A New Method for Cladistic Analysis—Median Elimination Series (MES)

The use of parsimony (or the principle of simplicity) in phylogenetic inference is reviewed. The major problem in using parsimony for phylogenetic reconstruction is that neither a single solution for a given set of data nor the most parsimonious tree could be provided. Therefore, based on recognition and judgement of similarity of organisms by Hennig's advanced character (1965) and some particular principles from evolutionary theory of Darwinism accepted by many systematists as general truths (Bonde 1977; Wiley 1975; Gaffrey 1979), the author has developed a new method, Elimination Series through Median Selection (Median Elimination Series, MES for short), for phylogenetic analysis. In addition to using the advanced characters for understanding the relationships between taxa, MES emphasizes that the mosaic characters including both primitive and advanced in an array of characters play an important part in determining the nodes or branches and distinguishing the taxa.The author considers median units as ancestors in a phylogenetic tree like Farris, but the concept and algorithm of “median” differ from Farris' (1970) in: (1) The author's median involves the top taxon and unplaced one, but Farris' median does the top taxon, its ancestor as well as unplaced one; (2) The median taken by the author is of common value or the least one among the associated characters of two taxa. However, the median taken by Farris is median numerical value among the three (3) The median or median unit called by the author is the numerical value of the relatively primitive character or taxon between the advanced characters or the taxa stood apart from the original position. Farris' one is the median position or number in the center of three taxa or its associated characters. The author recognizes that reversion of characters is possible and obtains the knowledge of it from observation and analysis of characters of organisms or scientific experiment and distinguished through analysis of morphocline and co-variation in a series of taxa, but not from induction only by mathematical model based on the principle of simplicity. The author divides co-variation into 4 types: 1. Progressive co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is as follows: A → A' a → a' reversed co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is as follows: A ← A' a ← a' 3. Progression-reversion co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is follows: A → A' a ← a' 4. Reversion-progression co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is as follows: A ← A' a → a' The characters next to the arrows should be advanced. Co-variation for most of the species of Cissus from China belongs to the type 1 and that for C. repanda Vahl. to the type 3, without types 2 and 4. In determining the progressive co-variation, reverse evolution of character could be distinguished through the analysis of morphocline and co-variation. The author has recognized two types of cyclic polarity, including unidirectional and bidirectional ones. For the former, the character may return back to the original state through more than one step. In fact, this is a complex reversion. For the latter, the character may reach a advanced state from the original one via two different ways. In fact, this is special progressive transformation series and it may often occur in complex reticulate evolution as a small net, for example, in evolution of leaf fragment and others of angiosperms (Meyen 1973). The cyclic polarity in C. repanda Vahl. is bidirectional (see transformation series 11 of the characters in Cissus). Transformation series of All the characters have been determined on the basis of analysis of morphocline, co-variation and cyclic polarity. In this paper, the three steps of understanding phylogenetic system are developed: (1) recognition of homologous characters; (2) discovery of internal relationships between homologous characters in order to obtain transformation series or phylogeny of homologous characters; (3) discovery of internal relationships between phylogenies of homologous characters in order to get a phylogenetic system of organisms or approaching understanding essence of evolution. The result inferred by MES is based on some principles of evolution from Darwin and Hennig but not judged by the principle of simplicity or parsimony from Popper (1960, 1968). The statement in this paper attempts to show that if a dilemma in modern cladistics could be solved, its principles must be reconsidered. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. 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WebACT--an online companion for the Artemis Comparison Tool

SUMMARY: WebACT is an online resource which enables the rapid provision of simultaneous BLAST comparisons between up to five genomic sequences in a format amenable for visualization with the well-known Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT). Comparisons can be generated on-the-fly using sequences directly retrieved via EMBL database queries, or by entering or uploading user sequences. Furthermore, pre-computed comparisons are available between all publicly available, completed prokaryotic genomes and plasmids currently contained within the Genome Reviews database (372 sequences, representing 175 different species). The system is designed to minimize the volume of downloaded data and maximize performance. Genome sequences, annotation and pre-computed comparisons are stored in a relational database allowing flexible querying based on user-defined sequence regions, from whole genome to a defined region flanking a specified gene. Comparison and sequence files, whether computed online or retrieved from the database of pre-computed genome comparisons, can be viewed online using ACT and are available for download. AVAILABILITY: Freely accessible at http://www.webact.org. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: User guide and worked examples are available at http://www.webact.org/WebACT/docs.     

