斜生栅藻密度对新安江萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态的影响

以浓度分别为1.0×106、2.0×106、4.0×106和8.0×106cells·mL-1的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为轮虫食物,在25℃下,应用群体累积培养和单个体培养法研究了食物浓度对采自新安江水域(屯溪段)的萼花臂尾轮虫的种群动态影响。结果表明:食物浓度对轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量均有显著的影响,均表现为低食物浓度下(≤4.0×106cells·mL-1)萼花臂尾轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量较小且无差异,高食物浓度下(8.0×106cells·mL-1)轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量较大;食物浓度对轮虫的混交雌体百分率和受精率无显著影响;在食物浓度为4.0×106cells·mL-1时萼花臂尾轮虫的净生殖率最大,世代时间最长,而其内禀增长率在食物浓度为1.0×106cells·mL-1时最小;在食物浓度为8.0×106cells·mL-1时平均寿命和生命期望最长。     

密度信号对两种臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响

为了更好的了解化学干扰对轮虫种间竞争的影响,分别用萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)和角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)研究了同种和异种种群密度信号对种群增长的影响。结果表明,密度信号对轮虫种群增长具有一定的影响。萼花臂尾轮虫的密度信号显著降低了本种和角突臂尾轮虫种群的环境容纳量K并提高了它们的种群增长率r(P0.05),角突臂尾轮虫的密度信号对本种和萼花臂尾轮虫的种群增长都没有显著影响(P0.05)。萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长受同种密度信号抑制十分显著,环境容纳量K降低了50%以上,可能主要受自毒作用的调节,但同种密度信号对高有性生殖的萼花臂尾轮虫种群的混交率影响不明显。角突臂尾轮虫几乎不受自身密度信号的影响。因此,在两种臂尾轮虫的竞争中,由于自身密度信号的抑制作用,萼花臂尾轮虫将更快被角突臂尾轮虫排除。据此可推测密度信号对轮虫的种间竞争具有重要影响。     

盐酸四环素浓度和食物密度对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的综合影响

近年来,抗生素的环境污染问题已引起人们的广泛关注,其在环境中的残留可对水生态系统的结构和功能产生重要影响。迄今,盐酸四环素浓度和食物密度对轮虫生活史特征的影响研究尚未见报道。以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试动物,研究了在不同斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度下,不同浓度的盐酸四环素(Tetracycline hydrochloride)对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响。结果表明,食物密度和盐酸四环素浓度对轮虫的生命期望、净生殖率、世代时间、内禀增长率、平均寿命和后代混交率,以及食物密度和盐酸四环素浓度间交互作用对除了内禀增长率外的其他5个统计学参数均具有显著影响。在各食物密度下,轮虫的特定年龄繁殖率高峰值随着盐酸四环素浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势;盐酸四环素对轮虫生长和繁殖参数的影响呈现"低促高抑"的特点。3个食物密度下,高浓度的盐酸四环素显著提高了萼花臂尾轮虫的后代混交率,且在1.0×10~6个/mL藻密度下毒物浓度与轮虫后代混交率间具有显著的剂量-效应关系。食物密度的高低显著影响盐酸四环素对萼花臂尾轮虫的毒性效应。     

除草剂草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响

采用生命表实验方法研究了不同浓度(0.10、0.50、3.00、5.50、8.00和10.50mg·L^-1)的除草剂草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响.结果表明,草甘膦对轮虫的胚胎发育时间、幼体阶段历期、生殖期历期、平均寿命、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均有显著影响.与对照组相比,当草甘膦浓度为3.00和8.00mg·L^-1时,轮虫胚胎发育时间显著延长;达3.00mg·L^-1时,轮虫的幼体阶段历期开始显著延长;达8.00和0.50mg·L^-1时,轮虫净生殖率和种群内禀增长率分别开始显著降低.在各参数中,种群内禀增长率是较敏感的指标,可用于监测草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响.     

