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1.
Greenhouse gas emissions from forestry in East Norway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Volkmar Timmermann Janka Dibdiakova 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(9):1593-1606
Purpose
So far no calculations have been made for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from forestry in East Norway. This region stands for 80 % of the Norwegian timber production. The aim of this study was to assess the annual GHG emissions of Norwegian forestry in the eastern parts of the country from seed production to final felling and transport of timber to sawmill and wood processing industry (cradle-to-gate inventory), based on specific Norwegian data.Methods
The life cycle inventory was conducted with SimaPro applying primary and secondary data from Norwegian forestry. GHG emissions of fossil-related inputs from the technosphere were calculated for the functional unit of 1 m3 timber extracted and delivered to industry gate in East Norway in 2010. The analysis includes seed and seedling production, silvicultural operations, forest road construction and upgrading, thinning, final felling, timber forwarding and timber transport on road and rail from the forest to the industry. Norwegian time studies of forestry machines and operations were used to calculate efficiency, fuel consumption and transport distances. Due to the lack of specific Norwegian data in Ecoinvent, we designed and constructed unit processes based on primary and secondary data from forestry in East Norway.Results and discussion
GHG emissions from forestry in East Norway amounted to 17.893 kg CO2-equivalents per m3 of timber delivered to industry gate in 2010. Road transport of timber accounted for almost half of the total GHG emissions, final felling and forwarding for nearly one third of the GHG emissions. Due to longer road transport distances, pulpwood had higher impact on the climate change category than saw timber. The construction of forest roads had the highest impact on the natural land transformation category. The net CO2 emissions of fossil CO2 corresponded to 2.3 % of the CO2 sequestered by 1 m3 of growing forest trees and were compared to a calculation of biogenic CO2 release from the forest floor as a direct consequence of harvesting.Conclusions
Shorter forwarding and road transport distances, increased logging truck size and higher proportion of railway transport may result in lower emissions per volume of transported timber. A life cycle assessment of forestry may also consider impacts on environmental categories other than climate change. Biogenic CO2 emissions from the soil may be up to 10 times higher than the fossil-related emissions, at least in a short-term perspective, and are highly dependent on stand rotation length. 相似文献2.
John Frank Eshun José Potting Rik Leemans 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(7):625-638
Purpose
Most life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) approaches in life cycle assessment (LCA) are developed for western countries. Their LCIA approaches and characterization methodologies for different impact categories may not be necessarily relevant to African environmental conditions and particularly not for the timber sector in Ghana. This study reviews the relevance of existing impact categories and LCIA approaches, and uses the most relevant for the timber sector of Ghana. 相似文献3.
Accounting for water use in Australian red meat production 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Greg M. Peters Stephen G. Wiedemann Hazel V. Rowley Robyn W. Tucker 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(3):311-320
Background and theory
Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle inventory (LCI) practice needs to engage with the debate on water use in agriculture and industry. In the case of the red meat sector, some of the methodologies proposed or in use cannot easily inform the debate because either the results are not denominated in units that are meaningful to the public or the results do not reflect environmental outcomes. This study aims to solve these problems by classifying water use LCI data in the Australian red meat sector in a manner consistent with contemporary definitions of sustainability. We intend to quantify water that is removed from the course it would take in the absence of production or degraded in quality by the production system. 相似文献4.