Combining functional and linkage disequilibrium information in the selection of tag SNPs

We have developed an online program, WCLUSTAG, for tag SNP selection that allows the user to specify variable tagging thresholds for different SNPs. Tag SNPs are selected such that a SNP with user-specified tagging threshold C will have a minimum R2 of C with at least one tag SNP. This flexible feature is useful for researchers who wish to prioritize genomic regions or SNPs in an association study. AVAILABILITY: The online WCLUSTAG program is available at http://bioinfo.hku.hk/wclustag/     

The FAF-Drugs2 server: a multistep engine to prepare electronic chemical compound collections

SUMMARY: The FAF-Drugs2 server is a web application that prepares chemical compound libraries prior to virtual screening or that assists hit selection/lead optimization before chemical synthesis or ordering. The FAF-Drugs2 web server is an enhanced version of the FAF-Drugs2 package that now includes Pan Assay Interference Compounds detection. This online toolkit has been designed through a user-centered approach with emphasis on user-friendliness. This is a unique online tool allowing to prepare large compound libraries with in house or user-defined filtering parameters. AVAILABILITY: The FAF-Drugs2 server is freely available at http://bioserv.rpbs.univ-paris-diderot.fr/FAF-Drugs/.     

中国遗传咨询网——我国首个在线遗传咨询与遗传教育网站的开发

随着互联网的普及, 网络用户已习惯从网上获取相关资讯, 包括求医问药。由于我国的临床遗传学体系尚未完全建立, 许多遗传病患者或遗传咨询者无法得到较为专业的知识和咨询服务。为此, 建立了中国首个提供常见遗传病科普和网上遗传咨询服务的公益性网站—中国遗传咨询网(http://www.gcnet.org.cn)。该网站主要介绍遗传病的基本知识以及常见遗传病的一般情况、临床表现、诊断与防治方法、遗传方式与遗传咨询要点等。通过组织国内外50多名遗传咨询医师或医学遗传学专家, 就咨询者关心的问题, 进行一般性咨询答复, 或指导咨询者就诊。在线遗传咨询是网络时代的一种新型的方式。该网站的运行在一定程度上弥补了我国现有遗传咨询工作的不足, 有助于推动我国临床遗传学、遗传教育和人口与健康事业的发展。     

PatGen--a consolidated resource for searching genetic patent sequences

SUMMARY: Compared to the wealth of online resources covering genomic, proteomic and derived data the Bioinformatics community is rather underserved when it comes to patent information related to biological sequences. The current online resources are either incomplete or rather expensive. This paper describes, PatGen, an integrated database containing data from bioinformatic and patent resources. This effort addresses the inconsistency of publicly available genetic patent data coverage by providing access to a consolidated dataset. AVAILABILITY: PatGen can be searched at http://www.patgendb.com CONTACT: rjdrouse@patentinformatics.com.     

Studies on the Geographic Distribution,Origin and Dispersal of the Family Pinaceae Lindl.

