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1.
鱼类的早期发育对温度的变化十分敏感,尤其是在胚胎阶段和早期仔鱼阶段更为突出,过高或过低的水温往往会导致胚胎发育的畸型或停止发育甚至死亡。因而,研究温度对各种鱼的胚胎和幼鱼发育的影响,是进行鱼类尤其是养殖的经济鱼类的人工繁殖研究所必须进行的重要工作之一。国内外学者:Hayes,F.R. 相似文献
2.
低pH对鱼类胚胎发育、鱼苗生长及鳃组织损伤影响的研究 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14
本文研究了低pH水平对鱼类的胚胎,鱼苗和鱼种的影响以及鱼鳃的组织学观察。在硬水环境,pH≤4.5时,对泥鳅胚胎发育有严重影响。胚胎在低pH水平下,发育进程明显地迟缓。pH≤5.5时,泥鳅幼苗的生长受到抑制;在软水环境,pH≤4.5时,影响草鱼苗和幼鱼的存活率。低pH水平加上铝则对鱼类呈现出协同毒性。低pH使鱼鳃直接遭受严重的损害:出现大量的粘液、渗血、鳃上皮肿胀和脱落,组织增生和融合。 相似文献
3.
培养基初始pH值对木聚糖酶合成的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文探讨了培养基三种初始pH值对木聚糖酶合成的影响。试验结果表明,培养基初始pH值对木聚糖酶的合成有重大影响,低pH有利于提高木聚糖酶活力。在碳源为7g/L条件下,初始pH值为4.0时合成的木聚糖酶活力高达32.87IU/ml,酶产率和得率分别为6574.0IU/L·d和4695.7IU/g木聚糖。酶活力和酶产率是初始PH5.0的1.7倍,分别是初始PH6.0的3.8倍和2.3倍。进一步研究表明, 相似文献
4.
亲本效应(parental effect)指亲代的表现型及其所经历的环境因素而非基因型对子代表现型差异和适应性的影响,对子代适合度的维持与提高具有重要生态学意义。为探究亲本效应对鱼类胚胎发育可塑性的影响,本研究选取卵生鱼类斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为实验对象,采用2×2双因素设计,测定了不同亲本繁殖温度(22、28℃)和不同胚胎孵化温度(22、28℃)及其交互作用对斑马鱼孵化表现(孵化率、胚胎死亡率、初孵仔鱼畸形率、孵化历时、初始孵化时间、结束孵化时间)的影响。结果表明:亲本繁殖和胚胎孵化温度交互作用对斑马鱼胚胎死亡率、初始孵化时间、结束孵化时间、孵化历时等均有显著影响(P<0.05),亲本繁殖与胚胎孵化温度相一致时胚胎的死亡率更低、孵化时间更短;斑马鱼孵化表现受亲本效应(代际发育可塑性)和子代发育环境(代内发育可塑性)的双重影响,亲本效应对早期生活史阶段鱼类表型特征的塑造有重要作用。 相似文献
5.
G3基因工程菌发酵中pH值对包涵体型及目的蛋白表达的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在不同pH值条件下摇瓶及罐发酵G3双体分子重组菌。探讨pH值对G3双体分子包涵体形成及目的蛋白表达水平的影响,确定G3双体分子重组菌发酵最佳pH值为生长期pH7.0-#.2,生产期p6.7-6.8。 相似文献
6.
发育可塑性是引起生物新性状产生与多样化的关键因素。在气候变化的背景下,探究鱼类热适应性的发育可塑性,有助于理解早期生活史阶段鱼类热适应表型的进化,具有重要的生态学意义。为探究胚胎孵化温度和初孵仔鱼发育温度对鱼类热适应表型的影响,本研究选取卵生鱼类斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为实验对象,采用2×2双因素研究设计,测定了不同胚胎孵化温度(低温组22℃、高温组28℃)和不同初孵仔鱼发育温度(低温组22℃、高温组28℃)及其交互作用对斑马鱼热偏好(偏好温度)、热回避(冷回避温度、热回避温度)、非回避温度范围以及热耐受(临界低温、临界高温、致死低温、致死高温)的影响。结果表明:胚胎孵化温度和初孵仔鱼发育温度对斑马鱼偏好温度、回避温度、临界温度以及致死温度等均有显著影响(P<0.05),胚胎孵化温度和初孵仔鱼发育温度交互作用对非回避温度范围影响显著(P<0.05);胚胎孵化热环境对早期生活史阶段斑马鱼热适应表型特征的塑造具有重要的调节作用,变动的发育温度环境可能扩展鱼类的适宜温度区间,从而提升其在未来变动气候环境中的存活力。 相似文献
7.