Ole Jørgen Hanssen Elling-Olav Rukke Bernt Saugen Jens Kolstad Pål Hafrom Lars von Krogh Hanne Lerche Raadal Anne Rønning Kristin Støren Wigum 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(4):257-265
Scope and Background
The environmental effectiveness of the Norwegian beverage sector has been studied in a Factor 10 perspective. The objective of the study was to identify strategies that could make the beverage sector radically more effective from an environmental and resource perspective, leading to a Factor 10 improvement. Another main purpose of the work was to test the potential for using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology on an economic sector with a network of product chains, rather than for a single product.Methods
Life Cycle Assessment data from STØ’s own studies and literature studies have been used as a basis for analysis of the environmental status of the beverage sector in Norway. The functional unit was defined as the amount of beverage products consumed per capita in Norway in the year 2000. The study includes raw material production, production of the beverage product, packaging manufacture, distribution, use and waste management of the products. The study has, for practical reasons, been limited to the environmental impact indicators total energy consumption and global warming potential. This was done as other types of data have been difficult to obtain for all of the products that were studied (tap water, coffee, milk, soft drinks, beer, squash, juice and bottled water).Results and Discussion
The study shows differences between the drinking products with respect to energy consumption and emissions that can contribute to global warming. Due to large uncertainties in the data, general conclusions regarding the differentiation of products based on environmental performance should be made with care. Production and distribution of tap water is, however, significantly less energy intensive than the other products. For the impact categories studied, production of raw materials was the most important part of the life cycle for most drinking products.Conclusions and Perspective
The most significant contributions to achieving a Factor 10 development can be made by consuming more water, especially tap water, and through improving raw material production in the agricultural sector. Packaging and distribution is responsible for only a small part of the energy consumption and emissions leading to global warming. Optimal packaging sizes might however reduce loss of products in the user phase, which is important in order to improve the system. A Factor 10 level seems achievable only if the consumption of tap water is increased to a high level.5.
Joan-Manuel F. Mendoza Maria Feced Gumersindo Feijoo Alejandro Josa Xavier Gabarrell Joan Rieradevall 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(1):153-165
Purpose
Granite is a traditional high-quality material that is widely used in construction. A key strategy that is increasingly promoted to highlight the competitiveness of materials is life cycle environmental performance. Due to the lack of comprehensive life cycle inventories (LCIs), the environmental characterisation of granite products has received little attention in scientific literature. In this paper, a complete LCI of the production chain of intermediate and finished granite products is provided and analysed.Methods
The Spanish granite production industry, which is the second major European producer and the seventh worldwide, is examined. The reference unit is defined as 1 m2 of finished granite tiles with dimensions 60?×?40?×?2 cm used for indoor and outdoor applications. Input and output data were collected through the distribution of technical data collection surveys to quarries and processing facilities and via on-site visits. During data calculation and validation, technical support was provided by technicians from the Spanish Cluster of Granite Producers. The LCI data describe the industrial activity in baseline year 2010 that corresponds to a total production volume of 48,052 m3 of quarried granite and a net of 881,406 m2 of processed granite.Results and discussion
The production of 1 m2 of polished granite tiles requires 28 kWh of electricity, 23 MJ of diesel, 103 l of water, and 7 kg of ancillary materials. Sandblasted, flamed or bush-hammered finishes applied to granite tiles have a minimal effect on their total energy and material requirements but significantly affect their water consumption. Electrical energy, cooling water and steel are the major industrial requirements in which granite sawing is the most demanding process. The resource efficiency of the production chain is 0.31. Approximately 117 kg of granite are wasted per square meter of granite tiles that are produced (53 kg). Seventy-four percent of granite waste is composed of granite scrap, which becomes a marketable by-product. The predominant source of granite waste is the sawdust that is generated during stone-cutting operations.Conclusions
LCIs provide the relevant information required to characterise the environmental performance of granite production and products. LCI data can be easily managed by users due to the disaggregation into unit processes. LCI data can be used to analyse the environmental burden associated with intermediary granite products, such as granite blocks, sawn granite slabs and finished granite slabs, and to analyse the environmental burden of finished granite tiles according to the corresponding net production volumes.Recommendations
LCI dataset of granite production should be extended to include alternative production technologies, such as diamond multiwire machines for sawing granite, which is an increasingly competitive production technology with interesting properties for cleaner production. Strong competitive granite industries, such as the industries in China, India and Brazil, should also provide LCIs of granite products to transparently compare different product chains, identify environmental strategies on the sector level, and promote the green procurement of granite products. 相似文献6.