三个地理品系萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的比较

应用单个体培养方法 ,以浓度为 4 0× 10 6 cells ml的斜生栅藻 (Scenedesmusobliquus)为食物 ,在 30℃下 ,对采自广州、芜湖和青岛等地的萼花臂尾轮虫的生活史特征进行了比较研究。结果发现 ,三个地理品系的萼花臂尾轮虫除生殖前期历时无显著差异外 ,其生殖期历时、生殖后期历时、平均寿命和产卵量等均存在显著的差异。轮虫种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率和净生殖率均以芜湖品系最大 ,广州品系最小。这表明若要在 30℃下进行萼花臂尾轮虫的规模化生产 ,芜湖品系应是首选的最适品系     

汀棠湖冬季出现的萼花臂尾轮虫对水温的适应

为了解汀棠湖冬季出现的萼花臂尾轮虫对水温的适应,探讨其在春季的种群消长机制,运用生命表统计学方法研究了温度(12℃、16℃、20℃和24℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度(1.0×106、3.0×106和5.0×106个/mL)对冬季采自芜湖市汀棠湖水体中的萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)出生时的生命期望、世代时间、平均寿命、总生殖率、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率等生活史参数的影响。结果表明,温度对轮虫出生时的生命期望、世代时间、平均寿命、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均有显著性影响(P0.05),但对总生殖率无显著性影响(P0.05);食物密度以及食物密度与温度之间的交互作用对轮虫所有生命表统计学参数均无显著性影响(P0.05)。轮虫出生时的生命期望和平均寿命在12℃下较长,16、20℃和24℃下较短且三者间无显著性差异;轮虫的世代时间在12℃下最长,16℃和24℃下最短且两者间无显著性差异;轮虫的净生殖率在16℃下较高,12、20℃和24℃下较低且三者间无显著性差异;轮虫的种群内禀增长率在12℃下最低,16℃下最高,20℃和24℃间无显著性差异。汀棠湖冬季出现的萼花臂尾轮虫在16℃下的适合度最高,这或许是该水体中萼花臂尾轮虫种群密度在3月中旬(此时水温为17℃)达到春季最高峰的重要原因之一。     

不同温度下新安江水域(屯溪段)轮虫种群动态研究

温度是决定轮虫生活史特征的重要的生态因子之一.应用生命表统计学方法对采自黄山市新安江水域屯溪段的萼花臂尾轮虫在四种不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)下的生命表统计学特征进行了比较研究.结果表明,萼花臂尾轮虫的存活率和繁殖率在不同温度下存在着差异.四种培养温度下,世代时间在15℃时最长,25℃和30℃时最短且无显著差异;内禀增长率在较低温度下(15℃、20℃)较小,在较高的温度下(25℃、30℃)较大;生命期望和平均寿命均在15℃时最长,其余三个温度下无显著差异.温度对萼花臂尾轮虫的净生殖率和后代的混交雌体百分率无显著影响.     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列探讨臂尾轮属的系统发生和几种轮虫的分类地位

通过对萼花臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、十指臂尾轮虫、镰形臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫等7种轮虫mtDNA COⅠ序列分析,并以透明囊足轮虫为外群,使用MEGA软件构建臂尾轮属轮虫系统发生树(ME树和NJ树)以探讨臂尾轮属的系统发生和该属中几个种类的分类地位.结果表明本研究所涉及的轮虫mtDNA COⅠ平均序列差异百分比为24%;在两个系统树中,淡水臂尾轮虫和海水臂尾轮虫均独立成枝;用两种方法得到的系统发生树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫作为一个独立的支系分离出来.壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫应属于不同的种;来自芜湖、墨西哥和美国的十指臂尾轮虫以及来自芜湖和澳大利亚的萼花臂尾轮虫应分别互为姐妹种.本研究还首次揭示了角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫和镰状臂尾轮虫与其它臂尾轮虫间的系统关系.     

