高粱磷脂酶D基因家族的鉴定和表达分析

磷脂酶D（PLD）是植物生长和胁迫反应过程中参与膜磷脂分解代谢的关键酶。PLD编码基因在高等植物中构成了一个大的基因家族,但是仍未对高粱PLD基因家族进行深入研究。本研究中,通过全基因组分析,鉴定了15个PLD基因,并分成6个亚组,初步揭示了SbPLDs的基因结构、保守结构域、染色体定位和系统发育关系等信息。基因复制的研究表明,片段复制在高粱PLD基因家族的扩展中发挥了重要作用,SbPLDs在进化过程中经历了强烈的纯化选择。此外,转录组数据表明,受启动子区上游顺式元件调控的PLD家族基因可能在高粱的生长发育中发挥重要作用。通过real-time PCR分析,显示部分SbPLDs参与非生物胁迫和激素途径的潜力。亚细胞定位表明,高粱PLD蛋白在细胞质中富集,可能具有抗逆胁迫的功能。本研究为了解高粱PLD基因的特征提供了理论参考,为研究高粱PLD基因家族的进化提供了新的视角,也为阐明高粱PLD基因家族的功能提供了基础信息。     

Effect of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene on root exudation of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

The objective of this work was to study the effect of two concentrations (10 and 100 mg kg⁻¹) of phenanthrene, a ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), on root exudation of the remediating plant Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench under controlled conditions in a pot experiment. It was found that the phenanthrene concentration of 10 mg kg⁻¹ did not cause significant effects on plant survival and growth but had little stimulating effect on carbohydrate exudation. The contamination with phenanthrene at 100 mg kg⁻¹ inhibited accumulation of plant shoot and root biomass, decreasing the carboxylic acid, carbohydrate, and amino acid amounts released by sorghum root into the rhizosphere. However, root exudation per unit of root surface was not changed significantly with increasing phenanthrene concentration. There were no differences in qualitative composition of root exudates under the influence of PAH were found. The observed alterations in the ratio between the main root-exuded components are assumed to manifest adaptive alterations occurring in the plant as a response to pollutant stress. The activity of three oxidoreductases (oxidase, peroxidase, and tyrosinase) released by sorghum roots was clearly progressive to the increasing phenanthrene concentration in the substrate. Under the influence of phenanthrene, the population of phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms in sorghum root zone increased, and their share in the total number of culturable heterotrophs increased as well. The main promotional factor was the pollutant; however, the stimulating effect of the plant root exudates was also involved. The increased pollutant-degrading microbial population and activity of the extracellular root enzymes are presumed to be important for the rhizodegradation of PAH.     

高粱高亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白NRT2/3基因家族鉴定、表达与DNA变异分析

硝态氮是作物吸收无机氮素的主要形态,硝酸盐转运蛋白2(nitrate transporter 2,NRT2)作为高亲和性的转运蛋白,以硝酸盐作为特异性底物,在可利用的硝酸盐受限时,高亲和性转运系统被激活,在硝酸盐吸收、转运过程中发挥着重要作用。大多数NRT2不能单独转运硝酸盐,需在硝酸盐同化相关蛋白2(nitrate assimilation related protein 2,NAR2)的协助下才能完成硝酸盐的吸收或转运。作物氮利用效率受环境条件影响,品种间存在差异,因此培育高氮素利用效率品种有重大意义。高粱(Sorghum bicolor)具有耐贫瘠特性,对土壤中的氮素吸收和利用效率较高。本研究结合高粱基因组数据库对NRT2/3基因家族成员基因结构、染色体定位、理化性质、二级结构与跨膜结构域、信号肽与亚细胞定位、启动子区顺式作用元件、系统进化、单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)的识别与注释及选择压力进行了全面分析。通过生物信息学分析,筛选出5个NRT2s(命名为SbNRT2-1a、2-1b、SbNRT2-2–4)基因和2个NAR2s(SbNRT3-1–2)基因,较谷子略少。分布在3条染色体上,分为4个亚家族,同一亚族中基因结构高度相似;高粱NRT2/3亲水性平均值均为正值,表明均为疏水性蛋白;α-螺旋和无规则卷曲占二级结构总量的比例大于70%;亚细胞定位均在质膜上,其中NRT2s蛋白不含信号肽,NRT3s蛋白含信号肽;进一步对其跨膜结构域进行分析,发现NRT2s家族成员跨膜结构域个数均大于10个,而NRT3s家族成员跨膜结构域个数为2个;高粱与玉米(Zea mays)NRT2/3s的共线性较好;蛋白结构域显示存在MFS_1和NAR2蛋白结构域,可执行高亲和力硝酸盐转运;系统进化树分析可知,高粱与玉米和谷子的NRT2/3基因亲缘关系更近;基因启动子顺式作用元件分析发现,SbNRT2/3基因的启动子区均具有数个植物激素和逆境应答元件,可以响应高粱生长和环境变化;基因表达热图显示低氮条件下在根诱导表达的是SbNRT2-1a、SbNRT2-1b和SbNRT3-1,推测可在高粱根部表达并调控对硝酸盐的吸收或转运过程。在SbNRT2-4和SbNRT2-1a等发现多个非同义SNP变异;选择压力分析表明,高粱NRT2/3基因家族在进化过程中受纯化选择作用。SbNRT2/3基因表达及蚜虫侵染影响与基因在不同组织中的表达分析结果一致,SbNRT2-1b和SbNRT3-1在感染蚜虫品系5-27sug根部表达显著,高粱蚜虫侵染叶片显著降低了SbNRT2-3、SbNRT2-4和SbNRT3-2的表达水平。本研究初步对高粱全基因组NRT2/3基因家族进行鉴定、表达与DNA变异分析,为高粱氮高效研究提供了基础。     