Pinaceae Lindl., containing 10 genera and about 235 species, is the largest family in the extant conifers. It widely spreads in the Northern Hemisphere and plays a very important role in coniferous forests occurring in temperate to subtropical mountains. Numerous studies on this family have been carried out and the data dealing with many aspects of biosystematics of the Pinaceae have been accumulated. Based on the principle of unity of phylogeny and distribution of plants, and on the data from the studies of biosystematics of the Pinaceae, the present paper discusses the problems related to geographic distribution and phylogeny of the family in three respects as follows: (1) Floristic division of the Pinaceae is made based on Farjon's work (1990). Six regions and four subregions are outlined (Fig. 1). These are: I. the Mediterranean Region; II. the Eastern European and Siberian Region;III. the Eastern Asiatic Region, which can be further divided into two subregions, i. e. III a. the Northern Eastern Asiatic Subregion and III b. the Himalayas and Southern Eastern Asiatic Subregion; IV. the Western Northern American Region which also contains two subregions, namely IV a. the Northwestern North American Subregion and IV b. the Southwestern North American Subregion V. the Northern North American Region; VI. the Southeastern North American Region. The numbers of species occurring in all these floristic regions are shown in Table 1. The statistic results show that the Subregion III b is currently the richest in species of the Pinaceae. All the living genera are represented in this subregion, including three endemic genera: Keteleeria, Cathaya and Pseudolarix. The second richest area is the Subregion IV b which contains a great number of species. In fact, the two subregions are considered as counterparts. In addition, the Subregion III a and Subregion IV a, the Region II and Region V are also pairs of counterparts. The former pair has fewer but widely spread species, most of which are comparatively young probably developed from the extended refuges after the glacier period of the Quaternary. (2) The geographic distribution of all the genera are described and compared. The maps of their present ranges and their fossil localities are drawn. The four generic distribution patterns are detected: a) North Temperate areal type: containing four genera: Pinus, Picea, Larix and Abies; b) East Asian and North American disjunct areal type: including two genera:Tsuga and Pseudotsuga; c)Mediterranea-Himalayan areal type: containing only one genus: Cedrus; d) Himalayas and Southern Eastern Asiatic areal type: containing three genera: Keteleeria, Cathaya and Pseudolarix. The latter two are endemic to China. (3) The origin, differentiation and early migration of the Pinaceae are studied through the analyses of the data mainly on fossils ( including both extinct and extant genera ), paleogeography, paleoclimate and paleoflora. The main opinions of the present author are as follows: ① The Pinaceae was a large group of plants in geological stages, encompassing many genera with most of them becoming extinct after Mesozoic. The morden Pinaceae may be the offsprings of a few temperate-adapted members, However, they surpassed their ancestors and developed into the main components of current coniferous forests in north temperate zone to north subtropical mountainous regions. The modern Pinaceae is probably a derived group and its prosperity could be related to the emergence of temperate flora. ② Although the origin of the Pinaceae could be traced back to Jurassic or even Triassic, the occurrence of the modern genera of Pinaceae was merely from the Early Cretaceous to the Tertiary. ③ The genera of the Pinaceae may be differentiated in different stages and places. Pinus is possibly the earliest differentiated one among the extant genera. It might have its origin in Euramerican Paleocontinent during the period from Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. The other genera might have not been diverged from their ancestral complex until the Late Cretaceous to the Tertiary, with one or two of them even until the Middle Tertiary. The place of the differentiation of these genera are supposed to be also restricted in Laurasia, but I intend to conside that it shifted to the North Pacific floristic region, where is currently the greatest diversity of the Pinaceae taxa. ④ Three main migration routes of early evolution of the Pinaceae are proposed here: a) European-American route: According to the information of paleogeology, eastern North America was once contiguous to western Europe as Euramerican Paleocontinent before the Cretaceous, but the two continents split gradually with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. At the end of the Late Cretaceous, the two parts were still connected through Greenland and an Atlantic floristic region existed. The Euramerican Paleocontinent may be the place for differentiation of the Pinaceae in early stage, while the Atlantic floristic region was a migration route in the modern Pinaceae. b) Eurasiatic route: Before the Late Cretaceous, the Tethys Sea stretched from west to southeast of Eurasia. In the area north of the Tethys Sea, plants could disperse freely. By the Late Cretaceous, however, the existence of the West Siberian Sea and Turgai Straits restricted the exchanging of the Pinaceae plants between Europe and southeast Asia mainly to the coast of the Tethys Sea. Although the Tethys Sea disappeared later and the Himalayas arose, the area along the original coast of the Tethys Sea also remained as a route which played an important role in the dispersal and distribution of the modern Pinaceae. c) Paleoberingian route: At the beginning of the Late Cretaceous, eastern Asia was contiguous to the west of North America through Paleoberingia and formed “Asia-America” landmass. This situation did not cease till Pliocene. The paleoberingian route existed on the basis of this situation, playing a main role in dispersal of the morden Pinaceae between eastern Asia and western North America. There are many taxa ( generic or infrageneric ) in the modern Pinaceae with the patterns which belong to “East Asian and North American disjunct areal type” . The formation of the pattern ismostly related to the existence of the Paleoberingian route. ⑤ The existence of the above mentioned three migration routes is the basis for wide distribution of the Pinaceae in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the distribution patterns of the extant genera have formed as the results of the tectonic movements and the changes in paleoclimate and paleoflora since the Tertiary. 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Civility vs. Incivility in Online Social Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach

Evidence is growing that forms of incivility–e.g. aggressive and disrespectful behaviors, harassment, hate speech and outrageous claims–are spreading in the population of social networking sites’ (SNS) users. Online social networks such as Facebook allow users to regularly interact with known and unknown others, who can behave either politely or rudely. This leads individuals not only to learn and adopt successful strategies for using the site, but also to condition their own behavior on that of others. Using a mean field approach, we define anevolutionary game framework to analyse the dynamics of civil and uncivil ways of interaction in online social networks and their consequences for collective welfare. Agents can choose to interact with others–politely or rudely–in SNS, or to opt out from online social networks to protect themselves from incivility. We find that, when the initial share of the population of polite users reaches a critical level, civility becomes generalized if its payoff increases more than that of incivility with the spreading of politeness in online interactions. Otherwise, the spreading of self-protective behaviors to cope with online incivility can lead the economyto non-socially optimal stationary states. JEL Codes: C61, C73, D85, O33, Z13. PsycINFO Codes: 2240, 2750.     

Characters of Leaf Epidermis in Hamamelidaceae (s. l.)

Observed under LM in the present work were epidermal cells and stomatal apparatuses of mature leaves in 37 species (50 samples) belonging to 19 genera and 6 subfamilies (Hamamelidaceae), of which 35 species (19 genera, 6 subfamilies) were also used for observing under SEM cuticular membrane and wax sculpture, shape of stomata and stucture of stomatal apparatuses of the lower epidermis. (1) It is found that in the family cells of both upper and lower epidermis are tetragonal, pentagonal and hexagonal or irregular; anticlinal walls are straight, arched, sinuolate and sinuate; stomatal apparatuses, which occur only on the lower surface, may be cyclocytic, stephanocytic, paracytic and anomocytic. All these characters of the leaf epidermis are of systematic significance in the family (Fig. 1). (2) Types of stomatal apparatuses are correlated to a certain extent with the pattern of anticlinal walls of epidermal cells and other external morphological characters. In the majority of cases, the groups, whose stomatal apparatuses are cyclocytic (Exbucklandioideae and Rhodoleioideae) and stephanocytic (Mytilaria Lec. and Tetrathyrium Benth.), all have straight or arched anticlinal walls of lower and upper epidermal cells (except for Exbucklandia tonkinensis with sinuate anticlinal walls of both upper and lower epidermal cells, and E. longipetala with sinuate anticlinal walls of upper epidermal cells) (Plate 1:12, 13; 2:4), are all evergreen trees or shrubs, and all have palmate veins and simple hairs (but Rhodoleioideae is pinnateveined or obscurely trinervious and has tufted hairs), indefinite floral parts and numerous ovules, while the groups, whose stomatal apparatuses are paracytic (Disanthoideae, Chunia H. T. Chang, Liquidambaroideae and Hamamelidoideae, which also has anomocytic type in small portion of species) (Table 2), have sinuolate or sinuate anticlinal walls of upper and lower epidermal cells (except for Chunia, Tetrathyrium, Corylopsis brevistyla and C. willmotiae, which have straight and arched anticlinal walls), are mostly deciduous trees and shrubs, and have pinnate veins and tufted hairs in most species, usually tetra-, or pentamerous flowers (except for Liquidambaroideae, which has indefinite floral parts) and usually single ovule (but Disanthoideae and Liquidambaroideae have numerous ovules). (3) The subfamily Liquidambaroideae possesses polyporate pollen grains (Chang 1958, 1979), a circular vascular system in the midrib, at the centre of which is situated a secretory channel (Huang 1982, 1986) and leaf teeth of the unique Altingioid tooth type (Li 1988) etc. Based on these characters some authors tend to support the separation of the subfamily as a family, Altingiaceae. The subfamily, however, shows strong differentiation of characters. For example, in the subfamily, there are both evergreen and deciduous trees, palmate and pinnate leaf veins, capitate, short-spicate and racemose inflorescences and half-interior and inferior ovaries. Furthermore, some characters in the subfamily, which are considered important for the separation, are crisscross with those ih the other members of the Hamamelidaceae. Their stomatal apparatuses are similar to those in most groups of Hamamelidaceae (paracytic), and Sycopsis sinensis also possesses polyporate pollen grains. The subfamily shares with the remaining members of Hamamelidaceae many important characters, such as the presence of stipule, two styles, 2-locular ovary, axial placenta, capsule. From the data available the separation of the subfamily does not seem to be supported by adequate evidence, and it may well be a link of the Hamamelidaceae with the related families. (4) Considering the fact that the subfamily Disanthoideae and most members of the subfamily Hamamelidoideae are of paracytic stomatal apparatuses and pentamerous flowers, the present authors tend to agree with Huang's (1986) view that the subfamily Disanthoideae is more closely related than the other subfamilies to Hamamelidoideae. (5) Leaf epidermis of the family under study shows great diversity under SEM, even within a genus in some cases, but it is generally stable at subfamily or genus level, and therefore SEM characters of the leaf epidermis is of certain taxonomic significance. For example, Exbucklandioideae possesses ovate stomata. The cuticular membrane is annular around stomata (Plate 3:3-6); most stomata are covered with lump-like cuticular membranes in Rhodoleioideae (Plate 3:7,8,11,12); in Mytilaria the cuticular membrane appears lump-like, with a minute-scaly waxy ornamentation (Plate 3:9); the cuticular membrane is striate, with large scales on it in Chunia (Plate 3:10), and it is vermicular in Sycopsis (Plate 5: 9-11). Some differences were also found among species in a genus, for instance, among the three species inCorylopsis (Plate 4:12-14 and Table 2). Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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The Anatomy,Embryology and Systematic Relationships of Eucommiaceae

