广西兰科植物二新记录属

该文报道了广西兰科(Orchidaceae) 2个新记录属,即鹿角兰属(Pomatocalpa Breda)和独花兰属(Changnienia S. S. Chien)。鹿角兰属植物共有13种,中国分布有2种,广西首次记录到该属的台湾鹿角兰[Pomatocalpa undulatum (Lindley) J. J. Smith subsp. acuminatum (Rolfe) S. WatthanaS. W. Chung];独花兰属为单种属,仅独花兰(Changnienia amoena S. S. Chien) 1种,该种为中国特有种,广西首次记录。该文还提供了新记录属和种的形态描述和图片。     

Four new species of Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) from Irano–Turanian area,with notes on taxonomy and distribution

Four new scythridid species are described: Scythris kabulella sp. nov. and S. claudiae sp. nov. from Afghanistan, S. alborzensis sp. nov. from Iran and S. bifasciella sp. nov. from Iran and Turkey. Scythris kabulella is closely related to S. bagdadiella Amsel, 1949 and is assigned to the S. bagdadiella species group because of its genital features. Scythris claudiae is also assigned to Scythris pascuella species group due to its genital features. At present, S. alborzensis and S. bifasciella could not be assigned to any known species group.     

AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)

This study was aimed at examining the relationships between the African material of Solanum americanum (also designated as S. nodiflorum), accessions of this taxon from other geographical areas, and American S. americanum using AFLP markers. 96 individuals representing 39 accessions of S. americanum sensu lato and related diploid species from the widest possible geographical range, and one accession of S. dulcamara (as outgroup) were used. The AFLP results suggested that American S. americanum differs from S. nodiflorum and that the material investigated in this study can be assigned to three different species: S. americanum sensu stricto, S. nodiflorum and a Solanum species from Brazil. These species can be differentiated based on a combination of floral and fruit characteristics.     

The effect of temperature on growth and competition between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphagnum</Emphasis> species

Peat bogs play a large role in the global sequestration of C, and are often dominated by different Sphagnum species. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how Sphagnum vegetation in peat bogs will respond to global warming. We performed a greenhouse experiment to study the effect of four temperature treatments (11.2, 14.7, 18.0 and 21.4°C) on the growth of four Sphagnum species: S. fuscum and S. balticum from a site in northern Sweden and S. magellanicum and S. cuspidatum from a site in southern Sweden. In addition, three combinations of these species were made to study the effect of temperature on competition. We found that all species increased their height increment and biomass production with an increase in temperature, while bulk densities were lower at higher temperatures. The hollow species S. cuspidatum was the least responsive species, whereas the hummock species S. fuscum increased biomass production 13-fold from the lowest to the highest temperature treatment in monocultures. Nutrient concentrations were higher at higher temperatures, especially N concentrations of S. fuscum and S. balticum increased compared to field values. Competition between S. cuspidatum and S. magellanicum was not influenced by temperature. The mixtures of S. balticum with S. fuscum and S. balticum with S. magellanicum showed that S. balticum was the stronger competitor, but it lost competitive advantage in the highest temperature treatment. These findings suggest that species abundances will shift in response to global warming, particularly at northern sites where hollow species will lose competitive strength relative to hummock species and southern species.     

Isolation,identification and characterization of Staphylococcus sp. from Indian ethnic fermented fish product

Staphylococci from Sheedal of Northeast India was isolated, identified and characterized. All the isolated staphylococci were found to be coagulase negative. Based on the rpoB gene sequences followed by analysis using NCBI-BLAST software, seven species of Staphylococcus namely, S. piscifermentans, S. condimenti, S. arlettae, S. sciuri, S. warneri, S. nepalensis and S. hominis were recognized. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three major cluster groups. All the seven Staphylococcus showed their NaCl tolerance from 2 to 8%. No species was able to grow at 55°C. Except S. arlettae and S. sciuri, all the isolated staphylococcal species exhibited growth at pH 4–8. No isolated species was able to ferment mannitol, sucrose and arabinose. All the species exhibited moderate to maximum proteolytic and lipolytic activities. All the seven species were found to be sensitive to the antibiotics, namely, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, streptomycin and vancomycin, whereas all were resistant to co-trimoxazole. Only S. piscifermentans was found antagonist to Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, although the clear zone was minimal. All the staphylococcal species except S. arlettae and S. sciuri exhibited hydrophobicity ranging from 25 to 66%. The observed characteristics of isolated Staphylococci from Sheedal revealed their role in fish fermentation.     