Transmission of acquired adjustments to salinity in Sorghum bicolor

Previous studies showed that exposure of eight-day-old Sorghum bicolor for three weeks to sublethal salinity induces an increase in salinity tolerance, called physiological adaptation (A). During A, plants of a same population differ in reaction and tolerance to salinity. Tolerance levels of the reaction types depend on environmental conditions besides salinity. Reactions observed most frequently in an experiment have generally highest tolerance levels. This phenomenon is defined adaptive determinism (AD). In this study, the relationship between a potential source of the information subjacent to AD and AD itself is analysed in plants first exposed to salt-inducing A. When the reaction types are close variations of one reaction mode, AD is highest. This relationship is inversed in progeny of adapted plants. Results suggest that information relevant to AD is transmitted to the progeny of adapted plants, and that adaptive information is created during A in plants first exposed to adaptation inducing treatment.     

高粱不同类型胚性和非胚性愈伤组织的生理生化差异

植物体细胞胚胎发生过程中伴随着复杂的生理生化变化,为进一步揭示胚性愈伤组织的再生潜力,该研究以高粱Sb19未成熟胚诱导产生的两种胚性愈伤组织和一种非胚性愈伤组织为材料,通过测定各愈伤组织中可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量,采用方差分析法对高粱体细胞胚胎发生过程中不同类型愈伤组织的生理生化指标进行了差异比较研究。结果表明:(1)高粱两种胚性愈伤组织中可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量均显著高于非胚性愈伤组织,表明胚性愈伤组织中的代谢活性高于非胚性愈伤组织,能够为体细胞胚胎发生提供更多的物质能量基础。(2)两种类型胚性愈伤组织之间生理生化差异显著,其中,Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织中可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量均显著高于Ⅰ型胚性愈伤组织,相反,Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织中可溶性糖含量显著低于Ⅰ型胚性愈伤组织,这种生理生化差异在一定程度上影响了后期的分化。该研究结果为愈伤组织的胚胎发生能力与生化代谢的关系提供理论依据。     

荧光蛋白在双色蜡蘑中的构建与表达

菌根是真菌与植物之间形成的互惠互利的营养共生体,对生态环境有重大的意义。外生菌根真菌与植物互作机制以及真菌基因功能的深入研究都需要对菌根真菌进行遗传转化,本研究以外生菌根真菌模式生物双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor)为研究对象,选择细胞核中的核小体蛋白H₂B基因为目的基因,以pCEBN为表达载体,融合红色荧光蛋白,最终构建在真菌中表达的双元载体,使用根瘤农杆菌介导转化法转化双色蜡蘑菌丝,随后利用PCR对真菌转化子进行验证后,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察到菌丝细胞核中的红色荧光,成功将融合荧光蛋白转化菌根真菌,为后续研究菌根真菌中基因的亚细胞定位提供了实验平台。结果表明,利用双元载体和农杆菌转化方法,建立了高效的双色蜡蘑转化体系(93.33%),在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到菌丝细胞核中红色荧光信号,验证了融合荧光蛋白在双色蜡蘑中的成功表达。本研究成功地构建了菌根真菌中的核小体蛋白和红色荧光蛋白融合表达的真菌转化体系。     