赣东北地区鱼类区系的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
赣东北地区共有鱼类135种和亚种,隶属于10目22科80属。其中纯淡水鱼类128和亚种,占总数的94.8%。鲤形目是最主要鱼类群,有95种和亚种,占纯淡水鱼类的74.2%。鲤科鱼类最丰富,有80种和亚种,占纯淡水鱼类的62.5%。此地区鱼类区系以东亚特有的江河平原鱼类为主要组成成分;此外,既有老第三纪原始类群的后裔种类,又有南亚暖水性类群鱼类,而且全北区冷水性类群鱼类也分布于此。与邻近水系比较,此 相似文献
8.
《生物技术通报》2014,(10)
高效氯氰菊酯是一种Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯类农药,对鱼类及其它水生生物具有高毒,且在其它食物中也可检测到它的残留,高效氯氰菊酯的残留对人类的健康同样具有不容忽视的影响。为了解高效氯氰菊酯对鱼、对人类的毒性机制,选用0.05、0.1、0.2、0.6、1 mg/L五个梯度浓度的高效氯氰菊酯溶液,对斑马鱼胚胎进行毒性处理,在显微镜下观察其对斑马鱼发育形态变化和孵化率等影响。发现高效氯氰菊酯农药对斑马鱼胚胎有严重的致畸效应,这种致畸性呈现剂量依赖性。使用0.1 mol/L浓度的高效氯氰菊酯农药对斑马鱼胚胎进行处理,进行早期胚胎发育的毒性研究。采用荧光差异双向凝胶电泳(2-D DIGE)-质谱相结合的方法,鉴定出11个差异表达蛋白质。这些蛋白质与细胞骨架、应激反应和新陈代谢有关。这些研究结果为进一步研究高效氯氰菊酯对动物的毒性机制提供了基本信息。 相似文献
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11.
Ureotelism is inducible in the neotropical freshwater Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei, Erythrinidae).
Increased environmental pH decreases ammonia transport through the gills, impairing nitrogenous waste. The consequent toxicity is usually drastic to most fishes. A few species are able to synthesize urea as a way to detoxify plasma ammonia. We studied three teleosts of the family Erythrinidae living in distinct environments, and assumed the biochemical behaviors would be different in spite of their being closely related species. Adult fish collected in the wild were submitted to alkaline water and the urea excretion rate was determined. The specific activity of urea cycle enzymes was determined in liver samples of fish from neutral waters. The studied species Hoplias lacerdae, Hoplerithrynus unitaeniatus, and Hoplias malabaricus are ureogenic. Urea synthesis is not a metabolic way to detoxify ammonia in H. lacerdae and Hoplerithrynus unitaeniatus exposed to an alkaline environment. The plasma ammonia profile of both species showed two distinct biochemical responses. Urea excretion of H. malabaricus was high in alkaline water, and the transition to ureotelism is proposed. The nitrogen excretion rate of H. malabaricus was among the highest values reported and the high urea excretion leads us to include this species as ureotelic in alkaline water. 相似文献
12.