Phylogenetic relationships of rodent pinworms (genus Syphacia) in Japan inferred from 28S rDNA sequences

The 28S rDNA from nine species of the genus Syphacia collected in Japan was sequenced, and the phylogenetic relationship was inferred from multiple sequence alignment of 28S rDNA by the MAFFT program. Phylogenetic tree indicates that S. petrusewiczi, which was the only species belonging to the subgenus Seuratoxyuris, has diverged earlier than other rodent pinworms examined and was distantly separated from the others genetically. It was revealed that S. agraria and S. vandenbrueli, whose subgeneric status has not been specified, belonged to the subgenus Syphacia together with other 6 species. Syphacia montana from Clethrionomys, Eothenomys and Microtus was very closely related to S. obvelata from Mus, and that S. frederici from Apodemus and S. vandenbrueli from Micromys were comparatively closely related to the former two species. The phylogenetic relationship among the three species of Syphacia found in Japanese Apodemus was inconsistent with the biogeography of host rodents. The co-evolutionary relationship between pinworm species and their host rodents may not be so strict and host switching has probably occurred frequently during the course of evolution.     

Interspecific Relationships among Charrs Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of Nuclear Growth Hormone Intron Sequences

DNA samples were obtained from six charr species: Salvelinus alpinus, S. malma, S. confluentus, S. leucomaenis, S. namaycush and S. fontinalis and two outgroups: Salmo salar and S. trutta. The C and D introns from the duplicate growth hormone loci (GH1 and GH2) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from each of the species. Phylogenetic analyses with and without gaps were performed using the beta version of PAUP. The GH introns are evolving relatively slowly, so the data were combined with sequences from the ITS1 and ITS2 for a phylogenetic analysis of the charr species. The GH intron data and the combined data supported two groups of sister species among charrs: S. alpinus and S. malma, and S. confluentus and S. leucomaenis.     

Relationships and Hybridization among Smilax china and Its Affinities: Evidence from Allozyme Data

Smilax china L. is a widespread species in China with different ploidy levels. It is morphologically similar to S. davidiana, S. trinervula, and S. glauco-china. In this study, the chromosome number and the variation in allozyme patterns of eight enzyme systems with 25 alleles in 11 populations of S. china and three affinitive species were investigated. The allozyme data, together with morphological and cytological data, suggest that S. glauco-china is not closely related to the other taxa investigated. The diploid species S. davidiana and S. trinervula are involved as ancestor species and share great introgressions with S. china. In S. china, populations from Guilin and Guiyang are allotetraploid; their diploid progenitors probably are diploid populations of S. china and S. trinervula. The results suggest this species arose from multiple origins.     

Length–weight relationships of four cavefish species from China

Length‐weight relationships (LWRs) were estimated for four cavefish species belonging to the genus Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) occurring in the Nanpanjiang River and Hongshuihe River, which constitute the upstream of the species, S. angularis, S. furcodorsalis, S. rhinocerous, and S. tileihornes, were collected from 2011 to 2017. The b values of LWRs of these four species ranged from 2.830 to 3.719 and the correlation coefficient values (R²) were high for all species. This is the first record of LWRs for cavefish species with the horn in FishBase database.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence and gene order of the Sri Lankan Schistosoma nasale is affiliated to the African/Indian group

A 1.9 kb nucleotide sequence of part of the mitochondrial (mt) genome covering the cox1-trnT-rrnL-trnC-rrnS region, and the order of the remaining mitochondrial protein-coding genes for S. nasale of Sri Lankan origin, has been determined for analysis of the possible placement of this species in the genus Schistosoma. The gene order of this species is similar to that of the African and Indian Schistosoma species, but strikingly different from the East Asian species. Analysis of an alignment of the 1.9 kb sequence with available sequences from other schistosomes indicated affinities with S. spindale (found in Sri Lanka) and African species (in particular S. intercalatum and S. haematobium). Phylogenetic trees inferred from the alignment including 1 kb of RNA (transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA) sequence for 8 other Schistosoma spp. and Fasciola hepatica as an out-group revealed that S. nasale is placed proximally to S. spindale, S. intercalatum, S. haematobium and S. mansoni in the African sub-group while the East Asian species are more distant. S. incognitum lies basal to the combined African/Indian clade. The mtDNA analysis strongly supports the hypothesis that S. nasale is closely affiliated with the African/Indian schistosome group rather than the East Asian Schistosoma species.     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Solanum species with potential agricultural value (S. hjertingii,S. polyadenium,S. capsicibaccatum)