卜氏晶囊轮虫对萼花臂尾轮虫形态及种群生活史对策的短期和长期影响

初步探究了捕食者卜氏晶囊轮虫对其猎物萼花臂尾轮虫形态及种群生活史对策的短期和长期影响。结果表明,在含卜氏晶囊轮虫信号的环境中培养得到的萼花臂尾轮虫所产后代个体较对照组侧棘刺明显增长,体型增大,卵体积增大,净生殖率明显降低。短期接触捕食者信号的萼花臂尾轮虫种群与长期接触捕食者信号的萼花臂尾轮虫种群相比,具有较大的卵体积和较短的侧棘刺,同时具有显著较高的净生殖率。     

温度和铜绿微囊藻毒性对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史参数的影响

文章开展了25℃下两个品系铜绿微囊藻(有毒与无毒)不同浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史的影响研究, 及在5个温度下不同浓度有毒铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史影响的研究。结果表明铜绿微囊藻毒性、浓度及二者交互作用对轮虫生活史参数净生殖率(R₀; F=31.83, P<0.01; F=30.36, P<0.01; F=13.51, P<0.01)、内禀增长率(r_m; F=34.67, P<0.01; F=18.73, P<0.01; F=12.99, P<0.01)均有显著影响; 温度、铜绿微囊藻浓度及二者交互作用对轮虫生活史参数净生殖率、内禀增长率也均有显著影响。无毒铜绿微藻在低浓度(1×104 cells/mL)下对轮虫种群有促进作用, 可作为轮虫食物来源, 但缺乏脂肪酸等营养物质, 食物质量比蛋白核小球藻低; 在高浓度(1×105和5×105 cells/mL)下轮虫摄食无毒铜绿微囊藻机率变大, 整体食物品质下降, 对轮虫有抑制作用。有毒铜绿微囊藻对轮虫种群的抑制作用更加明显, 微囊藻浓度升高, 净生殖率和内禀增长率显著下降。研究结果还表明30℃和35℃高温下轮虫生长繁殖变快, 世代时间缩短。在高温(30℃和35℃)环境下, 铜绿微囊藻浓度升高对轮虫抑制作用更加明显。     

Combined effect of concentrations of algal food (Chlorella vulgaris) and salt (sodium chloride) on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera)

Salinity is an important variable influencing the density and diversity of rotifers. Studies on salt tolerance of rotifers have so far concentrated on euryhaline species while very little information is available on non-euryhaline taxa. In the present work, we have evaluated the combined effects of Chlorella vulgaris and sodium chloride on the population growth of two freshwater rotifers B. calyciflorus and B. patulus. A 24 hr acute tolerance test using NaCl revealed that B. calyciflorus was more resistant (LC50 = 3.75 +/- 0.04 g l-1) than B. patulus (2.14 +/- 0.09 g l-1). The maximal population density (mean +/- standard error) for B. calyciflorus in the control at 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1 (algal level) was 80 +/- 5 ind. ml-1, which was nearly a fifth of the one for B. patulus (397 +/- 7 ind. ml-1) under comparable conditions. Data on population growth revealed that regardless of salt concentration, the density of B. calyciflorus increased with increasing food levels, while for B. patulus, this trend was evident only in the controls. Regardless of salt concentration and algal food level, the day of maximal population density was lower (4 +/- 0.5 days) for B. calyciflorus than for B. patulus (11 +/- 1 day). The highest rates of population increase (r values) for B. calyciflorus and B. patulus were 0.429 +/- 0.012 and 0.367 +/- 0.004, respectively, recorded at 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1 of Chlorella in the controls. The protective role of algae in reducing the effect of salt stress was more evident in B. calyciflorus than B. patulus.     

