丙型肝炎病毒E1蛋白活化MAPK／ERK信号通路促进肝癌细胞增殖

目的研究丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitisCvirus,HCV）编码蛋白E1的生物学功能。方法分别构建编码HCV重要蛋白E1、E2、NS3、NS5a、NS5b的腺病毒载体Ad—E1、Ad—E2、Ad—NS3、Ad—NS5a、Ad—NS5b;将重组并包装的腺病毒分别感染SMMC-7721细胞,测定感染滴度,通过RT—PCR方法在转录水平鉴定HCVE1、E2、NS3、NS5a、NSSb的表达,用Western印迹在蛋白水平鉴定E1蛋白的表达。腺病毒感染SMMC-7721细胞后,通过细胞增殖实验筛选生物学功能最明显的蛋白。将筛选到的Ad—E1感染SMMC-7721细胞,用MTS、结晶紫、细胞周期实验观察体外过表达E1蛋白对感染细胞增殖的影响;Western印迹检测p-ERK、ERK的表达;RT—PCR检测c—Myc、cyclinD1、c—Jun、c．Fos基因的表达。结果成功扩增了能够编码HCV重要蛋白E1、E2、NS3、NS5a、NS5b的高滴度腺病毒Ad—E1、Ad—E2、Ad—NS3、Ad—NS5a、Ad—NS5b,并且通过RT—PCR方法在转录水平鉴定了目的基因的表达,Western印迹方法在蛋白水平鉴定了E1蚩白的表达。通过细胞计数、MTS、结晶紫实验证实Ad—E1感染组细胞较对照组增殖速度加快,细胞周期显示Ad-E1感染组细胞34．38％处于S期,明显高于Ad—GFP（27．32％）（P〈0．05）对照组;Ad-E1感染绢p-ERK蛋白表达量增高,同时与细胞增殖相关的MAPK／ERK下游基因转录水平上凋。结论体外过表达HCVE1蛋白可以明显促进SMMC-7721细胞的增殖,其促增殖作用可能与MAPK／ERK信号通路的活化相关。     

Glycosylation of an immunoglobulin produced from a murine hybridoma cell line: the effect of culture mode and the anti-apoptotic gene, bcl-2

The impact of bcl-2 over-expression on the glycosylation pattern of an antibody produced by a bcl-2 transfected hybridoma cell line (TB/C3.bcl-2) was investigated in suspension batch, continuous and high cell density culture (Flat hollow fibre, Tecnomouse system). In all culture modes bcl-2 over-expression resulted in higher cell viability. Analysis of the glycans from the IgG of batch cultures showed that >95% of the structures were neutral core fucosylated asialo biantennary oligosaccharides with variable terminal galactosylation (G0f, G1f and G2f) consistent with previous analysis of glycans from the conserved site at Asn-297 of the IgG protein. The galactosylation index (GI) was determined as an indicator of the glycan profile (=(G2 + 0.5* G1)/(G0 + G1 + G2)). GI values in control cultures were comparable to bcl-2 cultures during exponential growth (0.53) but declined toward the end of the culture when there was a loss in cell viability. Low dilution rates in chemostat culture were associated with reduced galactosylation of the IgG glycans in both cell lines. However, at the higher dilution rates the GI for IgG was consistently higher in the TB/C3.bcl-2 cultures. In the hollow fibre bioreactor the galactosylation of the IgG glycans was considerably lower than in suspension batch or continuous cultures with GI values averaging 0.38. Similar low galactosylation values have been found previously for high density cell cultures and these are consistent with the low values obtained when the dissolved oxygen level is maintained at a low value (10%) in controlled suspension cultures of hybridomas.     