Protoplasts have been isolated from three tuber-bearing Solanum species, S. hjertingii, S. polyadenium and S. capsicibaccatum, that are sexually incompatible with S. tuberosum, but possess potentially useful characters. For isolating protoplasts from leaves of in vitro shoot cultures of S. hjertingii and S. capsicibaccatum growth was improved by including silver thiosulfate in the medium. However, for S. polyadenium, leaves of pot-grown plants were the best source for protoplasts. Following protoplast division and culture, plants were regenerated from protoplasts of each of the species. The pattern of chromosome variation in regenerants was similar to that observed for other diploid and tetraploid Solanum species. The results indicate that it should be possible to introduce the potentially useful germplasm from these wild species into somatic hybrids with S. tuberosum by protoplast fusion.Abbreviations STS silver thiosulfate - BAP benzylaminopurine - GA₃ gibberellic acid - NAA naphthalene acetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid     

Spiranthes hachijoensis (Orchidaceae), a new species within the S. sinensis species complex in Japan,based on morphological,phylogenetic, and ecological evidence

The systematics of the Old World Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames species complex (Orchidaceae) has been complicated by its wide distribution and morphological variations. Within the species complex, S. australis Lindl. has been generally accepted as the only Spiranthes Rich. species distributed on the Japanese mainland. The present study provides morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological evidence for the recognition of S. hachijoensis Suetsugu as a new species of the S. sinensis species complex on the Japanese mainland. Spiranthes hachijoensis is morphologically similar to S. hongkongensis S.Y. Hu & Barretto and S. nivea T.P. Lin & W.M. Lin, sharing a degenerated rostellum, pollinia without a viscidium, and distinctly trilobed stigma. However, the taxon can be morphologically distinguished from S. hongkongensis by its glabrous rachis, ovaries, and sepals, and from S. nivea by its papillate labellum disc, larger papillate basal labellum callosities, and glabrous rachis, ovaries, and sepals. The autogamy and flowering phenology (i.e., earlier flowering) of S. hachijoensis are most likely responsible for premating isolation from the sympatric S. australis. A MIG-seq-based high-throughput molecular analysis indicated that the genetic difference between S. hachijoensis and its putative sister species S. sinensis is comparable to, or even greater than, the genetic difference between pairs of other species within the S. sinensis species complex. Our multifaceted approach strongly supports the recognition of S. hachijoensis as a morphologically, phenologically, phylogenetically, and ecologically distinct species.

     

New species of the genus Salganea (Blattaria, Blaberidae, Panesthiinae) from Myanmar, with molecular phylogenetic analyses and notes on social structure

A new species of the genus Salganea is described from Mount Victoria, Chin State, Myanmar under the name of Salganea matsumotoi sp. nov. Morphological investigation suggests that this species belongs to the S. nigrita species group. The inferred molecular phylogenetic tree indicates that S. matsumotoi is most closely related to the taxa S. incerta, S. taiwanensis, S. gressiti and S. esakii, distributed in Thailand, Taiwan and Japan, all of which belong to the S. nigrita species group. Social structural data suggest that this species is subsocial, and in contrast to other studied species in the genus, potentially has more than one reproductive episode.     