Population growth rates of two closely related rotifer species: effects of food quantity, particle size, and nutritional quality

SUMMARY. 1. The relationship between population growth rates and the concentrations of several algal species was determined in laboratory experiments with the rotifers Brachionus rubens and B. calyciflorus .
2. The effects of food quantity were well described by a modified Monod model with a threshold for zero population growth. The model parameters depended on particle size and nutritional quality of the food algae. Differences between the rotifer species were significant and reflected their varying food-size preferences.
3. For each rotifer species, thresholds were lowest for algae in the most readily ingested size range. The lowest thresholds were 0.07–0.09 mgC 1⁻¹ with algae of about 5 μm equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) for B. rubens , and 0.19 mgC 1⁻¹ with algae of about 10 μm ESD for B. calyciflorus .
4. Maximal growth rates ( r _max) were slightly below 0.8 day⁻¹ for both rotifers with most algal species. The highest r _max values for both rotifers were observed when Cyclotella meneghiniana was provided as food. With this alga, B. calyciflorus had a significantly higher r_max (1.02 day⁻¹) than B. rubens (0.838 day⁻¹).
5. From a comparison of the relationship between growth rates and ingestion rates, Chlamydomonas reinhardii appeared to be of low nutritional quality for B. rubens .
6. Egg ratios were related to growth rate and were not influenced by the algal food used. Egg development times and average mortality rates were estimated from the relationship between egg ratio and growth rate. B. calyciflorus appeared to have a high average mortality rate (0.383 day⁻¹) compared to B. rubens (0.083 day⁻¹).     

基于16S rDNA序列探讨十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位

通过对角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、镰肜臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫等十种臂尾轮虫和大肚须足轮虫的线粒体16s rDNA进行扩增和序列测序,结合Genebank 中十指臂尾轮虫的16S rDNA序列,使用MAGE软件构建了NJ(neighbor-joining method)树,使用mrbayes软件构建了贝叶斯树,探讨了十种臂尾轮虫之间的系统关系.结果表明,本研究所涉及的轮虫16S rDNA序列差异百分比均值为14.6%,可作为分子标记应用于轮虫属内种间系统关系研究;系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫隶属于臂尾轮属;壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫是两个独立的种.此外,还依据16S rDNA序列变异百分比推测了十种臂尾轮虫的分化时间.     

食物种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率的影响

在短期慢性观测过程中,食物类型可能是造成萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)种群繁殖率变化的一种原因。共观测了分别单独投喂10种不同绿藻对轮虫种群增长率的影响。为验证藻青菌是藻类饵料(如绿藻Scenedesmus)有价值的佐剂这一假说,还用蓝细菌单独投喂或与斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)混合投喂轮虫进行实验观测。结果发现食物种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率影响显著。斜生栅藻组获得最大种群增长(1.6/d),而Desmodesmus组增长率最低(0.3/d)。以占斜生栅藻组最大增长的百分率来表示,其它几种绿藻组种群增长由高到低依次为:Desmodesmussubspicatus88%,小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)83%,单壳缝藻(Monoraphidiumminutum)77%,D.quadricauda74%,S.falcatus71%,S.acuminatus69%,S.pectinatus64%,莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonasreinhardtii)57%,D.abundans19%。轮虫增长率的差异不能用藻类饵料的大小差异来解释。蓝细菌(Microcystisaeruginosa)和(Synechococcuselongates)不论是单独投喂还是与优良藻类饵料(斜生栅藻)混合投喂都对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长有抑制作用。这种副作用似乎与微囊藻素无关。该结果不支持无毒蓝细菌可作为与其他绿藻饵料配合使用的优良佐剂这一假说。本研究所观察到的生长变化显示了饵料种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响,也预示了对毒性实验结果的影响     

高浓度三聚氰胺对萼花臂尾轮虫 生殖策略的影响

以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试动物,研究了不同浓度(400、800和1 200 mg/L)的三聚氰胺对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长、有性生殖、个体大小和卵大小的影响.结果显示,三聚氰胺对萼花臂尾轮虫的24 h LC50值为2 627.00 mg/L.与空白对照组相比,800和1 200 ...     

Comparative studies on the relationship between temperature and duration of embryonic development of rotifers

The embryonic development times of four planktonic rotifers from Neusiedlersee (Austria) (Rhinoglena fertöensis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Keratella quadrata and Polyarthra dolichoptera) were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 0.6 °C to 10.5 °C. Development times decreased with increasing temperatures. The curvilinear relationship between temperature and development time was described by Bělehrádek's equation. Data on embryonic development times of rotifers are summarized and regression equations for the temperature-duration of development relationship are presented. Adaptation to temperature is discussed in the context of the thermal history of the various species and populations.     