Coordination of growth rate, cell cycle, stress response, and metabolic activity in yeast

We studied the relationship between growth rate and genome-wide gene expression, cell cycle progression, and glucose metabolism in 36 steady-state continuous cultures limited by one of six different nutrients (glucose, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, uracil, or leucine). The expression of more than one quarter of all yeast genes is linearly correlated with growth rate, independent of the limiting nutrient. The subset of negatively growth-correlated genes is most enriched for peroxisomal functions, whereas positively correlated genes mainly encode ribosomal functions. Many (not all) genes associated with stress response are strongly correlated with growth rate, as are genes that are periodically expressed under conditions of metabolic cycling. We confirmed a linear relationship between growth rate and the fraction of the cell population in the G0/G1 cell cycle phase, independent of limiting nutrient. Cultures limited by auxotrophic requirements wasted excess glucose, whereas those limited on phosphate, sulfate, or ammonia did not; this phenomenon (reminiscent of the "Warburg effect" in cancer cells) was confirmed in batch cultures. Using an aggregate of gene expression values, we predict (in both continuous and batch cultures) an "instantaneous growth rate." This concept is useful in interpreting the system-level connections among growth rate, metabolism, stress, and the cell cycle.     

Expression of apoptosis and cell cycle related genes in proliferating and colcemid arrested cells of divergent lineage.

Progression through the cell cycle and redirection of cells towards programmed cell death (apoptosis) are tightly inter-related processes. However the requirement for tissue and cell type specificity suggests that a wide variety of mechanisms are used to achieve the same purpose. To examine this issue, we investigated cell cycle (c-myc, p53, p21/WAF) and apoptosis related (bcl-2, bcl-X(L), bax-alpha) gene expression in two cell lines of very different origin under proliferating and apoptosis-inducing conditions. Transformed human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) and non-transformed human kidney embryonal fibroblasts (293-0) were kept in culture in medium containing 10% FCS and growth arrest was induced by the addition of 50 ng/ml colcemid. Colcemid treatment caused growth arrest and elevated expression of cyclin B1 protein in both cell lines. Apoptosis was significantly elevated in both cell lines after colcemid exposure for at least one cell cycle. However the pattern of expression of cell cycle and apoptosis related genes, determined by RT-PCR, was quite different between the two cell lines during exponential growth and cell cycle arrest. Colcemid treatment did not markedly influence c-myc, p53 and p21/WAF expression in MG63 cells but did suppress c-myc and increase p21/WAF in 293-0 cells. Furthermore colcemid treated MG63 cells exhibited elevated bcl-2 and bax-alpha expression while similar treatment of 293-0 cells resulted in decreased bcl-X(L) and slightly increased bax-alpha expression. While growth arrest and apoptosis were induced in both MG63 and 293 cells following colcemid treatment, the differences in gene expression suggest that the mechanism by which these cells determine cell fate is quite different and may determine the sensitivity of different cell populations to anti-neoplastic drug therapy. The distinct patterns of gene expression should be carefully defined before mechanisms of apoptotic cell death are studied.     

mad—overexpression down regulates the malignant growth and p53 mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL—7404 cells

Mad protein has been shown as an antagonist of cMyc protein in some cell lines.The effect of Mad protein to the malignant phenotype of human hepatoma BEL-7404 cell line was investigated experimentally.An eukarryotic vector pCDNA Ⅲ containing full ORF fragment of mad cDNA was transfected into targeted cells.Under G418 selection,stable Mad-overexpressed cells were cloned.Studies on the effect of Mad over-expression in cell proliferation and cell cycle revealed that cell morphology of the Mad-overexpressed BEL-7404-M1 cells was significantly different from the parent and control vector transfected cells.DNA synthesis,cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in soft-agar of the madtransfected cells were partially inhibited in comparison to control cells.Flos cytometry analysis indicated that mad over-expression might block more transfectant cells at G0/G1 phase,resulting in the retardation of cell proliferation.RT-PCR detected a marked inhibition of the expression of cdc25A,an important regulator gene of G0/G1 to S phase in cell cycle.It was also found that Mad protein overexpression could greatly suppress p53-mediated apoptosis in BEL-74040M1 cells in the absence of serume.Thus,Mad proteins may function as a negative regulator antagonizing c-Myc activity in the control of cell growth and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 cells.