In this work examined were leaf and wood anatomy and embryogenesis under LM and pollen morphology under SEM of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. The results were used for a comparison between the family and Ulmaceae and Hamamelidaceae respectively. The taxonomic rank and relationships of E. ulmoides were analyzed mainly based on the spiral thickenings on lateral walls of vessels in the secondary xylem, the presence of iridoid, embryology and palynology. 1. The present authors tend to support Keng's (1962) view that the spiral thickenings on lateral walls of vessels are the remnant of a primitive character. The spiral thickenings on lateral walls of vessels in E. ulmoides (Plate 1: 9) are similar to those of some genera of the Hamamelidaceae (e. g. Altingia Noronha), while vessels in Ulmaceae lack spiral thickenings on lateral walls. The Eucommiaceae with simple perforations plates (Plate 1: 9) is more specialized than the Hamamelidaceae. 2. Based on the fact that the Eucommiaceae contains iridoid compound and has unitegmic ovules and cellular endosperm, Dahlgren (1980, 1983) places with uncertainty the family in Corniflorae as an order, a treatment which is widely discrepant from those of Takhtajan (1980), cronquist (1981) and thorne (1983). Though containing iridoid compound, the Eucommiaceae is different from Corniflorae in a combination of characters in external morphology, woody anatomy and embryology. The compound has also been found in Liquidambar L. (Hamamelidaceae) but not in the Ulmaceae, which is another piece of evidence showing a close relationship between Eucommiaceae and Hamamelidaceae. 3. The development of microsporangia and megasporangia, as observed in the present work, is basically in accordance with that reported by Tang (1962) and Eckardt (1963), but the haustoria present both at the micropylar end and at the chalazal end and 4-celled proembryo of the Solanad Type are reported here for the first time. It can be seen from Table 2 that the Eucommiaceae and the Hamamelidaceae have a number of embryological characters in common For example, glandular tapetal cells in anthers are usually multinuclear; cytokinesis of meiosis of pollen mother cells is simultaneous; microspores develop into tetrahedral; ovules are anatropous, crassinucellate; embryo sacs are of the monosporic Polygonum Type; endosperm is cellular (Plate 3: 5-7; 4: 1-3; 5: 1-3; Fig. 1: 1-3,5). The Eucommiaceae is also embryologically related to the family Ulmaceae, but the family under study is more specialized than the two families mentioned above in unitegminy (Plate 4: 3,4), proembryo of the Solanad Type (Plate 6: 3; Fig. 2: 4), coexistence of micropylar haustoium (Plate 6: 4-6) and chalazal hustorium, especially in the Eucommiaceae the epidermis and the endothecium are widely separate (Plate 3:3), a feature which has never been seen in angiosperms to our knowledge. 4. Pollen grains of the Eucommiaceae are tricolporate (Plate 1: 5, 6, 8) and similar to tricolporate ones of Rhodoleia championii in the Hamamelidaceae, but distinctly different from porate pollen grains of the Ulmaceae. 5. Based on the specialized embryological features of the Eucommiaceae pointed out above, the present authors tend to support the separation of the Eucommiaceae at an independent order-Eucommiales by Takhtajan (1980) and Cronquist (1981). Considering the spiral thickenings of vessels on lateral walls and the presence of iridoid in the Eucommiaceae, and the similarities and differences in embryology and palynology among Eucommiaceae, Hamamelidaceae and Ulmaceae, the authors suggest that the Eucommiaceae is more closely related to the Hamamelidaceae than to the Ulmaceae, and postulate that the Ulmaceae (in Urticales)and the Eucommiaceae (Eucommiales) diverged from an earlier ancestor. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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New BAR tools for mining expression data and exploring Cis‐elements in Arabidopsis thaliana