Lahnsteiner F 《Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA》2008,36(3):299-311
The sensitivity of the zebrafish embryo test, a test proposed for routine waste water control, was compared with the acute fish toxicity test, in the determination of six types of waste water and ten different chemicals. The waste water was sampled from the following industrial processes: paper and cardboard production, hide tanning, metal galvanisation, carcass treatment and utilisation, and sewage treatment. The chemicals tested were: dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulphoxide, cadmium chloride, cyclohexane, hydroquinone, mercuric chloride, nickel chloride, nonylphenol, resmethrin and sodium nitrite. For many of the test substances, the zebrafish embryo test and the acute fish toxicity test results showed high correlations. However, there were certain environmentally-relevant substances for which the results of the zebrafish embryo test and the acute fish toxicity test differed significantly, up to 10,000-fold (Hg(2+) > 150-fold difference; NO(2)(-) > 300-fold; Cd(2+) > 200-fold; resmethrin > 10,000-fold). For the investigated waste water samples and chemicals, the survival rate of the zebrafish embryos showed high variations between different egg samples, within the range of the EC50 concentration. Subsequently, 5-6 parallel assays were deemed to be the appropriate number necessary for the precise evaluation of the toxicity of the test substances. Also, it was found that the sensitivities of different ontogenetic stages to chemical exposure differed greatly. During the first 12 hours after fertilisation (4-cell stage to the 5-somite stage), the embryos reacted most sensitively to test substance exposure, whereas the later ontogenetic stages showed only slight or no response, indicating that the test is most sensitive during the first 24 hours post-fertilisation. 相似文献
13.
H. Dantagnan † A. S. Bórquez I. N. Valdebenito I. A. Salgado E. A. Serrano M. S. Izquierdo ‡ 《Journal of fish biology》2007,70(3):770-781
Galaxias maculatus eggs and larvae obtained from broodfish captured either in an estuarine or a freshwater environment, as well as from cultured broodstock were analysed to compare their lipid and fatty acid profiles. Results showed a lower lipid content in embryos and larvae from estuarine populations than those from fresh water, denoting the influence of environmental conditions. The n-3:n-6 ratio was higher in eggs from estuarine and cultured populations, being in the range of marine fishes, whereas for eggs from freshwater fish was lower and typical of freshwater fishes. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), were higher in eggs and larvae of broodstock coming from culture or estuarine environments than in those from fresh water. Moreover, these fatty acids markedly increased after hatching in larvae coming from estuarine populations, suggesting the effect of the environment on fatty acid profiles to physiologically prepare the larvae to adapt to higher salinity conditions. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) content was higher in fresh water fish and its reduction during embryo and larval development was accompanied by a significant increase of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), which was not observed in embryos or larvae from broodstock fish from estuary or aquaculture origin. Both environment and diet of broodstock fish affected lipid and fatty acid composition of G. maculatus embryo and larvae as well as their changes during development. 相似文献
14.
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were exposed to aluminium under both steady state and non-steady state chemical conditions in alkaline water. Under alkaline (pH 9.5) steady state conditions, approximately 350 microg Al l(-1) (predominantly aluminate, Al(OH)(4)(-)) had no acute toxic effect on the salmon. The fish, however, showed a physiological response after 3 weeks of exposure ( approximately 300% increase in blood glucose concentration, about 30% increase in blood haematocrit, and about 15% decrease in plasma Cl(-) concentration). No increase in toxicity was evident under non-steady state conditions, i.e. lowering Al solubility as pH was lowered from 9.5 to 7.5. The results indicate that the toxicity of the aluminate ion (Al(OH)(4)(-)) is low, and particularly lower than the corresponding toxicity of cationic Al hydroxides. The effects observed in fish exposed to Al-rich water at pH 9.5 were counteracted as Al solubility was decreased by lowering pH to 7.5. This is contrary to previous observations where Al solubility has been lowered by increasing pH from 5.0 to 6.5. 相似文献
15.
The toxicity of solutions of ammonia to fish in different dilution waters showed a variation which was not entirely related to the concentration of the un-ionized ammonia molecule. Evidence is presented which shows that this variation can be attributed to the increase in the concentration of free carbon dioxide at the gill surface, which causes a decrease in both the pH value and the concentration of unionized ammonia present; the extent of the decrease depends on the initial concentration of free carbon dioxide in the bulk of the solution. Quantitative measurements of the relation between the free carbon dioxide concentration of the water and the toxicity of un-ionized ammonia are correlated with a theoretical estimation of the pH value of the water at the gill surface. 相似文献
16.