Purpose
As the average wood products usage per unit of floor area in Australia has decreased significantly over time, there is potential for increased greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation benefits through an increased use of wood products in buildings. This study determined the GHG outcomes of the extraction, manufacture, transport, use in construction, maintenance and disposal of wood products and other building materials for two popular house designs in Sydney, Australia.Methods
The life cycle assessment (LCA) was undertaken using the computer model SimaPro 7.1, with the functional unit being the supply of base building elements for domestic houses in Sydney and its subsequent use over a 50-year period. The key data libraries used were the Australian Life Cycle Inventory library, the ecoinvent library (with data adapted to Australian circumstances where appropriate) and data for timber production from an Australian study for a range of Australian forestry production systems and wood products. Two construction variations were assessed: the original intended construction, and a “timber-maximised” alternative. The indicator assessed was global warming, as the focus was on GHG emissions, and the effect of timber production, use and disposal on the fate of carbon.Results and discussion
The timber maximised design resulted in approximately half the GHG emissions associated with the base designs. The sub-floor had the largest greenhouse impact due to the concrete components, followed by the walls due to the usage of bricks. The use of a “timber maximised” design offset between 23 and 25 % of the total operational energy of the houses. Inclusion of carbon storage in landfill made a very significant difference to GHG outcomes, equivalent to 40–60 % of total house GHG emissions. The most beneficial options for disposal from a GHG perspective were landfill and incineration with energy recovery.Conclusions
The study showed that significant GHG emission savings were achieved by optimising the use of wood products for two common house designs in Sydney. The switch of the sub-floor and floor covering components to a “wood” option accounted for most of the GHG savings. Inclusion of end of life parameters significantly impacted on the outcomes of the study. 相似文献7.
Hannah H. E. van Zanten Herman Mollenhorst Jerke W. de Vries Corina E. van Middelaar Heleen R. J. van Kernebeek Imke J. M. de Boer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(1):79-88
Purpose
The livestock sector has a major impact on the environment. This environmental impact may be reduced by feeding agricultural co-products (e.g. beet tails) to livestock, as this transforms inedible products for humans into edible products, e.g. pork or beef. Nevertheless, co-products have different applications such as bioenergy production. Based on a framework we developed, we assessed environmental consequences of using co-products in diets of livestock, including the alternative application of that co-product.Methods
We performed a consequential life cycle assessment, regarding greenhouse gas emissions (including emissions related to land use change) and land use, for two case studies. Case 1 includes increasing the use of wheat middlings in diets of dairy cattle at the expense of using it in diets of pigs. The decreased use of wheat middlings in diets of pigs was substituted with barley, the marginal product. Case 2 includes increasing the use of beet tails in diets of dairy cattle at the expense of using it to produce bioenergy. During the production of biogas, electricity, heat and digestate (that is used as organic fertilizer) were produced. The decrease of electricity and heat was substituted with fossil fuel, and digestate was substituted with artificial fertilizer.Results and discussion
Using wheat middlings in diets of dairy cattle instead of using it in diets of pigs resulted in a reduction of 329 kg CO2 eq per ton wheat middlings and a decrease of 169 m2 land. Using beet tails in diets of dairy cattle instead of using it as a substrate for anaerobic digestion resulted in a decrease of 239 kg CO2 eq per ton beet tails and a decrease of 154 m2 land. Emissions regarding land use change contributed significantly in both cases but had a high uncertainty factor, ±170 ton CO2 ha?1. Excluding emissions from land use change resulted in a decrease of 9 kg CO2 eq for case 1 ‘wheat middlings’ and an increase of 50 kg CO2 eq for case 2 ‘beet tails’.Conclusions
Assessing the use of co-products in the livestock sector is of importance because shifting its application can reduce the environmental impact of the livestock sector. A correct assessment of the environmental consequences of using co-products in animal feed should also include potential changes in impacts outside the livestock sector, such as the impact in the bioenergy sector. 相似文献8.