Identifying sets of genes that are specifically expressed in certain tissues or in response to an environmental stimulus is useful for designing reporter constructs, generating gene expression markers, or for understanding gene regulatory networks. We have developed an easy‐to‐use online tool for defining a desired expression profile (a modification of our Expression Angler program), which can then be used to identify genes exhibiting patterns of expression that match this profile as closely as possible. Further, we have developed another online tool, Cistome, for predicting or exploring cis‐elements in the promoters of sets of co‐expressed genes identified by such a method, or by other methods. We present two use cases for these tools, which are freely available on the Bio‐Analytic Resource at http://BAR.utoronto.ca .     

Desktop prediction/analysis of mass spectrometric data in proteomic projects by using massXpert

With the ever-increasing demand for biopolymer mass spectrometry, specialized software is needed to both predict and process mass spectrometric data. With massXpert, we present a proteomics-oriented program mainly concerned with protein physico-chemistry and protein/peptide mass spectra simulations. AVAILABILITY: The massXpert program is free for academic and commercial use at http://frl.lptc.u-bordeaux.fr. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The http://frl.lptc.u-bordeaux.frsite contains a tutorial for online perusal or download.     

‘It’s okay to be racist’: moral disengagement in online discussions of racist incidents in Australia

Racist views expressed on the Internet have damaging consequences for social harmony and well-being. This article examines how and why individuals express support or opposition to racist behaviour in a prominent online medium: comments on news websites. Specifically, we examine how supporters and opponents of racist behaviour use a particular type of subtle discursive strategies known as moral disengagement in their online responses to three notable racist incidents that occurred in Australia in 2013. Moral disengagement strategies allow individuals to avoid distress, self-condemnation, and social-sanctions when supporting or engaging in harmful behaviour by making that behaviour appear moral and acceptable. We show that supporters, but not opponents, of racist behaviour consistently use moral disengagement strategies in their rhetoric, and demonstrate that moral disengagement provides a powerful theoretical framework through which racist rhetoric on online news websites can be understood.     

SciRoKo: a new tool for whole genome microsatellite search and investigation

SciRoKo is a user-friendly software tool for the identification of microsatellites in genomic sequences. The combination of an extremely fast search algorithm with a built-in summary statistic tool makes SciRoKo an excellent tool for full genome analysis. Compared to other already existing tools, SciRoKo also allows the analysis of compound microsatellites. AVAILABILITY: free for use: www.kofler.or.at/Bioinformatics. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.     