Effect of salinity and abscisic acid on accumulation of glycinebetaine and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase mRNA in Sorghum leaves (Sorghum bicolor)

The effects of salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) on the expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) were determined in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants. BADH mRNA expression was induced by salinity, and the timing coincided with the observed glycinebetaine (betaine) accumulation. The leaf water potential in the leaves of the sorghum plants was significantly affected by salinity. In response to salinity, betaine, ABA, Na and Cl accumulations increased 6-, 16-, 90-, and 3-fold, respectively. In the leaf disks from unsalinized plants incubated on NaCl, or ABA solution, the BADH mRNA level was lower than in the ABA-treated disks. Exogenous application of the ABA biosynthetic inhibitor fluridone to the NaCl-treated disks reduced the ABA accumulation and BADH mRNA levels compared with NaCl-treated leaves. The results indicate that the salt-induced accumulation of betaine and BADH mRNA coincides with the presence of ABA.     

Chloroplast DNA polymorphism in fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Summary Restriction endonuclease patterns of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) were consistently distinguishable between fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], whereas no differences in restriction patterns of cpDNA among male-sterile (A₁) lines, including six isocytoplasmic strains, were revealed in this study. It is suggested that chloroplast DNA may contribute to the male sterility of A₁ lines used currently in hybrid sorghum production.This research was supported by a research grant from Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission, Kansas Board of Agriculture. Contribution 90-293-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station     

DNA polymorphisms in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Molecular markers [random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)] were used to determine the frequency of DNA polymorphism in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Twenty-nine oligonucleotide primers were employed for RAPDs, generating a total of 262 DNA fragments, of which 145 were polymorphic in at least one pairwise comparison between 36 genotypes. Individual primers differed significantly in their ability to detect genetic polymorphism in the species. The overall frequency of polymorphisms was low with a mean frequency of 0.117 polymorphisms per RAPD band being obtained from all pairwise comparisons between genotypes, with maximum and minimum values of 0.212 and 0.039, respectively. Results from phenetic analysis of bandsharing data were consistent with current sub-specific groupings of the species, with clusters of Durra, Zerazera, Caud-Nig, Caud-Kaura and Caffrorum being discernible. The results also indicated that individuals of a similar taxonomic grouping but different geographic origin may be genetically less identical than previously considered. Similar frequencies of polymorphism to that obtained with RAPDs were obtained with RFLPs. Results from these experiments indicated that a high level of genetic uniformity exists within S. bicolor.     

Fusarium nygamai, a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum

Glasshouse trials were performed to investigate the control of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica by Fusarium nygamai and the performance of the host plant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using different inoculum substrates and inoculum amounts of the fungus. Optimal constant and alternating temperatures for the growth of the fungus were 25°C and 30/20°C, respectively. Striga incidence was decreased up to 100% when the fungus was incorporated into the soil preplanting. Emerged Striga plants at different stages of growth up to the flowering stage were killed by the fungus when the fungus was applied postemergent. In root-chamber trials none of the Striga seeds germinated when 10 ml inoculum suspension of 8 × 10⁶ spores/ml of F. nygamai was applied on seeds of the parasitic weed sprinkled on the surface of filter paper. F. nygamai has potential as a bioherbicide for Striga control. Further studies regarding its performance under field conditions and its safety to the environment and humans should be assessed.     

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor fromSorghum bicolor seedlings

A 711-bp cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from 7–10 cmSorghum bicolor seedlings. The nearly full-length cDNA clone encodes 130 amino acid residues, which include the Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly motif, conserved among most of the known cystatins as a probable binding site for cysteine proteinases. The amino acid sequence of sorghum cystatin deduced from the cDNA clone shows significantly homology to those of other plant cystatins. The sorghum cystatin expressed inE. coli showed a strong papain-inhibitory activity.     

Soluble proteins and isoenzymes from seeds of diverse male steriles of sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Summary A comparison of soluble protein, esterase, GDH and ADH isoenzyme patterns in seeds of different steriles, maintainers and restorer lines exhibited similarities as well as differences. Soluble protein patterns from sterile and maintainer lines differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the esterase patterns, male steriles with different cytoplasms could be separated into three groups (i) Ck 60A and B; Nagpur A and B, (ii) M 35-1A and 1 B, M 31-2A and 2B, (iii) G1A and B, VZM2A and 2B. Each group could further be differentiated on the basis of minor differences in esterase isoenzyme patterns within each group. ADH and GDH patterns in general were similar in both sterile and maintainer lines.Abbreviations ADH Alcohol dehydrogenase - GDH Glutamate dehydrogenase - NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide     