Daniele Cambria Domenico Pierangeli 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(9):859-868
Purpose
High-quality wood production is based on both natural forestry populations and dedicated tree plantations, also mentioned as industrial plantations. The establishment of dedicated plantations needs high-quality seedlings, often grown in a nursery, having specific genetic and morphological features. From seed gathering to final selling, the growth of the seedlings needs human interventions and specific inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, substrates, and capital goods (e.g., pots and greenhouses). All these inputs of course can cause not negligible environmental impacts, due to their production, maintenance, and final disposal. For these reasons, the environmental impact due to seedlings production in a nursery deserves deep analysis to assess the overall impact linked to wood supply chain: it is important that wood products are able to meet high environmental standards. This study is focused on 1- and 2-year-old walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) seedlings, aimed to high-quality timber production. 相似文献9.
Maria Pergola Amalia Gialdini Giuseppe Celano Marina Basile Donatella Caniani Mario Cozzi Tiziana Gentilesca Ignazio M. Mancini Vittoria Pastore Severino Romano Gennaro Ventura Francesco Ripullone 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2018,23(8):1675-1684
Purpose
Wood pellet heating systems are considered as an essential component of European plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The goal of this analysis was to estimate and compare the environmental impacts and the costs of the production of packed wood pellets. Two pellet production systems, using roundwood logs (case 1) and mainly sawdust (case 2), have been analysed in 2015 in Basilicata region (Southern Italy).Methods
A life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis was applied to calculate the environmental impact indicators of each system, whilst a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis was implemented to evaluate the pellets’ cost production. Hence, the functional unit chosen was 1 t of produced pellets. The system boundaries considered for the purpose of the current investigation were from the tree felling to the pellet packaging. In particular, the following activities were considered: motor-manual felling and delimbing with a chainsaw, timber yarding with a tractor along the forest track, loading and transportation of the logs to the collection point, transportation of timber to the factories for a distance of 35 km, pellet production and pellet packaging in low-density polyethylene bags with a total weight of 15 kg bag?1.Results and discussion
The production of 1 t of pellets emitted about 83 kg of CO2eq in case 1 and 38 kg in case 2. In addition, 2.7 kg of SO2eq and 0.005 kg of PO3 4-eq were produced in case 1 and 1.4 kg of SO2eq and 0.002 kg of PO3 4-eq in case 2. Mineral extraction was equal to 0.9 MJ surplus energy in both cases. Case 1 led to higher environmental impacts (about 50% more), essentially for the operation of pelletisation, and in particular for the higher consumption of electricity that characterised it, whereas the production costs were 172 and 113 € t?1 in case 1 and case 2, respectively. In both study cases, consumption costs (costs for raw material, electricity consumption, fuel usage) were the most important cost items.Conclusions
Our studies highlight how, in both cases, the operations carried out in the forest produced the minor part of the environmental impact but, at the same time, were the most expensive operations. Further, our studies show how mixing lumbering by-products (sawdust) and forest management products (lumbers) can be an efficient solution to reduce both manufacturing costs and environmental impacts to produce wood pellets.10.
11.
Determination of GHG contributions by subsystems in the oil palm supply chain using the LCA approach
Yuen May Choo Halimah Muhamad Zulkifli Hashim Vijaya Subramaniam Chiew Wei Puah YewAi Tan 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(7):669-681
Purpose
With increasing attention on sustainable development, the environmental and social relevance of palm oil production are now important trade issues. The life cycle assessment (LCA) study of Malaysian oil palm products from mineral soils including palm biodiesel was aimed to provide baseline information on the environmental performance of the industry for drawing up policies pertaining to the sustainable production. The share of greenhouse gas (GHG) contribution by the various subsystems in the oil palm supply chain is considered here. 相似文献12.