Pollen Morphology of the Betulaceae

Pollen grains of 6 genera, including 36 species, of the Betulaceae, were examined under LM, SEM and TEM.Their morphological characters are described and three types of pollen are distinguished here. The evidence from pollen morphological characters does not support Hutchinson's (1973)and Dahlgren's (1983)treatments which divided the Betulaceae into two families: Corylaceae ( including Corylus, Ostryopsis, Carpinus and Ostrya) and Betulaceae (including Alnus and Betula). The author agrees with Abbe's (1974)division of the Betulaceae into three tribes with one modification that Ostryopsis is transferred from the tribe Coryleae to the tribe Carpineae. The limits of the three tribes presented here are the same as Kuprianova's (1963) treatment in which she divided the Betulaceae into three families. It is more reasonable to treat Kuprianova's families as tribes. Pollen morphological characters of the three tribes of the Betulaceae are described as follows: 1. Tribe Betuleae (including Alnus and Betula): Pollen grains are triporate or stephanoporate and oblate, suboblate or spheroidal. Sometimes the exine has arci and the ektexine thickens in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under scanning electron microscope (SEM) ; the exine structure is four-layered: tectum, columellae, footlayer and endexine. The columellae are columellate, the endexine thickens in the apertural region and sometimes it is separated from the footlayer to form vestibulum. 2. Tribe Coryleae (only Corylus): Pollen grains are triporate and suboblate. The exine has no arci and the ektexine does not thicken in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under SEM; the exine structure is five-layered: granular layer, tectum, columellae, footlayer and endexine. The tectum is vovered with a granular layer, the columellae granular and the endexine thickens but is not separated from the footlayer in the apertural region. 3. Tribe Carpineae (including Ostryopsis, Carpinus and Ostrya): Pollen grains are mostly triporate and suboblate. The exine has no arci and the ektexine does not thicken in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under SEM; the exine structure is five-layered which is the same as those of the Coryleae. The tectum is covered with a granular layer, the columellae are columellate and the endexine is neither thickened nor separated from the footlayer in the apertural region. The operculum exists on the top of aperturemembrane. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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An evaluation of educators’ views on the e-Bug resources in England

Introduction: e-Bug is an international educational resource for young people covering microbes, hygiene and antibiotics. e-Bug supports NICE guidance on changing public behaviour around antibiotic use. This study aimed to determine educators’ views of the e-Bug teacher resources to inform further development and dissemination of e-Bug. Methods: Age appropriate e-Bug resource packs were posted to every primary school (N = 19,142) and secondary school (N = 5637) in England with a cover letter signed by the Chief Medical Officer, Chief Executive of PHE and e-Bug Project Lead inviting educators to complete an online survey to evaluate the e-Bug resources. The online survey consisted of nine questions and took approximately 15 min to complete. Results: 695 participants completed the online survey. 94% of participants rated the e-Bug resource as excellent or good; one fifth of respondents used the e-Bug resources at least termly. Educators who used e-Bug rated the different lesson plans as excellent or good including ‘Introduction to Microbes’ (98%) and ‘Hand Hygiene’ (95%). Educators provided suggestions for the development of additional lessons plans. Conclusions: Educators view e-Bug as a valuable resource for teaching children about hygiene and antibiotics. Further e-Bug promotion and resource development is required to increase awareness and usage in schools.     

Automatic correspondence of tags and genes (ACTG): a tool for the analysis of SAGE, MPSS and SBS data

A critical step in any SAGE, MPSS and SBS data analysis is tag-to-gene assignment. Current available tools are limited by a tag-by-tag annotation process and/or do not provide the dataset that is used to produce a complete tag-to-gene mapping. We developed ACTG, a web-based application that allows a large-scale tag-to-gene mapping using several reference datasets. ACTG can annotate SAGE (14 or 21 bp), MPSS (17 or 20 bp) and SBS (16 bp) data for both human and mouse organisms. AVAILABILITY: http://retina.med.harvard.edu/ACTG/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.     

jSquid: a Java applet for graphical on-line network exploration

jSquid is a graph visualization tool for exploring graphs from protein-protein interaction or functional coupling networks. The tool was designed for the FunCoup web site, but can be used for any similar network exploring purpose. The program offers various visualization and graph manipulation techniques to increase the utility for the user. AVAILABILITY: jSquid is available for direct usage and download at http://jSquid.sbc.su.se including source code under the GPLv3 license, and input examples. It requires Java version 5 or higher to run properly. CONTACT: erik.sonnhammer@sbc.su.se SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.     