In situ toxicity tests of fishes in acid waters 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
David W. Johnson Howard A. Simonin James R. Colquhoun Frank M. Flack 《Biogeochemistry》1987,3(1-3):181-208
Toxicity of waters within the North Branch of the Moose River to various life stages of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) were examined in situ. Study sites were selected that were expected to range from toxic to favourable water quality. For example, pH varied from 4.25 to 7.17, inorganic monomeric Al ranged from ND (< 0.01 mg/l) to 0.40 mg/l, and Ca, from 0.41 to 4.27 mg/l.Toxicity tests were conducted at times when the life stages would naturally occur in these waters and were continued until a range of mortality was observed at the various sites. These experiments suggested that the extent of the drainage system that is toxic to fish increases during snowmelt and major runoff events. Summer base flow water quality was generally the least toxic.Critical life stages were upon hatching and as early feeding fry. In general, young of the year fish were the most tolerant life stage tested. Yearling and adult fish, however, were very sensitive. Blacknose dace were the most sensitive fish of the four species tested, and brook trout were the most tolerant.Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration was the most toxic variable in the majority of tests. Inorganic monomeric Al was the most toxic in several, and the combination of H+ and Al seemed to cause increased toxicity in many instances. A three-variable model employing hours of exposure, H+ concentration, and inorganic monomeric Al predicted mortality quite well. A simple two-variable model using H+ and color was nearly as good (R2 from 0.49 to 0.94).Documented differences in toxicity among sites and species agreed with observed patterns of fish distribution. These in situ results indicated that laboratory estimates of safe levels of pH and concentrations of Al can result in mortality of fishes in surface waters subject to acidification. 相似文献
17.
Edwin B. Powers 《The Journal of general physiology》1922,4(3):305-317
1. The ability of marine fishes to absorb oxygen at low tension from the sea water is more or less dependent upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the water. 2. The ability of fishes to withstand wide variations in the range of hydrogen ion concentration of the sea water can be correlated with their habitats. The fishes that are most resistant to a wide variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are most cosmopolitan in their habitat. Those that are least resistant to a variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are the most restricted in their range of habitat. 3. There is a close correlation between the optimum condition of the sea water for the absorption of oxygen at low tension by the herring (Clupea pallasii), the condition of the sea water to which they react positive and that in which they are found most abundantly. 4. It is suggested that the variation in the ability to absorb oxygen at low tension at a given pH of individuals of a species is dependent upon the alkaline reserve of the blood of the individual fish. 相似文献
18.
A number of different freshwater fish species (perch Perca fluviatilis , roach Rutilus rutilus and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalamus ) from either eutrophic (Slapton Ley, a seasonally alkaline lake) or non-eutrophic waters were compared with respect to their sodium uptake kinetics and tolerance to acute (1 h) exposure to pH 9·5. Further comparisons were made with rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta . The influence of fish size was also investigated in rainbow trout. Exposure to pH 9·5 was found to disrupt sodium balance and inhibit ammonia excretion in all species and sizes of fishes. The origin of fishes did not have a significant effect on the sodium uptake kinetics or the physiological responses to high pH water. The fishes from the eutrophic lake therefore did not appear to have any increased tolerance to acute exposure to alkaline water. In contrast to previous studies there was no inhibition of Na+ uptake during exposure to high pH. Indeed in some groups of fish Na+ uptake was actually stimulated, as was Na+ efflux. These differences are attributed to experimental water composition and interspecific differences in physiology. It was not always possible to size-match fishes of the different species, so rainbow trout were used to assess the effect of body mass (from 2 to 40 g), on Na+ uptake kinetics and Na+ or ammonia fluxes during alkaline water exposure in rainbow trout. Size had no significant effect on these measurements within this narrow range, which helps validate the comparison between species in this study. 相似文献
19.