Life Cycle assessment of frozen cod fillets including fishery-specific environmental impacts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Goal, Scope and Background The purpose of the present study was to perform an environmental assessment for the entire life cycle of a seafood product
and to include fishery-specific types of environmental impact in inventory and assessment. Environmental data for a frozen
block of cod fillets was collected and used for a Life Cycle Assessment, including the fishery-specific environmental aspects
seafloor use and biological extraction of target, by-catch and discard species. The fishery takes place in the Baltic Sea
where cod is mainly fished by benthic trawls and gillnets.
Methods The functional unit was a consumer package of frozen cod fillets (400 g) reaching the household. Data was gathered from fishermen,
fishery statistics, databases, companies and literature. Fishery-specific issues like the impact on stocks of the target and
by-catch species, seafloor impact and discarding were quantified in relation to the functional unit and qualitative impact
assessment of these aspects was included.
Results Findings include the fact that all environmental impact categories assessed (Global Warming Potential, Eutrophication Potential,
Acidification Potential, Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential and Aquatic Ecotoxiciy) are dominated by the fishery. Around
700 m2 of seafloor are swept by trawls and around 50 g of under-sized cod and other marine species are discarded per functional
unit. The phases contributing most to total environmental impact following fishery were transports and preparation in the
household. The process industry and municipal sewage treatment cause considerable amounts of eutrophying emissions.
Conclusions Conclusions are that there are considerable options for improvement of the environmental performance of the seafood production
chain. In the fishery, the most important environmental measure is to fish sustainably managed stocks. Speed optimisation,
increased use of less energy-intensive fishing gear and improved engine and fuel technology are technical measures that would
considerably decrease resource use and environmental impact caused by fishery. Due to the importance of fishery for the overall
results, the most important environmental improvement option after landing is to maintain high quality and minimise product
losses.
Recommendations and Outlook The need for good baseline data concerning resource use and marine environmental impact of fisheries in order to perform environmental
assessment of seafood products was demonstrated. LCA was shown to be a valuable tool for such assessments, which in the future
could be used to improve the environmental performance of the seafood production chain or in the development of criteria of
eco-label-ling of seafood products originating in capture fisheries. 相似文献
13.
Heinz Stichnothe Frank Schuchardt 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(9):907-915
Background, aim, and scope
Globally, 45 million metric tonnes of palm oil has been produced in 2009. The production of 1 t crude palm oil requires 5 t of fresh fruit bunches (FFB). On average, processing of 1 t FFB in palm oil mills generates 230 kg empty fruit bunches (EFB) and 650 kg palm oil mill effluent (POME) as residues. These residues cause considerable environmental burdens, particularly greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reduce those emissions, four waste management options are compared in the present study using 1,000 kg of FFB as functional unit. 相似文献14.
Bastien Girod Peter de Haan Roland W. Scholz 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(1):3-11
Background, aims, and scope
Life cycle assessment (LCA) according to ISO 14040 standard (ISO-LCA) is applied to assess the environmental impact per functional unit of new or modified products. However, new or modified products can also induce demand changes—so-called rebound effects. If overall environmental impact is of interest, there is a need to assess the potential magnitude of such rebound effects and to allow recommendations on how to mitigate these effects. To do so, this study proposes to complement the constant demand assumption (implicitly assumed by the ISO-LCA), commonly known as the ceteris paribus assumption, with a consumption-as-usual assumption allowing a systematic stepwise inclusion of rebound effects. 相似文献15.
Patrik J. G. Henriksson Jeroen B. Guinée René Kleijn Geert R. de Snoo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(3):304-313
Purpose
As capture fishery production has reached its limits and global demand for aquatic products is still increasing, aquaculture has become the world’s fastest growing animal production sector. In attempts to evaluate the environmental consequences of this rapid expansion, life cycle assessment (LCA) has become a frequently used method. The present review of current peer-reviewed literature focusing on LCA of aquaculture systems is intended to clarify the methodological choices made, identify possible data gaps, and provide recommendations for future development within this field of research. The results of this review will also serve as a start-up activity of the EU FP7 SEAT (Sustaining Ethical Aquaculture Trade) project, which aims to perform several LCA studies on aquaculture systems in Asia over the next few years. 相似文献16.