The Symbiotic Requirements of Different Medicago Spp. Suggest the Evolution of Sinorhizobium Meliloti and S. Medicae with Hosts Differentially Adapted to Soil pH

Nitrogen fixing rhizobia associated with the Medicago L. genus belong to two closely related species Sinorhizobium medicae and S. meliloti. To investigate the symbiotic requirements of different Medicago species for the two microsymbionts, 39 bacterial isolates from nodules of eleven Medicago species growing in their natural habitats in the Mediterranean basin plus six historical Australian commercial inocula were symbiotically characterized with Medicago hosts. The bacterial species allocation was first assigned on the basis of symbiotic proficiency with M. polymorpha. PCR primers specific for 16S rDNA were then designed to distinguish S. medicae and S. meliloti. PCR amplification results confirmed the species allocation acquired in the glasshouse. PCR fingerprints generated from ERIC, BOXA1R and nif-directed RPO1 primers revealed that the Mediterranean strains were genetically heterogenous. Moreover PCR fingerprints with ERIC and BOX primers showed that these repetitive DNA elements were specifically distributed and conserved in S. meliloti and S. medicae, clustering the strains into two divergent groups according to their species. Linking the Sinorhizobium species with the plant species of origin we have found that S. medicae was mostly associated with medics well adapted to moderately acid soils such as M. polymorpha, M. arabica and M. murex whereas S. meliloti was predominantly isolated from plants naturally growing on alkaline or neutral pH soils such as M. littoralis and M. tornata. Moreover in glasshouse experiments the S. medicae strains were able to induce well-developed nodules on M. murex whilst S. meliloti was not infective on this species. This feature provides a very distinguishing characteristic for S. medicae. Results from the symbiotic, genotypic and cultural characterization suggest that S. meliloti and S. medicae have adapted to different Medicago species according to the niches these medics usually occupy in their natural habitats.     

Chemical tools to distinguish the fire ant species Solenopsis invicta and S. saevissima (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Southeast Brazil

Morphologically similar fire ants Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis saevissima are broadly sympatric in southeastern Brazil. Chemistry from venom (2,6-dialkyl piperidine alkaloids) and cuticular hydrocarbons have been reported as potentially important tools for differentiating Solenopsis species. We have analysed two chemical classes in widely separated populations of S. invicta and S. saevissima and find that both piperidine alkaloids and cuticular hydrocarbons separate the two species. Piperidine alkaloids clustered S. invicta but not S. saevissima. Cuticular hydrocarbons strongly clustered both S. invicta and S. saevissima. One population morphologically identified as S. invicta presented piperidine alkaloids and cuticular hydrocarbons markedly different from either species. The distinctive piperidine alkaloid differences among populations of S. saevissima and the marked difference in piperidine alkaloid and hydrocarbon profiles of the anomalous population of S. invicta suggest undescribed species fire ant in southeastern Brazil.     

Taxonomic study of Scytosiphon (Phaeophyceae) from temperate coasts of Argentina

Scytosiphon is a common intertidal genus widely distributed on temperate coasts worldwide. Recently, eight species have been delimited with molecular tools. Although S. lomentaria is the only species that predominates in the macroalgal literature of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SwAO), unpublished molecular data obtained for a population study of S. lomentaria revealed hidden species diversity of Scytosiphon among the individuals collected from four localities at the SwAO. The aim of this study was to revise the identity and phylogenetic relationships of Scytosiphon from temperate coasts of the SwAO using DNA data. Thalli were collected from the Argentinean coast between 39° S and 43° S, from which cox1 and rbcL gene sequences were obtained. Phylogenies and haplotype networks were inferred and morphology of gametophytes was studied. Four species were recognized, S. lomentaria, S. promiscuus, S. shibazakiorum, and one species that belongs to a complex of species known as “Scytosiphon Atlantic complex.” This complex was known to occur only in the North Atlantic, however, the results found in this study revealed that it has an extended distribution range that includes the southern hemisphere, where its populations have high genetic diversity and unique haplotypes. The morphological differences among the four species were subtle; denoting that previous Scytosiphon records from the SwAO attributed to the renowned S. lomentaria could represent different species. In addition, sex ratio and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses were done for populations of S. promiscuus presumably introduced to the SwAO, and the results indicated that they included female-dominant parthenogenetic populations, which were probably introduced from Japan.     

