优豆1号较强的光利用能力、较高的叶面积指数和光合势有利于产量的提高。     

Cost of reproduction in a spring ephemeral species, Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae): carbon budget for seed production

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Spring ephemerals have a specific life-history trait, i.e. shoot growth and sexual reproduction occur simultaneously during a short period from snowmelt to canopy closure in deciduous forests. The aim of this study is to clarify how spring ephemerals invest resources for seed production within a restricted period. METHODS: In order to evaluate the cost of reproduction of a typical spring ephemeral species, Adonis ramosa, an experiment was conducted comprising defoliation treatments (intact, one-third and two-thirds leaf-cutting) and fruit manipulations (control, shading and removal) over two growing seasons. In addition, measurements were made of the movements of carbon assimilated via (13)C tracing. KEY RESULTS: Survival rate was high irrespective of treatments and manipulations. The proportion of flowering plants and plant size decreased as a result of the defoliation treatments over 2 years, but the fruit manipulations did not affect flowering activity or plant size. Seed set and seed number decreased as a result of fruit shading treatment, but the defoliation treatments did not affect current seed production. Individual seed weight also decreased in the second year due to fruit shading. The (13)C tracing experiment revealed that young fruits had photosynthetic ability and current photosynthetic products from leaves were mainly transferred to the below-ground parts, while translocation to fruit was very small even when fruit photosynthesis was restricted by the shading treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Current foliage photosynthetic products are largely stored in the below-ground parts for survival and future growth, and about one-third of the resources for seed production may be attained by fruit photosynthesis. Therefore, the trade-off between current seed production and subsequent growth is weak. The cost of seed production may be buffered by sufficient storage in the below-ground organs, effective photosynthesis under high irradiation and self-assimilation ability of fruits.     

穗分枝小麦选育过程中某些光合参数和籽粒品质的研究

李歪皋等将圆锥小麦的穗分枝特性导入普通小麦并选育出穗分枝小麦新品系分３３。通过对分３３和亲本及杂交后代的净光合速率,气孔导度、蒸腾速率和营养品质等测定,结果表明,分３３具有较高的净光合速率,有益于干物质的籽粒营养品质中等;过氧化物酶同工酶的分析表明,穗分枝小麦分３３既源于穗分枝型的基因,也保留普通小麦亲本的基因,具有抗倒状、抗病落黄好的特点。     

Effect of soil salinity on physiological characteristics of functional leaves of cotton plants

This study analyzes the effects of soil salinity on fatty acid composition, antioxidative enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and photosynthesis in functional leaves during the flowering and boll-forming stages of two cotton cultivars, namely, CCRI-44 (salt-tolerant) and Sumian 12 (salt-sensitive), grown under different soil salinity conditions. Saturated (C16:0 and C18:0) and unsaturated fatty acid (FA) contents (C18:1), as well as superoxide dismutase activity increased, whereas high-unsaturated FA (C18:2 and C18:3) decreased, with the increase in soil salinity. The production of malondialdehyde increased with increasing lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, indicating that LOX catalyzed FA peroxidation under salt stress. Soil salinity had no significant effect on catalase (CAT) and peroxidases (POD) activity in the salt-sensitive cultivar Sumian 12, but significantly increased CAT and POD activities in the salt-tolerant cultivar CCRI-44. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the cotton cultivars decreased in response to salt stress; however, CCRI-44 showed a smaller reduction in photosynthesis than Sumian 12. The results indicated that stomatal apparatus limited leaf photosynthetic capacity in the salinity-treated plants of both cultivars. The net photosynthetic rate, maximum photochemical efficiency, and photochemical quantum yield of the cotton functional leaves showed positive correlation with double-bond index (DBI). These results suggested that salt stress caused DBI reduction and decreased the photochemical conversion efficiency of solar radiation and, thereby resulting in lower net photosynthetic rates.