Kiyotada Hayashi 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(2):331-339
Purpose
Earlier studies on agricultural life cycle assessment recommend that practitioners use two functional units—product weight and land area—because agriculture entails commodity production and land use. However, there are still ambiguities in this approach from the perspective of decision support. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations to support farming conversion decisions on the basis of a framework constructed on two alternative views of agricultural production. Organic conversion of arable farming is selected as a case study.Methods
Four types of conversion were constructed on the basis of land-oriented expression, in which inputs into and outputs from land were depicted, and product-oriented expression, in which inputs into and outputs from products were depicted. Then, the frequencies for each type were counted using LCI databases and data from journal papers.Results
The results can be summarized as follows: (1) trade-off conversion, in which improvements in environmental impacts per area unit are involved in decrease of yield per area unit, is common. (2) Conversion tended to be efficient; that is, environmental impacts per product unit tended to improve. (3) Within trade-off conversion, the conversion tended to be efficient. (4) When conversion was efficient, there were trade-offs.Conclusions
Since the results for one expression were not always derivable from the results for another expression, the recommendation of this study is to use the two expressions complementarily, knowing that win–win conversion is rare. In addition, there is a general recommendation to use decision criteria rather than trying to make decisions on the basis of multiple functional units because comparisons based on the two functional units are not on the same level. 相似文献17.
Seung Jin Kim Sami Kara Michael Hauschild 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(8):1257-1265
Purpose
The static functional unit definition in the current LCA framework has limitations in addressing the changing product functionality and associated environmental impact of constantly evolving product technologies. As a result, it overlooks the changes in consumer behaviour of increased consumption of products in provided services as well as in growing volumes. This article aims to present a new framework in defining a dynamic functional unit of product technologies that caters for changes in consumer behaviour and growing market.Methods
A new approach to defining the functional unit is proposed that caters for changes in consumer behaviour and the use of technology from a technical performance perspective. A dynamic approach to definition of the functional unit is proposed that is based on Kano’s model of product function and satisfaction.Results and discussion
The new approach is demonstrated on a case study in which the analysis of historical data for two TV product technologies—CRT and LCD—is used to show how the total environmental impact is increasing due to the increased functionality which triggers an increase in the volume of the market. Despite the efforts of improving product life cycle design, the society is still faced with increasing environmental impact from the product type overall.Conclusions
This article presents the challenges of using a static, single functional unit definition in an industrial culture with constant evolution of products that influences usage behaviour and demonstrates the vicious circle of improving product efficiency that leads to further consumption and environmental impact. To address this problem, a new framework of dynamic functional unit definition is put forward for performing comparative LCA to manage the development of product life cycle design that helps keep the total environmental impact of the company’s product portfolio within absolute boundaries.18.
Background
Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites are capable of producing hundreds of progeny. However, genetic and environmental factors can keep many animals from attaining their full reproductive potential. In these situations, efficient use of any functional gametes becomes more important for reproductive success. To learn about this aspect of C. elegans reproductive biology, we examined oocyte production and sperm utilization patterns in a unique collection of semi-fertile sperm function mutants. 相似文献19.
Amit Kapur Cheryl Baldwin Mary Swanson Nana Wilberforce Giovanna McClenachan Mark Rentschler 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(4):377-387
Purpose
The goal of this study was to use life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to assess the environmental impacts of industrial and institutional cleaning products that are compliant with the Green Seal Standard for Cleaning Products for Industrial and Institutional Use, GS-37, and conventional products (non-GS-37-compliant) products. 相似文献20.
Nina Peacock Camillo De Camillis David Pennington Herbert Aichinger Alberto Parenti Jean-Pierre Rennaud Andrea Raggi Frank Brentrup Bal��zs S��ra Urs Schenker Nicole Unger Friederike Ziegler 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(3):189-197