Expression analysis of a stress-modulated transcript in drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

The present study reports the cloning of a 581 bp sequence, designated as SbEST8, from the osmotically stressed germinated seeds of a drought tolerant cultivar of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The SbEST8, which shows no homology with the reported gene sequences, is present in multiple copies and lacks restriction fragment length polymorphism among different sorghum cultivars. The expression of SbEST8 in the germinating seeds of sorghum was modulated by different abiotic stresses. Kinetic studies revealed that imposition of osmotic stress after 8h resulted in maximum levels of SbEST8 mRNA in the germinating seeds of cv. ICSV-272, with further stress causing a decline to undetectable levels by 16 h. However, relieving the stress after 12h resulted in an enhancement of SbEST8 mRNA levels for at least another 4h following which it declined. The decrease in SbEST8 mRNA levels in the leaves at 30 DAS in response to drought stress was observed only in the drought susceptible cultivar (CSV-216), whereas its expression was either increased substantially or remained unaffected in the tolerant cultivars, thus suggesting its role in water stress tolerance.     

海南省入侵杂草假高粱种子萌发特性研究

为了解环境对假高粱(Sorghum halepense)种子萌发的影响,对海南岛假高粱种子的萌发特性进行了研究.结果表明,假高粱种子的萌发率较高,均在85％以上,在昼夜温度35℃/25℃下的萌发时间最短(2.64 d);浓硫酸处理可提高种子萌发率;浓硫酸处理、赤霉素浸泡和研磨均能缩短种子萌发时间;种子在土壤表层的萌发率...     

Purification and Characterization of the NAD-Dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase in the Ectomycorrhizal FungusLaccaria bicolor(Maire) Orton

The NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (EC 1.4.1.2) fromLaccaria bicolorwas purified 410-fold to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity with a 40% recovery through a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE–Trisacryl, and gel filtration. The molecular weight of the native enzyme determined by gel filtration was 470 kDa, whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave rise to a single band of 116 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is composed of four identical subunits. The enzyme was specific for NAD(H). The pH optima were 7.4 and 8.8 for the amination and deamination reactions, respectively. The enzyme was found to be highly unstable, with virtually no activity after 20 days at −75°C, 4 days at 4°C, and 1 h at 50°C. The addition of ammonium sulfate improved greatly the stability of the enzyme and full activity was still observed after several months at −75°C. NAD-GDH activity was stimulated by Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺but strongly inhibited by Cu²⁺and slightly by the nucleotides AMP, ADP, and ATP. The Michaelis constants for NAD, NADH, 2-oxoglutarate, and ammonium were 282 μM, 89 μM, 1.35 mM, and 37 mM, respectively. The enzyme had a negative cooperativity for glutamate (Hill number of 0.3), and itsK_mvalue increased from 0.24 to 3.6 mM when the glutamate concentration exceeded 1 mM. These affinity constants of the substrates, compared with those of the NADP-GDH of the fungus, suggest that the NAD-GDH is mainly involved in the catabolism of glutamate, while the NADP-GDH is involved in the catalysis of this amino acid.     

一种黄秋葵病原真菌的分离鉴定

报道一种在湖南地区发现的黄秋葵花蕾病原真菌。利用PDA培养基分离纯化病原菌株并依据柯赫氏法确定为病害的病原物,通过形态学鉴定和ITS序列分析鉴定病原种类。结果表明,从黄秋葵染病花蕾组织中分离纯化了一种病原真菌,通过形态观察以及ITS序列的比对分析,将该菌株鉴定为棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus);其田间接种黄秋葵花蕾的致病率为80%。这是首次报道棘孢曲霉是黄秋葵花蕾病害的病原菌。     

盐胁迫对二色补血草光合生理生态特性的影响

以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙为基质,及该岛上生长的优势草本植物二色补血草幼苗为材料,用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0,50,100,200,300mmol/L)模拟盐胁迫处理30d,探讨二色补血草光合生理生态特性对盐胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:二色补血草对盐胁迫和光合有效辐射(PAR)具有较强的适应能力,在盐浓度为50～100mmol/L条件下,其净光合速率(Pn)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、表观光能利用效率(LUE)、羧化效率(CE)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)均达到最高值,光补偿点(LCP)最低,表明其在此盐分范围内,利用光的能力较强,光照生态幅最宽。当盐分浓度为300mmol/L时,其Pn、WUE、LUE、CE、LSP和AQY显著下降,LCP升高,Pn、Tr、Gs、WUE、LUE、CE对PAR的响应曲线与对照差异较大,即高盐胁迫加重了二色补血草对光的敏感性;WUE、LUE、CE的最优PAR和盐分范围存在一定的差异,低PAR下有利于光能的利用,中PAR下有利于水分的利用,高PAR下有利于CO2的利用;WUE对盐分的适应范围最大,CE其次,LUE最小。     