Dietary tocopherol and sexual reproduction in the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboldi.

Brachionus calyciflorus contained no detectable tocopherol (vitamin E) when cultured for long periods on the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. Using a spectrofluorometric assay and the Asplanchna body-wall-outgrowth response bioassay the limits of detection were 6.4 ng and 3.78 pg alpha-tocopherol per g dry weight Brachionus, respectively. These tocopherol-free Brachionus reproduced normally both parthenogenetically and sexually, producing active and potent males and fertilized resting eggs which developed into viable young rotifers. The apparent lack of a tocopherol requirement for male fertility in B. calyciflorus probably also applies to Asplanchna sieboldi and A. brightwell -- rotifers whose male-producing (mictic) females are induced by dietary tocopherol and whose males therefore are never tocopherol-deficient. The adaptive significance of the tocopherol requirement for the initiation of sexual reproduction in Asplanchna sieboldi--formerly hypothesized to be the result of a tocopherol requirement for male fertility--is now thought to be related to the role of tocopherol in controlling female polymorphism in this species.     

铜绿微囊藻对轮虫生命表参数和表型特征的影响

为评价铜绿微囊藻的有毒(Microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa)、无毒(Microcystin-free M. aeruginosa)品系对轮虫种群增长和表型特征的影响, 研究探讨了萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)在不同微囊藻溶液中的生活史参数及形态变化。实验中各处理组单位体积总含碳量为(20.61±0.15) g C/mL, 以使轮虫获得等碳量的食物供应。实验组轮虫分别用蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、有毒和无毒微囊藻溶液单独投喂, 并用有毒、无毒蓝藻菌分别与不同绿藻的混合液投喂。生命表实验结果表明, 不同微囊藻混合液投喂的轮虫净生殖率R₀ (F=102.71, df=32, P<0.001)、世代时间T (F=17.05, df=32, P<0.001)和内禀增长率r_m(F=18.89, df=32, P<0.001)与对照组相比降低1.36%—210.34%。侧棘刺长(F=28.18, df=65, P<0.001)和游泳速度(F=181.69, df=65, P<0.001)下降2.63%—39.07%, 轮虫体长(F=690.04, df=65, P<0.001)变化显著。与绿藻投喂的轮虫参数值相比, 轮虫的生命表参数和表型特征变化规律随微囊藻溶液浓度改变。萼花臂尾轮虫受到铜绿微囊藻胁迫时, 生长繁殖受到抑制并通过改变自身形态以抵御不利的生存环境。     

Effect of three food types on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera: Brachionidae).

We compared the population growth of B. calyciflorus and B. patulus using the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or their mixture in equal proportions as food. Food was offered once every 24 h in two concentrations (low: 1 x 10(6) and high: 3 x 10(6) cells ml-1) separately for each species. The experiments were terminated after 15 days. In general, at any food type or concentration, B. patulus reached a higher population density. A diet of Chlorella alone supported a higher population growth of both rotifer species than yeast alone. B. calyciflorus and B. patulus achieved highest population densities (103 +/- 8 ind. ml-1 and 296 +/- 20 ind. ml-1, respectively) on a diet of Chlorella at 3 x 10(6) cells ml-1. When cultured using the mixture of Chlorella and yeast, the maximal population densities of B. calyciflorus were lower than those grown on Chlorella. Under similar conditions, the maximal abundance values of B. patulus were comparable in both food types. Regardless of food type and density the rate of population increase per day (r) for B. calyciflorus varied from 0.13 +/- 0.03 to 0.63 +/- 0.04. These values for B. patulus ranged from 0.19 +/- 0.01 to 0.37 +/- 0.01. The results indicated that even though Chlorella was a superior food for the tested rotifers, yeast can be effectively used at low concentrations to supplement algal requirements in rotifer culture systems.