The Differentiation,Evolution and Systematic Relationship of Juglandales

The present paper discusses the differentiation, evolution and systematic relationship of the order Juglandales, which contains Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae. 1. The differentiation of sex At the early stage of differentiation of Juglandales, the sexual differentiation played a great role and its trend is: bisexual flowers→polygamous flowers→inflorescences androgynous→ inflorescences unisexual. As a result, flowers in the more advanced taxa are more reduced, i.e. their perianthes gradually reduced, or even disappeared, while their stigmas become more specialized. This fact indicates that Juglandales is one of the most advanced wind-pollinated taxa. 2. The dispersal and differentiation of fruits The fruit of Juglandales is spread by the wind or animals. The fruits for animal dispersal are of the edible parts for animals. They evolved along the two pathways: (1) the wings developed from trilobed bracts (fused from 1 bract and 2 bracteoles), such as those of Engelhardia and Oreomunnea, evolved towards reduction, and as a result, their fruits have enlarged into wingless drupe-nuts (as in Alfaroa). (2) the fruits with two wings (as in Pterocarya)→the fruits with ring wings (as in Cyclocarya)→typical drupe-nuts (as in Juglans, Carya, Annamocarya). Therefore, we suggest that the fruits of Juglandales have evolved from wind-dispersed to animal-dispersed. 3. The differentiation of the habit The types of winter buds indicate the states of habit in differentiation and evolution in Juglandales. In the author's opinion, Juglandaceae is of forest origin in tropical mountains with seasonal drought. Their primitive groups usually have naked buds (as in Rhoipteleaceae, Engelhardia, Oreomunnea, Alfaroa), while their more advanced groups have buds enclosed by scales, adapted to temperate and relatively dry circumstances and expanding their distributional areas. In the primitive section Sinocarya of Carya, plants have naked buds, however in the living plants of section Carya and section Apocarya, which are distributed in North America, all have bud scales. This evidence shows that the differentiation of habit in Juglandales is from the one adapted to rather moist tropical and subtropical circumstances to the one adapted to rather dry temperate ones. 4. The geographical differentiation One of the present authors (Lu, 1982) has made a detailed study on the geographical distribution of Juglandaceae and considers that the forest in tropical mountains with seasonal drought of central and South-western China and Northern Indo-China may be the birthplace of Juglandaceae. The family Rhoipteleaceae is distributed in Western Guizhou and Guangxi, Eastsouthern Yunnan and Northern Viet-nam, where the primitive section Psilocarpeae of Engelhardia are also distributed. Therefore it is considered that the above-mentioned speculation is also applicable to Juglandales. The authors are of the opinion that Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae may have a common ancestor, or at least, they might have together originated from the prejuglandales in the Late Cretaceous. Now this opinion still has been debated. Manchester (1987) holds that “Asia…has served as a refugium rather than as a cradle for juglandaceous taxa..., An Asian origin also seems unlikely because Asia lies outside of the Normapolles province from which the family probably evolved. The earliest centre of juglandaceous generic diversity appears to have been North America.” According to this view, however, it is difficult to explain: (1) The fossil genera discovered in North America, especially the fossils of Engelhardia complex, are more advanced than the living Engelhardia distributed in Eastern Asia; (2) Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae might have originated from a common ancestor, and the fossil records of Rhoipteleaceae have so far not been discovered in North America. These two facts seem to indicate that Juglandaceae have originated from Asia rather than from North America. Unfortunately the fossil records of Juglandales in Asia are inadequate for solving the problem. 5. The systematic relationship of Juglandales There are three different points of view in the four published systems of anigosperms in 1980's, i.e. (1) Including Juglandales in subclass Hamamelidae (Takhtajan, 1980; 1987; Cronquist, 1981); (2) Considering Juglandales and the most other orders (except Urticales) of Hamamelidae as the members of Rosiiflorae (Dahlgren, 1983); (3) Grouping Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae into the suborder Juglandineae, which is placed in the order Rutales and considered closely related to Anacardiaceae (Thorne, 1983), The present authors, on the basis of the data from modern and fossil palynology, wood anatomy and serology etc., consider that Juglandales is closely related to Myricales and Fagales, rather than to Anacardiaceae, and is one of the mostadvanced taxa in Hamamelidae. Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. 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Effect of increased convective clearance by on-line hemodiafiltration on all cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients - the Dutch CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST): rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN38365125

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) is related to the accumulation of uremic toxins in the middle and large-middle molecular weight range. As online hemodiafiltration (HDF) removes these molecules more effectively than standard hemodialysis (HD), it has been suggested that online HDF improves survival and cardiovascular outcome. Thus far, no conclusive data of HDF on target organ damage and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are available. Therefore, the CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) has been initiated. METHODS: CONTRAST is a Dutch multi-center randomised controlled trial. In this trial, approximately 800 chronic hemodialysis patients will be randomised between online HDF and low-flux HD, and followed for three years. The primary endpoint is all cause mortality. The main secondary outcome variables are fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The study is designed to provide conclusive evidence whether online HDF leads to a lower mortality and less cardiovascular events as compared to standard HD.