西葫芦NCED基因家族鉴定及其响应干旱胁迫分析

NCED基因家族成员在调节植物响应干旱胁迫中发挥着关键作用,该研究通过生物信息学技术分析NCED在西葫芦基因组中的分布、结构及进化,研究家族成员在不同组织中的表达特异性及其对10%PEG 6000模拟干旱、0.1 mmol·L-1ABA激素和自然干旱胁迫的响应,以解析NCED基因家族的生物学功能。结果表明:(1)从西葫芦全基因组中鉴定出6个NCED家族基因(CpNCED1~6),且6个基因均不含内含子、分别分布于西葫芦的1、10、12、14、19和20号共6条染色体上。(2)理化性质分析发现,CpNCED1~6蛋白长度为569~590 aa,理论分子量在62.64~65.54 kD之间。(3)蛋白保守元件分析显示,除CpNCED3蛋白在遗传进化过程中出现3个基序(motif 12、motif 13和motif 15)的缺失外,其余5个蛋白都有完整的16个motif保守基序,且分布在600个氨基酸以内,同时大部分NCED蛋白序列保守性较高。(4)顺式作用元件分析显示,西葫芦CpNCED1~6基因均含ABRE、W box、MBS、P-box、TCA-element、CGTCA-motif、TGA-element和TGA-box等潜在的干旱胁迫响应元件。(5)qRT-PCR分析表明,CpNCED1~6基因在西葫芦不同组织中的表达具有组织特异性,其中,CpNCED4和CpNCED1在茎中的表达量显著高于其他4个基因,CpNCED2、CpNCED4、CpNCED6在花中的表达显著高于其余3个基因且CpNCED2表达量最高,CpNCED1~6在果实和叶中的表达量均相对较低;与对照组相比,CpNCED1~6受模拟干旱、ABA激素和自然干旱胁迫均上调表达;伴随干旱胁迫的产生,叶片中脱落酸(ABA)含量逐渐升高,暗示CpNCEDs在西葫芦干旱胁迫响应与ABA的生物合成过程中发挥着正向调控作用。研究发现,6个CpNCED1~6基因与西葫芦干旱胁迫响应密切相关,且对西葫芦干旱胁迫的响应以及ABA生物合成具有重要作用,尤其以CpNCED2和CpNCED4基因的作用更为明显。     

紫背天葵叶片中花青素种类及合成调控基因转录组分析

为获取紫背天葵(Cynura bicolor DC.)叶片中花青素种类及其合成调控基因等信息,该试验以紫背天葵叶背面紫色以及经处理叶背面几乎全绿(对照)的叶片为材料,进行转录组测序分析,同时进行6个相关差异表达基因的qRT-PCR分析和6种花青素苷元的HPLC检测,以揭示紫背天葵特有的花青素苷元及其合成调控关键基因信息。结果表明:(1)在紫背天葵中共获得14个花青素苷元及32个花青素合成调控基因信息,其中表达量差异显著下调的4个基因为Pg(c11692)、Cy(c42112)、ANS(c38551)和3GT(c9064),表达量差异显著上调的2个基因是D FR(c35961)和3GT(c20283)。(2)qRT-PCR检测结果显示,上述6个基因在2种紫背天葵叶中的表达趋势(上调或下调)与转录组测序结果完全一致,但转录组测序检测到的表达趋势差异倍数比qRT-PCR检测结果更加明显。(3)HPLC分析显示,紫背天葵叶中均未检测到Dp、Pt、Pn及Mv等4类花青素苷元,但紫背天葵叶中富含Cy花青素苷元,且背面紫色的叶中Cy类花青素苷元含量(62.21 mg/kg)显著高于绿色叶对照(6.86 mg/kg);背面紫色和全绿叶中的Pg花青素苷元含量均低于0.43 mg/kg。研究推测,Cy和Pg花青素苷元在绿叶紫背天葵(对照)中含量显著降低可能是因为存在1个ANS和1个3GT正调控以及1个DFR和1个3GT负调控所致。