Development of microsatellite markers for Stachyurus macrocarpus and Stachyurus macrocarpus var. prunifolius (Stachyuraceae), critically endangered shrub species endemic to the Bonin Islands

Stachyurus macrocarpus and S. macrocarpus var. prunifolius are critically endangered shrub species in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Japan. These species are extremely rare, and the numbers of individuals in wild populations are 68 in S. macrocarpus and 13 in S. macrocarpus var. prunifolius. For the investigation of genetic diversity, genetic structure and relatedness among remnant individuals of these endangered species, we developed eight microsatellite markers from S. macrocarpus var. prunifolius and characterized these markers for S. macrocarpus var. prunifolius and S. macrocarpus using all naturally occurring individuals of these species. The expected heterozygosities of these markers ranged from 0.14 to 0.67 in S. macrocarpus var. prunifolius, and from 0.02 to 0.84 in S. macrocarpus. The markers described here will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity, genetic structure and relatedness among remnant individuals, and planning the restoration of these critically endangered species.     

Catfishes of the genus Sperata (Pisces:Bagridae) in India

DNA barcode data of the South Asian bagrid catfish genus Sperata indicate the presence of at least five species in the Indian subcontinent. Those results, which are supported by morphological data, show a marked increase in species diversity from the recent taxonomic and fishery literature, although each of the five species had been previously named. Two species are restricted to rivers of peninsular India south of the Godavari: Sperata aorides from the Cauvery river basin and S. seenghala from the Krishna river basin. Most literature records of S. seenghala from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basins likely refer to S. lamarrii, a species which appears to also be present in the Indus river basin. Some genetic data reported as S. seenghala from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basins refer to S. aorella. S. aor is widespread in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Surma river basins in India and Bangladesh, extending southwards to the Godavari river.     

Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of three species of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphyraena obtusata</Emphasis> group (Perciformes: Sphyraenidae) from East Asia

Genetic differences among the three species of Sphyraena with two gill rakers from East Asia (S. iburiensis, S. obtusata, and S. pinguis, defined recently as the S. obtusata group), were investigated using 799-bp sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Pairwise sequence differences within each of the three species were 0.0–0.4% (S. iburiensis), 0.0–0.4% (S. obtusata), and 0.0–0.6% (S. pinguis), respectively, pairwise sequence differences among the three species being 18.3–18.6% (S. iburiensis vs. S. obtusata), 14.9–15.4% (S. iburiensis vs. S. pinguis), and 17.6–18.3% (S. obtusata vs. S. pinguis), respectively. The extent of the latter were comparable to those among four other congeneric species, S. africana, S. forsteri, S. helleri, and S. japonica (16.0–24.5%). Phylogenetic analysis using the maximum-likelihood method indicated reciprocal monophyly of the three species, each clade being supported by a bootstrap value of 100%. These findings fully supported the taxonomic status of these species, recently elucidated by detailed morphological comparisons. In addition, the S. obtusata group formed a strongly supported clade against the four other congeneric species.     

Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Sternopygus (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)

Interrelationships among 10 extant species of the Neotropical electric fish Sternopygus are inferred from phylogenetic analysis of 66 morphological characters, including features of pigmentation, body proportions, meristics and osteology. A total of 287 lots containing 677 specimens were examined. The important findings of this study are: (1) S. branco is the most basal species unique among congeners in being restricted to whitewater rivers in the Central Amazon Basin, (2) S. sp. ‘cau’ from the Rio Caura of Venezuela is the sister taxon to (S. obtusirostris + S. astrabes), (3) S. castroi is a junior synonym of S. astrabes, (4) S. macrurus is the sister taxon to (S. arenatus + S. xingu + S. aequilabiatus species group) and (5) S. arenatus is the sister taxon to (S. xingu + S. aequilabiatus species group). A key to the adults of Sternopygus species is provided. Several features of S. astrabes previously thought to be plesiomorphic are now considered derived, including: short body cavity, paedomorphic cranial osteology, and the habitat restriction to terra firme streams. Sternopygus species assemblages in the Pacific (trans‐Andean) and Atlantic (cis‐Andean) slopes of northwestern South America are not monophyletic and do not result exclusively from local or regional radiations. The clade composed of S. macrurus, S. arenatus, S. xingu and the S. aequilabiatus species group is inferred to predate the Middle Miocene uplift of the Eastern Cordillera (c. 11.8–12.2 Ma). As currently recognized S. macrurus is the most widely distributed and most eurytopic gymnotiform species, inhabiting all hydrogeographical regions of tropical South America and most lowland aquatic habitats. Other Sternopygus species have much more restricted geographic and ecological distributions. Perceptions of phylogenetic patterns in Sternopygus are shown to be highly sensitive to taxon sampling.