Fish kills of milkfish Chanos chanos and tilapia Oreochromis spp. now occur frequently in brackish, marine, and freshwater
farms (ponds, pens, and cages) in the Philippines. Aquafarms with high organic load, limited water exchange and circulation,
no aeration, and high stocking and feeding rates can become oxygen-depleted and allow sulfide from the sediments to appear
in the water column and poison free-swimming fish. The sulfide tolerance of 2–5 g milkfish and 5–8 g O. mossambicus was determined
in 25-liter aquaria with flow-through sea water (100 ml min-1) at 26–30 °C and sulfide stock solutions pumped in at 1ml min-1.
Total sulfide concentrations in the aquaria were measured by the methylene blue method and used in the regression against
the probits of % survival. Four experiments showed that the two species have similar sulfide tolerance. In sea water of pH
8–8.5, about 163 ± 68 μM or 5.2 ± 2.2 mg l-1 total sulfide (mean ± 2 se) or 10 μM or 313 μg l-1 H2S was lethal to 50% of the
fish in 4–8 h, and 61 ± 3 μM total sulfide or 4 μM H2S in 24–96 h (to convert all sulfide concentrations: 1 μM = 32 μg l-1).
Earthen pond bottoms had 0–382 μM total dissolved sulfide (mean ± sd = 54 ± 79 μM, n = 76); a tenth of the samples had >200
μM. The water column may have such sulfide levels under hypoxic or anoxic conditions. To simulate some of the conditions during
fish kills, 5–12 g milkfish were exposed to an abrupt increase in sulfide, alone or in combination with progressive respiratory
hypoxia and decreasing pH. The tests were done in the same flow-through set-up but with sulfide pumped in at 25 ml min-1.
The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish was 197 μM total sulfide or 12 μM H2S at 2 h, but 28–53 μM sulfide allowed fish
to survive 6–10 h. Milkfish in aquaria with no aeration nor flow-through sea water died of respiratory hypoxia in 5–8 h when
oxygen dropped from 6 to 1 mg l-1. Under respiratory hypoxia with 30–115 μM sulfide, the fish died in 2.5–4 h. Tests with
low pH were done by pumping a weak sulfuric acid solution at 25 ml min-1 into aquaria with flow-through sea water such that
the pH dropped from 8 to 4 in 5 h. Under these conditions, milkfish died in 7–9 h when the pH was 3.5. When 30–93 μM sulfide
was pumped in with the acid, the fish died in 2–6 h when the pH was still 4.5–6.3. Thus, sulfide, hypoxia, and low pH are
each toxic to milkfish at particular levels and aggravate each other's toxicity. Aquafarms must be well oxygenated to prevent
sulfide toxicity and fish kills.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
水产养殖用解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊的安全性评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的:评价水产养殖用解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊的安全性。方法:参照《GB/T21805-2008化学品藻类生长抑制试验》、《GB/T13266-91水质物质对蚤类(大型蚤)急性毒性测定方法》、《GB/T13267-91水质物质对淡水鱼(斑马鱼)急性毒性测定方法》、《渔药临床试验技术规范》等国家标准及相关法规,观察了解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊对小球藻生长的抑制作用以及对大型蚤、斑马鱼和草鱼的急性毒性,分析了其对养殖水体主要理化因子的影响。结果:解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊在终浓度为0.2~2 000mg/L时对小球藻生长具有促进作用,对小球藻的半数抑制浓度大于2 000mg/L,而且其对大型蚤、斑马鱼和草鱼的半数致死浓度也大于2 000mg/L(或mg/kg体重)。此外,在养殖水体中加入解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊至终浓度为0.2~2 000mg/L后14天内,各浓度组的氨氮含量、硫化物和pH均缓慢下降,仅亚硝酸盐氮含量稍微升高后逐渐缓慢降低,但这些理化因子的变化与解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊的加入量呈负相关关系。结论:解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊实际无毒,对养殖水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硫化物和pH等理化因子的影响均控制在虾虎鱼仔鱼、黄颡鱼、白斑狗鱼、克氏原螯虾等水产养殖动物的安全浓度范围内,为其在水产养殖中的安全应用提供了重要的科学依据。 相似文献